Islam

Schism

(n.) a formal split within a religious organization; any division or separation of a group or organization into hostile factions

Impact of Islam on Women

1. #Before a. Women positions varied. Sometimes roles in religion, trade or warfare. b. Less control of life and couldn't get property c. Unwanted females killed at birth. 2. Equal? a. Male and Female believers= spiritually b. Greater protection; no daughters killed in the making. c. Inheritance laws (we get a share) d. Must consent to marriage and have the right to education. 3. The Catch (Ah Ha) a. Diff roles: birth, clean, cook, keep mouths shut b. Daughters get less dough c. Harder for women to get divorced.

Sharia (txtbook)

1. Are Laws Dictators? a. Interprets Qu'ran and applies teachings to daily life. b. Morals, family life, biz, gov, and more c. Unites Muslims d. No separation of state and religion

Qu'ran (txtbook)

1. Holy a. Holy Book; final authority; teaches on God and guide to life b. Ethical standards c. Emp on HONESTY, GENEROSITY and SOCIAL JUSTICE d. Converts learns Arabic

Rulers of the Islamic State ended in...

13th century

Muslim religion is...

1400 years old

Creed

A statement of belief

caliph

A supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government

Big Margins

Don't touch the scripture

Fasting

Going without food on certain days as a sign of devotion to God

Merchants

Honored in Muslim culture

sultan

Military and political leader with absolute authority over a Muslim country "overlord" or "one with power"; title for Ottoman rulers during the rise of the Ottoman Empire

Mecca is in...

Saudia Arabia

Who reveals the Quran to Muhammad?

The angel Gabriel

Inside the Kabba...

The stone dedicated to Allah that Abra used to almost sacrifice son.

Declaration of Faith

There is no God but Allah and Mohammed is his prophet

How is this similar to the ways early Christians were treated?

They are also killed for their beliefs.

How do the ruling elites respond to Muhammad spreading Islam publicly throughout Mecca?

They encourage the masses to spread outrage and rebel against the radicals. ---try not to be too harsh (leads to sympathy)

How did "the Hegira" spread Islam?

They were able gather themselves and send out missionaries to get converts.

Why did Muhammad and his followers leave Mecca? Where did they go?

They were forced by authorities.

Jews and Christians in these times

Were respected but had certain limits as they weren't equal to Muslims. ex: jizya tax

On earth, although every one is equal:

Women subject to men and you can own slaves

Recitation

a reading in public of something that is memorized; a memorized poem or piece of prose that is read aloud

Adoption

a. Persian and Byzantine lands; seclude and veil upper class females in separate houses. b. Don't venture out but do control household. c. Varies from region to region; lower class no follow sometimes. d. Rural: peasant women help with economy

What happened in 610 C.E.?

age of 40, Muhammad is visited by the angel Gabriel while on retreat in a cave (Hira) near Mecca. The angel recites to him the first revelations of the Quran and informs him that he is God's prophet.

Hegira

any flight or journey to a more desirable or congenial place. -After enduring persecution in Mecca, Muhammad and his followers migrated to the nearby town of Yathrib.

Pray at...

certain times.

Lots of M's kids...

died at an early age

Zakat

donation of alms

The Hajj changed Malcolm X as...

it allowed him to be filled with peace.

Arabesque

ornate design featuring intertwined curves; a ballet position in which one leg is extended in back while the other supports the weight of the body ex: rugs, blankets, pillows etc.

Salah

prayer, at least five times a day.

Sira are the...

secondary sources

muezzin

the Muslim official of a mosque who summons the faithful to prayer from a minaret five times a day

female infanticide

the intentional killing of baby girls due to the preference for male babies and from the low value associated with the birth of females

minaret

the tower attached to a mosque from which the muezzin, or crier, calls the faithful to prayer five times a day

How long after Jesus' time was Muhammad born?

He was born about 600 years after Jesus as scholars believe Jesus was born around 6-4 BC.

What does Muhammad's uncle, Abu Bakr warn him will happen if he continues to speak about his revelation and his new religious ideas?

He will be killed because the business men are getting angry. -Also offends the gods.

