Israel Midterm

The chief rabbinate

- A heritage of the millet system -Balanced between ashkenazi and mizrahi rabbis -Responsible for marriage, divorce, conversions -Perpetuation of orthodox denomination within religious judaism -Soviet jews most victimized by this-not practice religion due to atheist communist party -has jurisdiction over many aspects of Jewish life in Israel-personal status issues, such as Jewish marriages and Jewish divorce, as well as Jewish burials, conversion to Judaism, kosher laws and kosher certification, Jewish immigrants to Israel , supervision of Jewish holy sites, and overseeing Rabbinical courts in Israel. -In 1953, rabbinical courts were established with jurisdiction over matters of marriage and divorces of all Jews in Israel, nationals and residents. (section 1) It was also provided that marriages and divorces of Jews in Israel would be conducted according to the law of the Torah (section 2). -The only exception to these arrangements was that marriages entered into abroad would be recognised in Israel as valid. -Only religious marriage is recognized in Israel, as such, the Chief Rabbinate is granted control over all Jewish marriages. They also have the right to refuse someone the status of Jew, thus making it impossible for them to get legally married in Israel.

the peel committee

- aftert 1936-39, when the arabs tried to shut down britsh econ to stop balfour dec -Disconnect from below and leadership try to catch up -British were afraid of losing arab support to germany- British react by going in arab direction-2 states created, ⅕ for the jewish , violence increased - the comission investigates the causes of unrest in Mandatory Palestine, which was administered by Britain, following the six-month-long Arab general strike in Mandatory Palestine. - the commission published a report that, for the first time, stated that the League of Nations Mandate had become unworkable and recommended partition. -generally thought to have been "accepted" or "not rejected outright" by the jewish -The two main Jewish leaders, Chaim Weizmann and Ben-Gurion, had convinced the Zionist Congress to approve equivocally the Peel recommendations as a basis for more negotiation

1st Aliyah

-1882-1904 -eastern europe, religious, capitalist, funded by jewish moguls -also known as the agriculture wave -25,000-35,000 -Russian persecution of Jews was also a factor. In 1881, Tsar Alexander II of Russia was assassinated, and the authorities blamed the Jews for the assassination. -ran out of funds

Early approach to security

-Based on ag settlements -Guards for settlements -Just guarding ag settlements only -Anti militaristic- hashomer formed new settlements and not guard more than work in the settlements -Believed military force corrupting -yashuv had was strategic, need strong presence throughout, so bought land, settled land, guard the settlements- beginning of military -Also political goals- all resources went to ag settlements rather than cities, want big ag pop because they would support them-labor zionism, and no real military threat at the time -hashomer

general zionism

-was initially the dominant trend within the Zionist movement from the First Zionist Congress in 1897 until after the First World War. -identified with the liberal European middle class to which many Zionist leaders such as Herzl and Chaim Weizmann aspired. -not associated with any single party in modern Israel, remains a strong trend in Israeli politics advocating free market principles, democracy and adherence to human rights. -had liberal positions based on social justice, on law and order, on pluralism in matters of State and Religion, and on moderation and flexibility in the domain of foreign policy and security—are still favored by important circles and currents within certain active political parties -that "Jewish history shows that Jews need and are entitled to a nation-state of their own. But they also think that this state must be a liberal democracy, which means that there must be strict equality before the law independent of religion, ethnicity or gender." -entered the elections for the first Knesset in 1949. They won 5.2% of the vote and seven seats, and were not included in either of David Ben-Gurion's coalition governments.

British leave-impact

Palestinians devastated: 36-39 arab revolt, never recovered Socially and militarily they didn't have wearwithal to find place Internal threat to israel eliminated

5th Aliyah

- 1929-1939 -mostly german, urban, well to do-about a ⅓ of population at this point, -shape the economy -225,000 to 300,000 Jews. -The riots in the British Mandate during 1936 had weakened the immigration wave, but during the years 1938-1939 thousands of immigrants came, some of them illegally.

1948 Arab-Israeli War

- at first israel was out matched at first -they survived because they felt they were fighting for their lives, asymmetry of purpose -Little of arab military sent to fight israel-fear of being overthrown -Played diplomatic game well- got UN truce, arm themselves, armed by czechs, or basically soviet union to stop arab countries to hurt england who was supporting other side-Israel use those weapons to win war, had more arms and more soldiers in the end -Two results: 1. Founding of state of israel- haganah to idf-israel defense force 2. The refugee problem- Still not resolved, Arab pop in palestine went from ⅔ to 15% due to removal, escaping or major concentrations not conquered in war-west bank and gaza and east jerusalem- they were more focused on eilat at the bottom of negev for the port. Go to jordan, syria, west bank gaza-In camps in surrounding countries, Only jordan tries to integrate them, UN treats them different, direct descendant still refugee, not normal, so Now generational refugee problem -Shift from internal war to external, Palestinians cease to have political power What happened: -There had been tension and conflict between the Arabs and the Jews, and between each of them and the British forces, ever since the 1917 Balfour Declaration and the 1920 creation of the British Mandate of Palestine. British policies dissatisfied both Arabs and Jews. The Arabs' opposition developed into the 1936-1939 Arab revolt in Palestine. In 1947 these ongoing tensions erupted into civil war, following the 29 November 1947 adoption of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine, which planned to divide Palestine into three areas: an Arab state, a Jewish state and the Special International Regime for the cities of Jerusalem and Bethlehem. -On 15 May 1948, the ongoing civil war transformed into an inter-state conflict between Israel and the Arab states, following the Israeli Declaration of Independence the previous day. A combined invasion by Egypt, Jordan and Syria, together with expeditionary forces from Iraq, entered Palestine - The invading forces took control of the Arab areas and immediately attacked Israeli forces and several Jewish settlements. The 10 months of fighting, interrupted by several truce periods, took place mostly on the former territory of the British Mandate and for a short time also in the Sinai Peninsula and southern Lebanon -As a result of the war, the State of Israel controlled both the area that the UN General Assembly Resolution 181 had recommended for the proposed Jewish state as well as almost 60% of the area of Arab state proposed by the 1948 Partition Plan. Transjordan took control of the remainder of the former British mandate, which it annexed, and the Egyptian military took control of the Gaza Strip. -700,000 Palestinian Arabs fled or were expelled from their homes-they refer to as Al-Nakba ("the catastrophe") -Abdullah's role in this war became substantial. He saw himself as the "supreme commander of the Arab forces" and "persuaded the Arab League to appoint him" to this position. Through his leadership, the Arabs fought the 1948 war to meet Abdullah's political goals. -king Farouk of Egypt was anxious to prevent Abdullah from being seen as the main champion of the Arab world in Palestine, which he feared might damage his own leadership aspirations of the Arab world. -in 1949, Israel signed separate armistices with Egypt on 24 February, Lebanon on 23 March, Jordan on 3 April, and Syria on 20 July. The Armistice Demarcation Lines, as set by the agreements, saw the territory under Israeli control encompassing approximately three-quarters of the prior British administered Mandate as it stood after Transjordan's independence in 1946. Israel controlled territories of about one-third more than was allocated to the Jewish State under the UN partition proposal.After the armistices, Israel had control over 78% of the territory comprising former Mandatory Palestine -The armistice lines were known afterwards as the "Green Line". The Gaza Strip and the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) were occupied by Egypt and Jordan respectively.