Setting the Scene

-Mecca -Husky, black-bearded man with handful of followers -People think M is mad, -Qu'ran -Message---> spread to 3 continents

The Hijra: A Turning Pt

1. Deafness a. No one listened and merchants were mad. b. 622 let for Yathrib because of murder charges c. "City of the prophet" Medina; 622 marks the 1ST year in the Muslim Calendar. d. A.H. "after the hijra" 2. Turning... a. M is a ruler and lawgiver and prophet b. Thousands of Arabs adopted Islam c. Attackin' a Cavan on Saturday 3. Triumph a. Returned and spread; died in 632 ce (or 10 A.H.)

Muhammad's Vision

1. Family History a. Born 570 ce and worked with Beds as a shephard. b. Led caravans and was a successful merchant. c. Married Khadija at 25; wealthy widow d.Devoted husband and father to his daughters 2. Called a. Trouble by idol worship and moral ills so at 40 he went to the desert cave. b. "Recite" -Angel Gabriel ---"man from clots" 3. Allah a.( Terror and puzzled) Illiterate merchant for God? b. Wife: "do it dummy"; 1st Muslim was her (coverted)

Five Pillars

1. Wha? a. Declaration of Faith: 1 God b. Daily Prayer: prayer anywhere/ holy ritual washing to Holy Mecca c. Masjids or Mosques d. Charity to Poor e. Fasting: from Sun-rise to Sun-set during Ramadan f. Haji: at least once 2. Service a. Jihad is another duty b. Struggle for peace, defend Islam, charity. Not just meaning "Holy War"

Muslim Duty

2 million +Muslims travel to Mecca per year. -Kabba: black cloth, with relgiion verses embroided in gold Pilgrims: simple garments so everyone is equal; abandon material world for God

The Battle of Badr

624 AD Muhammad and his Medinian followers raided Meccan caravans along trade routes and Abu Sufyan, leader of the Meccan merchants, got an army to defend the next caravan. The Muslims defeated the army at the oasis of Badr will his military and prophetic skills; Abu Sufyan escaped and attacked Medina three years later, but Muhammad's smaller force had dug a trench that led to their victory. Muhammad claimed the victory was aided by Allah.

What happened to the unified Muslim community when Muhammad died?

632/33 C.E. After a short illness, Muhammad died in the city of Medina at the age of 63. Before Muhammad's death, he united the tribes of Arabia into a single Arab Muslim religious government. With his death, disagreement broke out over who his successor would be. The once unified Arab Muslim community broke apart into two groups: Sunni Muslims and Shiite Muslims. The majority of Muslims who became known as Sunni Muslims believed that the community of Muslims should determine who would succeed him. However, the Shiite Muslims, the smaller group of Muslims, believed that only descendants and family members of Muhammad should be the successor. The Sunnis prevailed and selected the first caliph or successor to Muhammad. Eventually, Ali (Muhammad's son-in-law) was chosen as the fourth caliph but the division between Sunni and Shiites created repeated tension and violence. The violence and war split the small community of Muslims into two branches (Sunni and Shi'ite) that have never reunited.

Sunnah

A collection of writings about the way Muhammad lived that provides a model for Muslims to follow -same as Sunna

Tithe

A family's payment of one-tenth of its income to a church

Jihad

A holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal

Hadith

A tradition relating the words or deeds of the Prophet Muhammad; next to the Quran, the most important basis for Islamic law. (new things from his words) -Sunnahs are a path established by prophet.

Mosques

Churches where Muslims worship that have no religious images or statues

Mecca

City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion.

Views on the Bible

Corrupted due to translation; it's why the Qu'ran is to be used only in Arabic by Muslims. (must learn language)

In the scene where a follower of Muhammad's teachings is being questioned by the ruling elites, what do we learn of Muhammad's teaching about equality?

Every is equal under Allah and slavery is evil. (God is

Scripture

sacred writings or books; passages from sacred writings

revelation

God's communication of himself, by which he makes known the mystery of his divine plan.

Allah means...

God. There is no specific association with Islam, just the fact that in Arabic "Allah" is the way you would say God. ex: Bonjour = Hello

Pastoralists

nomadic people who herded animals

Arabian gods or goddesses

protectors and their spirits were associated with sacred trees, stones, springs and wells. -360 of them

Bedouins

small groups of nomadic people in Arabia

Jizya or Jizyah tax

tax paid by Christians and Jews who lived in Muslim communities to allow them to continue to practice their own religion

How does Muhammad respond to this warning?

"I will not renounce my message. Which is from God." -- Ararabs follow fathers; this is a cause social outrage.