first zionist congress

- held in Basel Switzerland, in 1897, 208 delegates attended. -led by Theodor Herzl, the founder of the modern Zionism movement. -they formulated a Zionist platform, known as the Basel program, and founded the World Zionist Organization. -basel program: 1. Zionism seeks to secure for the Jewish people a publicly recognized, legally assured homeland in Palestine. 1. The promotion of the settlement of Jewish agriculturists, artisans, and tradesmen in Palestine. 2. The federation of all Jews into local or general groups, according to the laws of the various countries. 3. The strengthening of the Jewish feeling and consciousness. 4. Preparatory steps for the attainment of those governmental grants which are necessary to the achievement of the Zionist purpose. -For the Fifth Zionist Congress, the Jewish National Fund was founded for the purchase of land in the Land of Israel and later the Zionist Commission was founded with subsidiary societies for the study and improvement of the social and economic condition of the Jews within the Land of Israel.

haredim

- is a broad spectrum of groups within Orthodox Judaism, all characterized by a rejection of modern secular culture. -The chief political division among them has been in their approach to the State of Israel. -While ideologically non-Zionist, the United Torah Judaism alliance represents a moderate and pragmatic stance of cooperation with the State of Israel, and participation in the political system. -UTJ has been a participant in numerous coalition governments, seeking to influence state and society in a more religious direction and maintain welfare and religious funding policies. -others are more stridently anti-Zionist are under the umbrella of Edah HaChareidis, who reject participation in politics and state funding of its affiliated institutions, in contradistinction to Agudah-affiliated institutions. -Upon the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, the nation's population of military-aged Haredi males were exempted from the universal conscription into the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) under the Torato Umanuto arrangement, which officially granted deferred entry into the IDF for yeshiva students, but in practice allowed young Haredi men to serve for a significantly reduced period of time or bypass military service altogether.

Arab citizens of Israel

- non jewish Israeli citizens -Many identify as Palestinian and commonly self-designate themselves as Palestinian citizens of Israel or Israeli Palestinians. -about 20.7% of the country's population. -The vast majority attend separate schools to Jewish Israelis, and Arab political parties have never joined a government coalition. -How to refer to the Arab citizenry of Israel is a highly politicized issue and there are a number of self-identification labels used by members of this community. generally speaking, supporters of Israel tend to use Israeli Arab or Arab Israeli to refer to this population without mentioning Palestine, while critics of Israel (or supporters of Palestinians) tend to use Palestinian or Palestinian Arab without referencing Israel. -Many Arab citizens supported the First Intifada and assisted Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza, providing them with money, food, and clothes. A number of strikes were also held by Arab citizens in solidarity with Palestinians in the occupied territories. -The years leading up to the Oslo Accords were a time of optimism for Arab citizens. During the administration of Yitzhak Rabin, Arab parties played an important role in the formation of a governing coalition. Increased participation of Arab citizens was also seen at the civil society level. However, tension continued to exist with many Arabs calling for Israel to become a "state of all its citizens", thereby challenging the state's Jewish identity. In the 1999 elections for prime minister, 94% of the Arab electorate voted for Ehud Barak. However, Barak formed a broad left-right-center government without consulting the Arab parties, disappointing the Arab community. -tensions between Arabs and the state rose in October 2000 when 12 Arab citizens and one man from Gaza were killed while protesting the government's response to the Second Intifada. In response to this incident, the government established the Or Commission. The events of October 2000 caused many Arabs to question the nature of their Israeli citizenship. To a large extent, they boycotted the 2001 Israeli Elections as a means of protest. Ironically, this boycott helped Ariel Sharon defeat Ehud Barak. In 1999 elections, more than 90 percent of Israel's Arab minority had voted for Ehud Barak. -There are three mainstream Arab parties in Israel: Hadash (a joint Arab-Jewish party with a large Arab presence), Balad, and the United Arab List, which is a coalition of several different political organizations including the Islamic Movement in Israel. In addition to these, there is Ta'al. All of these parties primarily represent Arab-Israeli and Palestinian interests, and the Islamic Movement is an Islamist organization with two factions: one that opposes Israel's existence, and another that opposes its existence as a Jewish state. -The rights of citizens are guaranteed by a set of basic laws, Although this set of laws does not explicitly include the term "right to equality", the Israeli Supreme Court has consistently interpreted "Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty"nd "Basic Law: Freedom of Occupation (1994)" as guaranteeing equal rights for all Israeli citizens. -Since Israel's establishment, Arab citizens have been exempted from compulsory service in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF)." Druze and Circassians are drafted into the Israeli army, while other Arabs may serve voluntarily; however, only a very small number of Arabs choose to volunteer for the Israeli army. -Many Arab citizens feel that the state, as well as society at large, not only actively limits them to second-class citizenship, but treats them as enemies, affecting their perception of the de jure versus de facto quality of their citizenship.

dimona

- one of the development towns created in the 1950s under the leadership of Israel's first Prime Minister, David Ben-Gurion. -The first residents were Jewish immigrants from North Africa, -development towns a faliure no one wants to live there -When the Israeli nuclear program started in 1958, a location not far from the city was chosen for the Negev Nuclear Research Center due to its relative isolation in the desert and availability of housing.

labor zionists

- originated in Eastern Europe. -Socialist -believed that centuries of oppression in antisemitic societies had reduced Jews -They argued that a revolution of the Jewish society was necessary and achievable in part by Jews moving to Israel and becoming farmers, workers, and soldiers in a country of their own. -rejected the observance of traditional religious Judaism -established rural communes in Israel called "kibbutzim" - a cooperative agriculture where the Jewish National Fund hired Jewish workers under trained supervision. - The kibbutzim were a symbol of the Second Aliyah in that they put great emphasis on communalism and egalitarianism, representing to a certain extent Utopian socialism. -they stressed self-sufficiency, which became an important aspect of this. -the dominant force in the political and economic life of the Yishuv during the British Mandate of Palestine and was the dominant ideology of the political establishment in Israel until the 1977 election -main institution is the Histadrut, The Haganah - the largest Zionist paramilitary defense force - also -Unlike the "political Zionist" tendency founded by Theodor Herzl and advocated by Chaim Weizmann, they did not believe that a Jewish state would be created simply by appealing to the international community but that a Jewish state could only be created through the efforts of the Jewish working class settling in Palestine and constructing a state through the creation of a progressive Jewish society with rural kibbutzim and moshavim and an urban Jewish proletariat. -leading figures in the movement included David Ben-Gurion

al-hussani

- was a Palestinian Arab nationalist and Muslim leader in Mandatory Palestine. - his early position on pan-Arabism shifted to a form of local nationalism for Palestinian Arabs and he moved back to Jerusalem. - he actively opposed Zionism, and was implicated as a leader of the 1920 Nebi Musa riots. -In 1921 the British High Commissioner appointed him Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, a position he used to promote Islam while rallying a non-confessional Arab nationalism against Zionism. -in the lead-up to the 1948 Palestine war, he opposed both the 1947 UN Partition Plan and King Abdullah's designs to annex the Arab part of British Mandatory Palestine to Jordan, -After the war and subsequent Palestinian exodus, his claims to leadership were wholly discredited and he was eventually sidelined by the Palestine Liberation Organization, losing most of his residual political influence. -nassar ended his political org

plan d

- was a plan worked out by the Haganah in Mandatory Palestine in March 1948 to destroy the villages near strategic villages -Some say intentional policy of ethnic cleansing -due especially to the result which was a form of cleansing as arab go from majority to minority -A military plan but didn't call for demographic change -Plan not public -Needed it relieve pressure on jerusalem and consolidate borders -saw 2 problems arabs inside palestine and arab states surrounding it -So they switch from defense to offense -Palestinians not well organized -called for the conquest of Arab towns and villages inside and along the borders of the area allocated to the proposed Jewish State - according to the UN Partition Plan.In case of resistance, the population of conquered villages was to be expelled outside the borders of the Jewish state. If no resistance was met, the residents could stay put, under military rule. -The intent is subject to much controversy, with historians on one side asserting that it was entirely defensive, while other historians assert that the plan aimed at the expulsion, sometimes called an ethnic cleansing, on the grounds that this was an integral part of a planned strategy.

theodore herzl

- was an Austro-Hungarian, father of modern political Zionism. -formed the Zionist Organization and promoted Jewish immigration to Palestine in an effort to form a Jewish state. Though he died before its establishment, he is known as the father of the State of Israel. - though he was not the first Zionist theoretician or activist -Beginning in late 1895, Herzl wrote Der Judenstaat (The State of the Jews), The book argued that the Jewish people should leave Europe if they wished to, either for Argentina or, preferably, for Palestine, their historic homeland. The Jews possessed a nationality; all they were missing was a nation and a state of their own -emphasized diplomacy and international recognition

Integration or separation

-Almost no social interaction during the mandate period- own institutions -Problem for future integration -Legacy of the mandate period -Voluntary separation BUT -Can vote -Allowed to run for knesset -However in practice they have very little influence on israeli politics -Never part of the coalition- opposition has very little power, the coalition rules, and arab parties are not included in the coalition. -So votes mean very little -Used to vote for labor, so had more influence -During oslo, the robbins gov had problems getting votes to return land to palestinians, so got voting bloc that included arab members-why assassinated? -So arabs left out, mostly in security not other issues -But to be fair there was an MP that was on security and divulged information- so real threat? -Can volunteer for the military- disadvantage if they don't serve and even if they do -No official discrimination -Win primaries by buying off arab villages for internal party primaries -Schools separate

Arab Revolt 1936-1939

--was a nationalist uprising by Palestinian Arabs in Mandatory Palestine against the British administration of the Palestine Mandate, demanding Arab independence and the end of the policy of open-ended Jewish immigration and land purchases with the stated goal of establishing a "Jewish National Home" -the revolt was focused on the british not the jews -the British responded with brute force, and the rebellion crushed and palestinian society ruined -But after the rebellion the british stop jewish immigration, part of british cycle of crushing then giving what they want, part of why it is hard to place british opinion on zionism (White paper). -the jewish reaction:Irgun bombing campaign, The haganah and mobile defense- more militarized more national, beleive they Can't rely on british anymore, an Embryonic arms industry, terrorist groups Lehi and IZL emerge, Bombing of king david hotel, Target british, aras, civilians, a Realization that arabs are the enemy - its consequences affected the outcome of the 1948 Palestine war. It caused the British Mandate to give crucial support to pre-state Zionist militias like the Haganah, whereas on the Palestinian Arab side, the revolt forced the flight into exile of the main Palestinian Arab leader of the period, the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem - Haj Amin al-Husseini -The revolt weakened the military strength of Palestinian Arabs in advance of their ultimate confrontation with the Jewish settlement in the 1947-48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine and was thus counterproductive. -During the uprising, British authorities attempted to confiscate all weapons from the Arab population. This, and the destruction of the main Arab political leadership in the revolt, greatly hindered their military efforts in the 1948 Palestine war,where imbalances between the Jewish and Arab economic performance, social cohesion, political organisation and military capability became apparent

2nd Aliyah

-1904-1914- the source of most of the future israeli leadership-balfour declaration, secular and socialist-out of russia -was an important and highly influential wave -35,000 -mostly from the Russian Empire,some from Yemen. -reasons: antisemitism in Russia and the Pale of Settlement, pogroms, economic hardship. -idealists, inspired by the revolutionary ideals then sweeping the Russian Empire who sought to create a communal agricultural settlement system in Palestine. -They thus founded the kibbutz movement. -Revival of the Hebrew language and establishing it as the standard language for Jews in Israel. -created the security organization, HaShomer, which became the precedent for future Jewish defense organizations such as the Haganah.

3rd Aliyah

-1919-1923 -dominated by agriculture pioneers - 40,000 -triggered by the October Revolution in Russia, anti-semitic pogroms in Eastern Europe, the British occupation of Palestine, and the Balfour Declaration. -Eastern European countries: -Most of the newcomers were young halutzim (pioneers), who built roads and towns -The Histadrut Labor Federation was established at this time

Nebi Musa Riots

-1920 in and around the Old City of Jerusalem. -Five Jews and four Arabs were killed, and several hundred were injured -The events came shortly after the Battle of Tel Hai -The British military administration of Palestine was criticized for withdrawing troops from inside Jerusalem and because it was slow to regain control. -As a result of the riots, trust between the British, Jews, and Arabs eroded. -One consequence was that the Jewish community increased moves towards an autonomous infrastructure and security apparatus parallel to that of the British administration. -Also, feeling that the British were unwilling to defend Jewish settlements from continuous Arab attacks, Palestinian Jews set up self-defense units, which came to be called the Haganah ("defense").

4th Aliyah

-1924-1928 -mostly middle class and urban-labor zionist jews had already shaped the state at this point - rapid urban development mainly in Tel Aviv which absorbed a considerable amount of the immigrants. -80,000 immigrants -This group contained many middle class families that moved to the growing cities, establishing small businesses and light industry.

1979- peace agreement with egypt

-1948 changes from internal conflict, 1967 changes from international conflict- changes again, renewal of conflict with palestinians and continuation of conflict with arab states -1979- peace agreement with egypt, war with neighbor ends -signed in Washington, D.C., United States on 26 March 1979, following the 1978 Camp David Accords. -The Egypt-Israel treaty was signed by Egyptian president Anwar Sadat and Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin, and witnessed by United States president Jimmy Carter. -The peace treaty between Egypt and Israel was signed 16 months after Egyptian president Anwar Sadat's visit to Israel in 1977 after intense negotiation. -The main features of the treaty were mutual recognition, cessation of the state of war that had existed since the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, normalization of relations and the complete withdrawal by Israel of its armed forces and civilians from the Sinai Peninsula which Israel had captured during the Six-Day War in 1967. -Egypt agreed to leave the area demilitarized. The agreement also provided for the free passage of Israeli ships through the Suez Canal, and recognition of the Strait of Tiran and the Gulf of Aqaba as international waterways. -The agreement notably made Egypt the first Arab state to officially recognize Israel. The peace between Egypt and Israel has lasted since the treaty went into effect, and Egypt has become an important strategic partner of Israel. -Nevertheless, the peace is often described as a "cold peace"

World war 2 effect on arab jewish relations

-Affect balance of power between jews and arabs -International public opinion -Holocaust survivors to palestine -Surge of sympathy for zionism -More support for them than arabs -Support for jewish state immense -And no notable opposition to zionism -British know empire is done

The zionist narrative of jewish history

-All are united by stopping anti semitism and agree on this stream -The biblical era, Antiquity and heritage, Built it up a model now, ability to defend themselves -Lesson is mistakes, not be religion of war, drowning biblical past -The diaspora era, Exile and humiliation, No redeeming features, why need zionism -The zionist era, Rejuvenation and rebirth, Solution to problem of diaspora, Rebirth of golden era -Explains israel's policies-At core of zionist narrative is the past