Islam

"submission" to the will of God; springs from Judaic roots; many similar beliefs Religion expounded by the Prophet Muhammad (570-632 C.E.) on the basis of his reception of divine revelations, which were collected after his death into the Quran.

What does Quran mean?

"the recitation"

Articles of Muslim faith

(1) Belief in Allah as the one and only God (2) Belief in angels (3) Belief in the holy books (Qur'an and Hadith) (4) Belief in the prophets (Abraham, Moses, David, Jesus, etc.) and Muhammad is the final prophet (5) Belief in the Day of Judgment where Allah will determine if you go to heaven or hell (6) Belief in Predestination

Teachings of Islam

- Monotheistic; God= omnipotent and compassionate - Peps responsible to actions-- Judgement Day - No official priests

Geographics

--- Arabian Pennsula, Southwestern Asia 1. The Farming a. Mostly desert with possibilities of farming through irrigation or oases. 2. Bed People Don't Sleep a. Arab Clans; Bedouins crossed the desert on camel in search of seasonal pasturelands b. Raids on grasslands---> war c.Beds formed armies that conquered 600s-700s empires 3. Me---ca! a. Market town; crossroads of 2 main carvan routes b. Southern Arabia---> Syria and Palestine Mediterranean Coast c. Mesopotamia---> Eastern Africa d. Pilgrimage center for Arbas who prayed at the Kabba. Built by Abraham. e. Pilgrims--> money

How many followers did M gain in first 3 years?

40

What do Muslims think of Jesus?

-don't believe He was the Son of God -don't believe He died on the cross -don't believe He died for our sins -believe in the virgin birth -God relieved the Injeel to him -Created from Dust -he ascended to Heaven without being put on the cross and God transformed another person, Simon of Cyrene. (look alike)

Khadijah

-good marriage First wife of the prophet Muhammad, who had worked for her as a trader. -rich; increased his social ranking

Muhammad was...

1. A shephard then a merchant 2. Exposed to other cultures early on.

Two Classes

1. City -merchants -didn't take care of the poor 2. Country/Desert -pastoralists -fighting tribes -raised sheep, camels, cows etc.

How much to give?

1/40 of income

Messenger of God in Islam is...

M.

Islams?

Not a thing. -Muslims

Arabian

Region of the world that has the largest sand desert in the world birthplace of Islam and Arabic

Alms

Money or food given to poor people

FIVE PILLARS

The basic tenets of Islam: Allah is the only god and Muhammad is his prophet; pray to Allah five times a day facing Mecca; fast during the month of Ramadan; pay alms for the relief of the weak and the poor; take a hajj to Mecca Declaration of faith, prayer, alms, fasting, and pilgrimage

How do the Meccans treat Muhammad and the early followers of Islam?

The early followers of Muhammad and the man himself are persecuted. (probably seen as another rabid cult like early Christianity.) ---Practically isolated. ---They are committing blasphemy among many other serious sins.

Social class system

The higher class included those who were Muslims at birth, while the second class included the converts to Islam. The third class included Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians, which were called "the protected people". The lowest class, as usual, consisted of slaves, which were all non-Muslims.

"People of the Book"

the name for Jews and Christians for whom the Muslims had religious tolerance; called this because each religion had a holy book with teachings similar to that of the Qur'an

Abrahamic religions

the religions that trace their lineage to the biblical patriarch Abraham, namely Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

Qur'an

the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina Islamic holy book. -final message to humanity Revealed from 610-632 C.E.

Arabia

where is mecca? -Arab

Shahadah

worship of one God only.

Muhammad

About 610, Muhammad had a transformational spiritual experience and traveled through the Arabian Peninsula proclaiming that he was the last prophet of Allah. He believed in on God / Allah's words were given to Muhammad and collected by his followers and compiled in Quran. Who is the founder of Islam? means "highly praised"

Why was there fighting between the Muslims in Medina and the Meccans?

After their property was confiscated they began to raid caravans heading for Mecca for provisions.

Allah

Arabic word for God

Sawm

fasting during Ramadan.

Why will Prophet Muhammad's face not be shown in this film?

So there isn't confusion with actuality and unfactual error. So that impressions of Muhammad won't interfere with his message. (People are biased. No voice, no face, less bias.)

Theology

The study of religion

Why did the rich and powerful merchants dislike Muhammad?