Reactions to Anti Semitism

-Barred from owning land-so literacy high, learned community, and influenced by 19th century ideologies -Communism- many members jewish, an attempt to resolve the jewish problem, take away religion then solve the problem -Haskalah- education at the center -Reform judaism-take extreme elements out Assimilation-convert or live like other societies -Bundism-jewish socialism, stronger than zionism for a time, many taken out in holocaust, anti zionist -Haredi spiritualism- movement based on strong spiritual version, maintain clothes and customs in 19th century -All looking for solution to their problem

The Suez Crisis of 1956

-Crisis didn't have all that much to do with israel, moslty British and their allies- king farouk removed from power, more nationalist agenda, head gamal abdul nasser -He nationalized suez canal- property of british and french, they want to go to war to take it back-plan to convince inraelis to attack egypt, then they would be peacekeepers, israel, wanting to have major allies and get rid of nasser so they invade, destroyed egyptian army, but british and french don't follow through, US tells them to stop, so they don't do it -Escalated competition between egypt and israel after this, Egyptians move into sinai-1967 -was an invasion of Egypt in late 1956 by Israel, followed by the United Kingdom and France. The aims were to regain Western control of the Suez Canal and to remove Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser, who had just nationalized the canal.. -The episode humiliated Great Britain and France and strengthened Nasser On 29 October, Israel invaded the Egyptian Sinai. -The fight over the canal also laid the groundwork for the Six-Day War in 1967 due to the lack of a peace settlement following the 1956 war and rising of tensions between Egypt and Israel

Dichotomy between ashkenazi and mizrahi jews

-Do we belong in the region, are we western, are we superior is the argument -Western secularism and eastern religiosity -Ideological vanguard (A) v community (M) -Ashkenazi demographic advantage - unique and small group in the beginning, socialist, committed, dream of utopia, while mizrahi jews came not based on secular ideology but religious reasons, major differences -Ashkenazi secular- except very religious which is a response to the secularism and mizrachi religious- less extreme though -ashkenazi had access to power that mizrachi don't have like kibbutzim and idf and histadrut (ashkenazi and gave jobs to other language (hebrew) and edu (based on ashkenazi elite) -values -moshav (mizrahi jews, while kibbutzim was ashkenazi) -Basic lack of access to jobs and influence -Problem because they are majority -Social protest led by mizrahi jews -Motti ashkenazi- israeli version of black panthers -End of labor party hegemony -after this social protest, likud go after mizrachi and they win in 1977, turning point -Labor dont treat mizrahi jews fairly because don't take them seriously and racism and imperialism but just got away with it because of security issue but -1973 war changes this -So could not be in kibbutzim, not really in IDF so likud mobilized them -The histadrut rep is by party so also get access to this after this change -Discrimination continues- culturally but less or not at all economically, ashkenazi still dominate academically

An army with a state?

-Early on military even bigger role -Transit camps of mizrahi jews, ma'abarot- built by the IDF -Militarism-think of prussia, praetorianism -Militarism and political power put together -So either military reflect society or political power -So israel doesn't have political power and government limited -Increased societal pressure on military -Withdrawl from lebenon -Movement of 4 mothers -Public opinion influence -Informality in the military -Discipline is practical and pragmatic -Never kept up the shoe polishing mentality of many militaries -Vocab-palmach- elite unit of haganah, came from kibutzim, dirty pants.... Not known for discipline -Training on efficiency not on formality -Sharp performance over sharp uniform -Not militaristic way of achieving victory -Influence on private sector -Military position influence job after -If not in military it is hard to get job- disadvantage for non-jews -Generals often become ceos -Civilian elements -Reserves -Weekends off -Small officer corps -Early retirement -Why both sides convincing

is israel west or east?

-Eastern in region, culture is increasingly not western, culture like songs, movies, food, tent to be eastern themes, increasing illiberalism in israeli politics, israel not liberal democracy- does this make it eastern. -Not liberal because of security threat, religious roots, -Western in trade, soccer league, us alliance, integration with europe, EU trade-eurovision (song contest), UEFA, part of western voting bloc in the UN, not part of NATO just because of opposition of arab states. Poor trade relations in the region, feeling of superiority towards arabs, politics, -Both ashkenazi and mizrahi jews feel israel should be western -Both out of prestige/ superiority of being western and because region rejected them

Emergence of Zionism

-Emerges in russia-treats them badly, programs, hating jews hold tzar together, leads to changes in jewish identity -The failure of emancipation- -The dreyfus affair-france, false accusations against jewish man, -The context of nationalism-emerges all over europe, especially france, based on citizenship and blood, there is also a jewish movement -so, herzl, a secular jew, with a distaste for jewish tradition, says that for jews to not be persecuted they needed a homeland, maybe uganda, wanted secular, modern, western state, put together first zionist congress, the movement would have emerged anyway though, he thought best way was to have recognition by great powers, 1897 first congress, now zionism is a movement not idea

Response to 1929 riots

-Haganah struggled to defend areas that it was present in, was absent in several areas people were slaughtered -Early violence about land, that would happen between anyone really -Only 1920 it turns to something else- -Hashomer change name to haganah -Organized palestinian uprising against zionism -Haganah was not supposed be labor zionostorgan but it was -Wanted no hierarchy- against socialist values Under histadrut -So power in hands of the worker -Reactions- -Refusal to adopt a centralized military body -Refusal to put haganah out of the hands of the histadrut- a very partial power sharing agreement made

Response to the 1936-39 Riots

-Haganah was unable to defend against attack against its lines of communications due to its strategic orientation. Unable to deter attacks against yishuv communities due to its defensive orientation -Can't protect communications between settlements -Attack convoys between settlements -Realize they need mobile defense-Formed mobile units- FOSH, Ambush, recon... -Increased militarization- uniforms, drills, they no longer feel they are helping the revisionist, jabotinsky lost power, Raziel and Begin and Stern was terrorism instead -Refusal to adopt retaliation and MAPAI (labor zionist party) turns purity of arms into an enduring strategic culture precept- new ideology -Do not kill civilians -Response to IZL -When rivals don't support conventional military they can adopt that policy now -Pivotal moment- huge significant -Largest rebellion against british -Destroyed palestinian movement -Another step towards militarization

Response to 48 War

-IDF turn in the one we know, which is: (essential elements) -Connected to society -Excessive force, intentional and emerges in 48 and border wars -Iron wall- jabotinsky comes up with, have to fight, so make strong military, see they cant get rid of us, and then make peace -Criticism is that now israel won't remove iron wall -Many arguments but needed it to exist basically -Qualitative advantage- need because demographic disadvantage, one israeli soldier worth more, high training, good tech, and intelligence- force multipliers -Use unorthodox methods -Quick decisions- because if war whole israeli society called up, economy stops International relations- can't be too tough because anger west allies -Vocab-dayan, international community may stop us -Fight on enemy ground- because israeli small, vulnerable on own ground -Cannot destroy enemy completely- only manage, existential threat -Israeli strategy defensive but offensive, aggressive tactics

Yishuv

-Jewish communities in palestine in the pre state era-refer to zionist but can include all is the term referring to the body of Jewish residents in the prior to the establishment of the State of Israel. -The term came into use in the 1880s, when there were about 25,000 Jews living across Land of Israel, then comprising the southern part of Ottoman Syria, and continued to be used until 1948, by which time there were about 700,000 Jews there. -A distinction is sometimes drawn between the Old Yishuv and the New Yishuv: The Old Yishuv refers to all the Jews living there before the aliyah (immigration wave) of 1882 by the Zionist movement. The Old Yishuv residents were religious Jews -The New Yishuv refers to those in the 1860s, until the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948.

Kibbutzim

-Labor zionism glorify ag settlements -Everyone contributes and no one gets paid- land that is bought that no one owns, no one is paid, get what you need, everyone works, decisions made communially, meals taken together, children live in separate unit -leaders came from this -Built strategically in areas that were need to defend in future wars and to be basis for the state is a collective community in Israel that was traditionally based on agriculture. -The first one established in 1909, at Degania. -From around the world, Jews dropped coins into Jewish National Fund "Blue Boxes" for land purchases in Palestine. -also played a role in defining the borders of the Jewish state-to-be. -By the late 1930s, when it appeared that Palestine would be partitioned between Arabs and Jews, kibbutzim were established in outlying areas to ensure that the land would be incorporated into the Jewish state.

The legal debate on settlements

-Laws of occupation, fourth geneva convention, article 49, are they occupied? -First law of occupation, hague convention, more detail at geneva conventions, un declaration of human rights-1948 -Israel has been accused of violating these laws -One of which is article 49- refers to mass deportations, like those in ww2, more than settlements, but also says can move your pop into another place, -israel argues settlements legal- intention wasn't for settlements and that the west bank and gaza are not occupied- in international law there is a high laws of borders, called uti possidetis, means the border that was is the border it will be, one unit argument, undercuts claim to golan heights but strengthens west bank and gaza, and they never belonged to the countries that claim them -Argument puts pressure to give citizenship -Legal case solid but international law irrelevant, -Also never claimed gaza and west bank- ambivalent about it -So to them settlement is legal -The consensus viewin the international community is that the existence of Israeli settlements in the West Bank including East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights is in violation of international law.[104] The Fourth Geneva Convention includes statements such as "the Occupying Power shall not deport or transfer parts of its own civilian population into the territory it occupies". -At present, the view of the international community, as reflected in numerous UN resolutions, regards the building and existence of Israeli settlements in the West Bank, East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights as a violation of international law. UN Security Council Resolution 446 refers to the Fourth Geneva Convention as the applicable international legal instrument, and calls upon Israel to desist from transferring its own population into the territories or changing their demographic makeup. The reconvened Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the Geneva Conventions has declared the settlements illegal as has the primary judicial organ of the UN, the International Court of Justice. -The position of successive Israeli governments is that all authorized settlements are entirely legal and consistent with international law.[111] In practice, Israel does not accept that the Fourth Geneva Convention applies de jure, but has stated that on humanitarian issues it will govern itself de facto by its provisions, without specifying which these are. The scholar and jurist Eugene Rostow has disputed the illegality of authorized settlements.

Druze

-Most live in the north of the country and enjoy a separate status from Arabs. -. During the British Mandate for Palestine, they did not embrace the rising Arab nationalism of the time or participate in violent confrontations. In 1948, many volunteered for the Israeli army and no villages were destroyed or permanently abandoned.Since the establishment of the state, they have demonstrated solidarity with Israel and distanced themselves from Arab and Islamic radicalism. -they are conscripted into the Israel Defense Forces. -From 1957, the Israeli government formally recognized them as an independent religious community. -they are defined as a distinct ethnic group in the Israeli Ministry of Interior's census registration.

The neo revisionist challenge

-People left haganah because workers don't know military -Those that left joined neovisionist revolution -Classic revisionists replaced by IZL -More extreme- zionism led by violence- lenin communism -Jabotinsky lost power-original revisionist, due to arlozorov murder and his mistake of leaving the histadrut- he wanted conventional large military like most states -Principles -Small vanguard of urban terrorists -Revenge and retaliation attacks on the arab population -Look to bolsheviks for model -Not in rural areas but cities -Do not differentiate between civilians and combatants -Introduce terrorism in middle east -IZL target women and children

Streams of zionism

-Practical-in palestine, -Cultural- not just a state but a jewish state-opposed to herzl, revive hebrew -Diplomatic-herzl's , basel congress, Territorial v zionist of zion split, Jewish national home anywhere vs jerusalem -General-herzl's approach, diplomacy, diaspora -Labor-integrate socialist and zionism, pragmatic approach -Revisionist-source of today's right wing ideology -Religious- religious people who believe in zionism-try to reconcile god's will and zionism state-say they are unwittingly guided by god

Dominant movement- why labor?

-Pragmatic side was its strength , Well suited to the problems of yishuv -Needed land- then needed ag basis-also needed to set future borders -Built settlements step by step -This movement runs the country or its descendants, Represent most of the population- but labor got more votes for a long time-this is because labor had good program and answer to the problems of the day, Self conscious effort to change values of jews-see ag photos Settlement movement- kibbutzim, moshavim, moshavim shitufiim, and community settlements. -Rival was the revisionist movement-1920's- Ze'ev Jabotinsky, Free market system and Nationalism centered, Said jews need a state and military, Reject labor zionists pacifism and War is necessary, Destined to clash with arab nationalism , Reject socialism

Difficult identity issues for palestians

-Pressure to conform to israeli society to get benefits -Pressure to sympathize with palestine movement against israel -Considered traitors by arab world -"Not real palestinians" -Why there are different reactions -After intifada, want to be called israel-palestinians -Arab citizens of israel neutral name -Increasing amount just refer to palestinians, may imply you don't believe in the state of israel -Most support israel but not as a jewish state -Israeli arabs loaded because you are denying palestinian in them -Israeli arabs more christian -Disconnected from palestinians -Even difficult what to call them -Wanted to crush palestinian national movement, rather deal with jordanians

The Strategic Land Problem

-Raise money to buy land, -Problems: Bad land sold-only land they could get Lack of farming experience-not allowed to farm in diaspora, Disease

The grand coalition

-Religious make up 20% -Security for religious issues -Internal ministry, edu ministry, ministry for religious affairs- religious party controls --In 1947, David Ben-Gurion and the religious parties reached an agreement, which included an understanding that matters of personal status in Israel would continue to be determined by the existing religious authorities. This arrangement has been termed the status quo agreement and has been maintained despite numerous changes of government since.

The Civil War stage-1947-1948

-Starts due to partition plan -British announce they will leave in may -Israel afraid they will be invaded after they leave -Arabs use demographic advantage to put yesuv on defensive - was the first phase of the 1948 Palestine war. -When the British Mandate of Palestine expired on 14 May 1948, and with the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel, the surrounding Arab states, Egypt, Transjordan, Iraq and Syria invaded what had just ceased to be Mandatory Palestine and immediately attacked Israeli forces and several Jewish settlements. -The conflict then turned into the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.

background history

-The Diaspora began in 586 BCE during the Babylonian occupation of Israel. The Babylonians destroyed the First Temple, which was central to Jewish culture at the time. -After the 1st century Great Revolt and the 2nd century Bar Kokhba revolt, the Roman Empire expelled the Jews from Judea. -the old yishuv were the Jewish communities of the southern Syrian provinces in the Ottoman period, up to the onset of Zionist aliyah and the consolidation of the New Yishuv by the end of World War I. -As opposed to the later Zionist aliyah and the New Yishuv, which came into being with the First Aliyah (of 1882) and was more based on a socialist and/or secular ideology emphasizing labor and self-sufficiency, the Old Yishuv, whose members had continuously resided in or had come to Eretz Yisrael in the earlier centuries, were largely ultra-orthodox Jews -The official beginning of the construction of the New Yishuv in Palestine is usually dated to the arrival of the Bilu group in 1882, who commenced the First Aliyah. -In the following years, Jewish immigration to Palestine started in earnest. Most immigrants came from the Russian Empire, escaping the frequent pogroms and state-led persecution in what are now Ukraine and Poland. -They founded a number of agricultural settlements with financial support from Jewish philanthropists in Western Europe. -Additional Aliyahs followed the Russian Revolution and its eruption of violent pogroms, as well as the Nazi persecution of the 1930s.