He criticized polytheism and the rich make their money off of religious goods. --hey would lose pilgrims and thus lose lots of money

When the slave named Bilal is told to whip the follower of Muhammad's teachings, what does he do? -He doesn't do it. Why does he make this decision? -Muhammad has convinced him with his argument What happens to Bilal as a consequence of his choice? -He is lashed (opened wounds) and rocks are set over his body. He can't breath. What does he say while he is enduring his consequence? -"One... one God"

He doesn't do it. Muhammad has convinced him with his argument. He is lashed (opened wounds) and rocks are set over his body. He can't breath. "One... one God"

What did Muhammad do when he arrived in the new town?

He had the people accept Islam and then established a state.

What new and "dangerous ideas" has Muhammad been spreading throughout Mecca?

He is teaching that there is only supreme God for them to follow. One that forbids idols and physical glorifications of himself.

Muhammad's early history

His father died shortly before his birth, and he lost his mother at the age of six. Muhammad was then raised primarily by his paternal uncle, for whom he worked as a shepherd. 570 C.E.

Treaty of Hudaybiyah

Treaty of Hudaybiyah was signed between Muhammad, representing the state of Medina, and the Quraish tribe of Mecca. This treaty reduced fighting between the cities. -628 C.E. an agreement to allow Muslims to visit Mecca for 10 years (broken after one year) ---Reduced fighting between the two cities

Why was the Battle of Badr an important point in Islamic history?

It was the start of a series of Muslim military victories that increased Muhammad's power and made him city leader.

In what order were the Abrahamic religions established?

Judaism 1000 bce Christianity 30ce Islam 600 ce

Dhimmi

Literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus & Buddhists

'Maryam'

Mary

What was the name of the city Muhammad was born in?

Mecca -was a polytheistic city

622-628 C.E. -Meccans confiscated

Meccans confiscated all the property that the Muslims had left in Mecca. Because Muslims owned no land in Medina, they would have to live on charity and on the rare chance for wage labor. Muhammad began to engage in the old Arabian practice of raiding caravans bound for Mecca for money. These raids led to battles between Meccans and Muslims.

Who wrote the Qu'ran?

Muhammad

How did the ruling elite respond to Muhammad and his followers?

Muhammad and his followers are persecuted.

613 C.E.

Muhammad begins publicly spreading the message of Islam to all Meccans.

first revelation

Muhammad has dreams of religious symbols, figures, and images; did not tell family about it because he thought he was going crazy.

Sunna

Muhammad's example and, as such, is considered the model for living a proper Muslim life. -the traditional portion of Muslim law based on Muhammad's words or acts

What was Muhammad's message?

Muhammad's message to his countrymen was to convert from pagan polytheism, immorality and materialism, repent from evil and worship Allah, the only true God.

Abu Talib

Muhammad's uncle who raised him

All Muslim prophets are called...

Muslims

Cave Hira

Name the cave where the Holy Prophet Muhammad (SAW) used to meditate and worship in.

Gabriel

One of the archangels named in Sacred Scripture; the special messenger of God to the Blessed Virgin mary at the Annunciation. According to Muslims, was an angel who told Muhammed he was a messenger of Allah.

Why are they treated in this way?

People don't want to convert their beliefs, they believe such a message is toxic and will lead to people getting punished by the "gods". Personally offended.

Kaaba shrine

Polytheism (at first) -symbol of God's covenant with Abraham and Ishmael small shrine located near the centre of the Great Mosque in Mecca and considered by Muslims everywhere to be the most sacred spot on Earth. Muslims orient themselves toward this shrine during the five daily prayers, bury their dead facing its meridian, and cherish the ambition of visiting it on pilgrimage, or hajj.

Main beliefs of Muhammad? (3)

Rich--> Poor Return to following only Allah. (Arabs used to, then stopped.)

Merchants in Arabian society -spread

Since there is no priesthood in Islam or sacerdotal class among Muslims, the duty of the call to Allah cannot be limited to an ill-conceived and imaginary group called the 'men of religion as is the case with other religions.'

Yathrib

finial destination of Muhammad's hijra and the home of the first community of Muslims -This was the original name of Medina.

Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem

in Jerusalem, a mosque, contains the black stone. Important to note it is built on a Jewish holy site. -built in 690s -over the rock where M rose to heaven

Return to Mecca

negotiated a truce with the Meccans. When he returned, most Meccans accepted Islam. The prophet cleared the idols and images out of the Kaaba and rededicated it to the worship of God alone or monotheism. With the conversion of the city of Mecca, the greater part of the Arabian world came under Muhammad's authority.