UNSCOP

-The United Nations Special Committee on Palestine was created 1947 in response to a United Kingdom government request that the General Assembly "make recommendations under article 10 of the Charter, concerning the future government of Palestine". - it investigated the cause of the conflict in Palestine, and, if possible, devise a solution. -While the Jewish Agency and the Jewish National Council cooperated the Arab Higher Committee charged UNSCOP with being pro-Zionist, and decided to boycott it. -it supported the termination of the British mandate in Palestine. It contained a majority proposal for a Plan of Partition into two independent states -Palestinians don't cooperate, but the Zionists do so the Committee gave beneficial schematic- offer a lot of land for jewish state -The Zionist side accepted the Plan of Partition while the Arab side rejected both proposals. -Ben gurion likes this- accept it, arabs do not- Rejections leads to 1948 war

Modes of Israeli Occupation

-The dayan concept-67-77 Enlightened Invisible occupation Little presence as possible Open bridges-keeping bridges into jordan open Based first on force but also give them something No major resistance during this, why?- it worked? Or palestinian still in shock and afraid to resist? Erodes over time Likud take over, in 1981 sharon changed it The term refers to the bridges across the Jordan River between Jordan and the West Bank and Israel as well as to the links between Israel and Jordan developed after the Six-Day War (1967). Moshe Dayan, who was minister of defense, allowed the shipment of goods (mostly agricultural produce) and later the crossing of people between the two sides of the river. -The sharon concept-81-88 Outlaw palestinian parties Create rival orgs Discourage palestinian nationalism

The Law of Return

-The political debate over 'Who is a Jew?' has symbolized the secular-religious divide in Israel and the way it has been handled. It was the principal objective of Zionism that Palestine should be the homeland for the Jewish People. When Israel was formed in 1948, that objective was taken over by the new State. The Law of Return, enacted in 1950, stipulates that every Jew has a right to make aliyah (immigrate to Israel). Hence the importance of a clear definition of who is a Jew. -According to the halakha (Jewish law), a Jew is an individual who was born to a Jewish mother or one that converted to Judaism. Therefore, in those early days of the Jewish state, a temporary vagueness on the issue of 'Who is a Jew?' suited the Consociationalism form of democracy that exists in Israel, since every ruling provoked a political storm. Along with the recognition of the Status quo as the regulating arrangement, a political custom has evolved, in which the Ministry of Interior would be held by one of the religious parties represented in the Knesset (the Israeli parliament); the Minister of Interior is principally responsible for citizenship, residency and identity cards (Teudat Zehut). This custom is part of the principle of Consociationalist democracy that requires governmental rewards to be granted on the basis of each party's relative importance in the eyes of the political players.

United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine

-The resolution recommended the creation of independent Arab and Jewish States and a Special International Regime for the city of Jerusalem. - provided for the termination of the Mandate, the progressive withdrawal of British armed forces and the delineation of boundaries between the two States and Jerusalem. -The Plan was accepted by the Jewish Agency for Palestine, despite its perceived limitations. -Arab leaders and governments rejected it and indicated an unwillingness to accept any form of territorial division, arguing that it violated the principles of national self-determination in the UN Charter which granted people the right to decide their own destiny. -Immediately after adoption of the Resolution by the General Assembly, a civil war broke out and the plan was not implemented.

Israel's role in the middle east

-To arabs either colonial-56 and balfour declaration, and compare it to crusader state -Also played the role of uniter of the arab world- in their opposition to israel- egypt and jordan example but this role dwindling -Distraction from internal problems in arab countries but this is also going away- unite against israel- when this stopped working led to arab spring -Israel sees itself as protector of minorities in middle east- christians in lebanon, kurds, south sudanese as well a informal ally with middle east like jordan, unite against palestinian nationalism, also now with saudi arabia and egypt -Very complex

Yahadut hatorah

-United Torah Judaism- is an alliance of two small Israeli Haredi (ultra-Orthodox) political parties in the Knesset. It was first formed in 1992. -The UTJ party also had considerable influence on the Israeli Sephardi Jews' Shas party. -In fact, the Shas party was founded by Rabbi Shach at an earlier juncture when he was previously also frustrated with the policies of the Hasidic rebbes; so, he turned to the Sephardic Jews, and urged his own Ashkenazi followers at that time, to vote for the new Shas party, which they did in record numbers. Later, Shas broke with Rabbi Schach, as it adopted its own independent political stance under Rabbi Ovadia Yosef. Yet, Shas always "looks over its shoulder" to see what the Ashkenazi Haredi parties are up to, and usually goes in the same direction, as it has similar needs and interests within the state.

Is israel in the middle east

-What is the middle east? 1. Lack of separation between religion and state Geography 2. Eurocentric view of east, measured by distance from the west, Alfred Mahan, 3. Arab culture, muslim, use to group but not everyone fits this obviously 4. Vague -Regional rejection -Villa in the jungle syndrome -How israel perceives itself- What is israeli food, Serve food from other countries that have become staples, not ashkenazi -What is israeli music-When ashkenazi it wasn't popular, when more eastern then it became more popular

Relations between zionism and religion

-Zionism was in the minority, another answer to the problems of judaism -religious zionists-devine potential, Ultra orthodox didn't like zionism but that ameliorated over time-shifted to non zionism -1929 on- arab violence doesn't discriminate between secular and religious, religious jews more visible, more a target, hebron example-conflict draws them together -Ben gurion bargain with religious groups

modus vivendi

-an arrangement or agreement allowing conflicting parties to coexist peacefully, either indefinitely or until a final settlement is reached. -means "mode of living" or "way of life".

oslo agreement

-are a set of agreements between the Government of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO): -in Washington, D.C., in 1993; and the Oslo II Accord, signed in Taba, Egypt, in 1995. -marked the start of the Oslo process, a peace process aimed at achieving a peace treaty based on United Nations Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338, and at fulfilling the "right of the Palestinian people to self-determination." -The Oslo process started after secret negotiations in Oslo, resulting in the recognition by the PLO of the State of Israel and the recognition by Israel of the PLO as the representative of the Palestinian people and as a partner in negotiations. -The Oslo Accords created a Palestinian Authority tasked with limited self-governance of parts of the West Bank and Gaza Strip; and acknowledged the PLO as Israel's partner in permanent-status negotiations about remaining questions. -The most important questions relate to the borders of Israel and Palestine, Israeli settlements, the status of Jerusalem, Israel's military presence in and control over remaining territories after Israel's recognition of Palestinian autonomy, and the Palestinian right of return. -The Oslo Accords, however, did not create a Palestinian state. - A number of agreements were reached, until the Oslo process ended after the failure of the Camp David Summit in 2000 and the outbreak of the Second Intifada. -During the Second Intifada, the Roadmap for Peace was introduced, which explicitly aimed at a two-state solution and the establishment of an independent Palestinian state. -The Oslo Accords are based on the 1978 Camp David Accords and show therefore considerable similarity with those Accords. -Yassir Arafat - PLO leader during the Oslo peace process -Yitzhak Rabin - Israeli Prime Minister during the Oslo peace process -Israel-PLO letters of recognition (1993). Mutual recognition of Israel and the PLO. -The Gaza-Jericho Agreement or Cairo Agreement (1994). Partial Israeli withdrawal within three weeks from Gaza Strip and Jericho area, being the start of the five-year transitional period (Article V of Oslo I). Simultaneously transfer of limited power to the Palestinian Authority (PA), which was established in the same agreement.

Treatment of minorities in judaism

-attitudes are governed by humanity rather than equality -Jewish chosen people, so lack of equality -Gentiles are not infindels, they are however less morally culpable and therefore have less moral rights -If they sin it is more forgivable -Morally inferior -But also deserve as many rights, until they learn from the jews -Recognizing non jews as individuals not as a group -The land of israel belongs to israelites and can only be governed by them -Individuals do have rights but no national identity -Legal equality- legal discrimination -Justify treatment almost entirely in security but the religious stuff in the background -Declaration of the establishment of the state of israel -Pure equality unobtainable

balfour declaration

-before this there was no arab-zionist conflict- jews not seen as a threat yet -1917 is a turning point though -the British gave support to jewish home and open up immigration to jews to fulfill promise - was a public statement issued by the British government during World War I announcing support for the establishment of a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine, -the declaration called for safeguarding the civil and religious rights for the Palestinian Arabs but not national rights -The declaration had many long-lasting consequences: It greatly increased popular support for Zionism within Jewish communities worldwide, and led to the creation of Mandatory Palestine, which later became Israel and the Palestinian territories. -As a result, it is considered a principal cause of the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict -Controversy remains over a number of areas, such as whether the declaration contradicted earlier promises the British made to the Sharif of Mecca in the McMahon-Hussein correspondence.

king abdallah

-belongs to the Hashemite family. -king of jordan -after conquering the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, at the end of the war, King Abdullah tried to suppress any trace of a Palestinian Arab national identity. Abdullah annexed the conquered Palestinian territory and granted the Palestinian Arab residents in Jordan Jordanian citizenship

religious zionism

-combines Zionism and observant Judaism. -Before the establishment of the State of Israel, they were mainly observant Jews who supported Zionist efforts to build a Jewish state in the Land of Israel. -the main ideologue was Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook -Kook saw Zionism as a part of a divine scheme which would result in the resettlement of the Jewish people in its homeland. -when Kook became the Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Palestine, he tried to reconcile Zionism with Orthodox Judaism. -believe that "Eretz Yisrael" (the Land of Israel) was promised to the ancient Israelites by God, and the right of the Jews to the land is permanent and inalienable. To generations of diaspora Jews, Jerusalem has been a symbol of the Holy Land and of their return to it, as promised by God in numerous Biblical prophecies. Despite this, many Jews did not embrace Zionism before the 1930s, and certain religious groups opposed it then, as some groups still do now, on the grounds that an attempt to re-establish Jewish rule in Israel by human agency was blasphemous. -Rabbi Kook developed a theological answer to that claim, which gave Zionism a religious legitimation: "Zionism was not merely a political movement by secular Jews. It was actually a tool of God to promote His divine scheme, and to initiate the return of the Jews to their homeland -Therefore, settling Israel is an obligation of the religious Jews, and helping Zionism is actually following God's will. -the National Religious Party today represents them, another was Kahanism founded by Rabbi Meir Kahane, whose party, Kach, was eventually banned for racism. -Most 'embrace right-wing politics, especially the religious right-wing Jewish Home party, but they also support the mainstream right-wing Likud.

Ashkenazi jew

-come from poland, hungary, russia- not liberal democracies countries, look at this heritage, -Used to be more ashkenazi, but they were killed in the holocaust more, so not about even percentage -Important because speaks to larger issue- what kind of country israel is -two extremes either secular or religious -Ideal of agricultural worker, ideal israeli-in rep its very european, basically the ashkenazi -Cultural imperialism in this idea -are a Jewish diaspora population who coalesced in the Holy Roman Empire around the end of the first millennium.[ -people of Ashkenazi Jewish descent constitute around 47.5% of Israeli Jews (and therefore 35-36% of Israeli

Martial law and the kafr qasim shooting

-from 1948-1966 the entire arab pop was under martial law -Meant they were under curfew, patrols, regimented, israeli gov treated them as possible enemies -Worst incident was 1956 war changed curfew laws, did not inform everyone and opened fire, killed 40 -Never been a 5th column -Martial law removed though -took place in the Israeli Arab village of Kafr Qasim situated on the Green Line, at that time, the de facto border between Israel and the Jordanian West Bank on October 29, 1956. It was carried out by the Israel Border Police (Magav), who killed Arab civilians returning from work during a curfew, imposed earlier in the day, on the eve of the Sinai war, of which they were unaware. in total 48 people died, of which 19 were men, 6 were women and 23 were children aged 8-17. Arab sources usually give the death toll as 49, as they include the unborn child of one of the women. -The border policemen who were involved in the shooting were brought to trial and found guilty and sentenced to prison terms, but all received pardons and were released in a year. -Military administrative government was in effect from 1949 to 1966 over some geographical areas of Israel having large Arab populations, primarily the Negev, Galilee, and the Triangle. The residents of these areas were subject to a number of controlling measures that amounted to martial law. -In 1993, Israel gave autonomy to the people of Gaza and completely disengaged from Gaza in 2005. However, in 2007, Israel put a blockade on the Gaza Strip over what it viewed as security concerns.

fatah

-independent palestinian org, formed 58, yasser arafat, get independence for themselves, used terrorism to maximize visibility of palestinian national movement, media spectacle of aircraft hijacking, offshoot black september, palestinian introduction to the west but double edged sword, -they are oppressed but they are terrorists argument, fatah take over for PLO, which was formed by nassar, they were rivals, end of rab state documentation of palestinian nationalism, PLO secular groups, become increasingly strong, goal of PLO is democratic state of palestine on all of the territory, jews coming after 17 have to leave then changed because us would not negotiate, now settle for palestine state in west bank and gaza and wont recognize israel as jewish state -is a Palestinian nationalist political party and the largest faction of the confederated multi-party Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). -closely identified with the leadership of its founder Yasser Arafat, -In the 2006 parliamentary election, the party lost its majority in the Palestinian parliament to Hamas. However, the Hamas legislative victory led to a conflict between Fatah and Hamas, with Fatah retaining control of the Palestinian National Authority in the West Bank.

histadrut

-is Israel's national trade union centre, representing the majority of trade unionists in the State of Israel. -Established in December 1920 in Mandatory Palestine, -it soon become one of the most powerful institutions in the Yishuv -At the end of 1921 David Ben-Gurion was elected as Secretary. - a mainstay of the Labour Zionist movement and, aside from being a trade union, its state-building role made it the owner of a number of businesses and factories and, for a time, the largest employer in the country. -Until Israel began moving away from a socialist economy, it, along with the government, owned most of the economy. -the Israeli services sector was completely dominated by it and the government, -it owned Clalit Health Services, Israel's largest Health Maintenance Organization -only about 170,000 members were Arabs (who were admitted to membership starting in 1959). -With the increasing liberalization and deregulation of the Israeli economy since the 1980s, the role and size of it declined. A major shift in power took place in 1994, when the Labor Party lost its leadership and governing role

hamas

-is a Palestinian Sunni-Islamist fundamentalist organization. -It has been the de facto governing authority of the Gaza Strip since its takeover of that area in 2007. -either in whole or in part, as a terrorist organization by several countries and international organizations, most notably by Israel, the United States and the European Union. - founded in 1987, soon after the First Intifada broke out, as an offshoot of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood, which in its Gaza branch had been non-confrontational towards Israel, refrained from resistance, and was hostile to the PLO -the military wing of Hamas has launched attacks against Israeli civilians and soldiers, often describing them as retaliatory, in particular for assassinations of the upper echelon of their leadership. Tactics have included suicide bombings and, since 2001, rocket attacks. -In the January 2006 Palestinian parliamentary elections, Hamas won a plurality in the Palestinian Parliament, defeating the PLO-affiliated Fatah party -Hamas, as its name (Islamic Resistance Movement) implies, aims to liberate Palestine from the Israeli occupation by resisting it

Shas

-is an ultra-Orthodox religious political party in Israel. -Founded in 1984 under the leadership of Rabbi Ovadia Yosef, a former Israeli Sephardi chief rabbi, -it primarily represents the interests of Haredi Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews. -Originally a small ethnic political group, it is currently Israel's seventh-largest party in the Knesset. Since 1984, it has almost always formed a part of the governing coalition, whether the ruling party was Labor or Likud. -As of 2017, Shas members currently sit with Likud in the government. -Shas gains votes and supports from moshavim that are inhabited by Mizrahi and Sephardi Jews, either Orthodox or non-Orthodox.

the jewish agency

-is the largest Jewish nonprofit organization in the world. -It is best known as the primary organization fostering the immigration ("Aliyah") and absorption of Jews and their families from the Jewish diaspora into Israel. -Since 1948 the Jewish Agency for Israel has brought 3 million immigrants to Israel, - played a central role in the founding and the development of the State of Israel. -David Ben Gurion served as the Chairman of its Executive Committee - In the years before and after the founding of the state, they oversaw the establishment of about 1,000 towns and villages in Mandate Palestine. It serves as the main link between Israel and Jewish communities around the world. -Following the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, they shifted its focus to facilitating economic development and absorbing immigrants.

Moshavim

-like kibbutz but own own ag goods but otherwise the same -is a type of Israeli town or settlement, in particular a type of cooperative agricultural community of individual farms pioneered by the Labour Zionists during the second wave of aliyah. -They were designed as part of the Zionist state-building program -farms in a moshav tended to be individually owned but of fixed and equal size. -never enjoyed the "political elite" status afforded to kibbutzim during the period of Israeli Labor Party dominance

Mizrachi jew

-means easterner - includes all arabic speaking jews, also farsi speaking, misnomer because they also come from west- like morocco, - comes from Sephardic- spanish -jews who trace roots to spain, but also word used for jews who are not ashkenazi -tried to move pop to less populated areas for security, But ashkenazi jews didn't want to move so immigrants of the time would be settled at strategic border areas, Like dimona-nuclear plant there (another source of discrimination), Not great conditions, Most were mizrahi jews -Counter argument - few people, so first 6 years pop triple, due to immigration from arab speaking countries, integration on that scale has never been done, and israel poor at this time -Racial discrimination but very difficult problems to-look at both sides -more in the middle, less extreme religiously -Became center for support for likud party Herut- united with liberal party-gachal Then 1970 united it with right wing parties names likud -Overview: -Mizrahi immigrants and refugees were placed in tent cities often in development towns on the peripheries of Israel. -Settlement in Moshavim (cooperative farming villages) was only partially successful, because Mizrahim had historically filled a niche as craftsmen and merchants and most did not traditionally engage in farmwork. -As the majority left their property behind in their home countries as they journeyed to Israel, many suffered a severe decrease in their socio-economic status aggravated by their cultural and political differences with the dominant Ashkenazi community. -Segregation, especially in the area of housing, limited integration possibilities over the years. -Intermarriage between Ashkenazim and Mizrahim is increasingly common in Israel -Although social integration is constantly improving, disparities persist. Israeli-born Ashkenazim are up to twice more likely to study in a university than Israeli-born Mizrahim. Furthermore, the percentage of Mizrahim who seek a university education remains low compared to second-generation immigrant groups of Ashkenazi origin, such as Russians. According to a survey by the Adva Center, the average income of Ashkenazim was 36 percent higher than that of Mizrahim in 2004.

Operation nachshon and deir yassin

-one version says izl shot civilians, other is that they were bad at fighting and killed on accident -took place on April 9, 1948, when around 120 fighters from the Zionist paramilitary groups Irgun and Lehi attacked Deir Yassin, a Palestinian Arab village of roughly 600 people near Jerusalem. -The assault occurred as Jewish militia sought to relieve the blockade of Jerusalem during the civil war that preceded the end of British rule in Palestine -the deaths became a pivotal event in the Arab-Israeli conflict for their demographic and military consequences. -The narrative was embellished and used by various parties to attack each other—by the Palestinians against Israel; by the Haganah to play down their own role in the affair; and by the Israeli left to accuse the Irgun and Lehi of blackening Israel's name by violating the Jewish principle of purity of arms. -News of the killings sparked terror among Palestinians, encouraging them to flee from their towns and villages in the face of Jewish troop advances, and it strengthened the resolve of Arab governments to intervene, which they did five weeks later

Tel Hai and Masada

-one was the Jewish rebellion in rome-all kill each other -Use as a caution tale ; But then turn to story of jewish nationalism in pre state era-chronicled by Flavius Josephus, -The siege is often revered in modern Israel as "a symbol of Jewish heroism".became a symbol for a heroic 'last stand' for the State of Israel and played a major role for Israel in forging national identity". -the second is the first military incident the zionist were in was the arrival of the british- undermines whole system; between british and french, arabs go to village and shoot two people, first incident of violence, "its good to die for our country"- 1919, compare him to masada -this narrative Unites zionists

Kach

-promoted the notion of a theocracy run according to Jewish law. -was a radical Orthodox Jewish, ultranationalist political party in Israel, existing from 1971 to 1994. -Founded by Rabbi Meir Kahane in 1971, based on his Jewish-Orthodox-nationalist ideology - it was barred from participating in the next election in 1988 under the revised Knesset Elections Law banning parties that incited racism. -Kahane's legislative proposals focused on revoking the Israeli citizenship for non-Jews and banning Jewish-Gentile marriages and sexual relations, based on the Code of Jewish Law compiled by Maimonides in the Mishneh Torah.n 1994, both groups were banned outright by the Israeli cabinet under 1948 anti-terrorism laws,

Hebron 1929

-refers to the killing of sixty-seven or sixty-nine Jews on 24 August 1929, then part of Mandatory Palestine, by Arabs incited to violence by rumors that Jews were planning to seize control of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. -The massacre, together with that of Jews in Safed, sent shock waves through Jewish communities in Palestine and around the world. It led to the re-organization and development of the Jewish paramilitary organization, the Haganah, which later became the nucleus of the Israel Defense Forces. -in the narrative of Zionism, the event became 'a central symbol of Jewish persecution at the hands of bloodthirsty Arabs' and was 'engraved in the national psyche of Israeli Jews', particularly those who settled in Hebron after 1967. -some regards the massacre as marking a point-of-no-return in Arab-Jewish relations, and forcing the Mizrahi Jews to join forces with Zionism

mapai

-was a centre-left political party in Israel, and was the dominant force in Israeli politics until its merger into the modern-day Israeli Labor Party in 1968. -n the early 1920s the Labor Zionist movement had founded the Histadrut Union, which dominated the Hebrew settlement economy and infrastructure, later making Mapai the dominant political faction in Zionist politics. It was also responsible for the founding of Hashomer and Haganah, the first two armed Jewish groups which secured the people and property of the new and emerging Jewish communities. By the early 1930s, David Ben-Gurion had taken over the party, and had become de facto leader of the Jewish community in Palestine (known as the Yishuv).

status quo agreement

-refers to the political understanding between religious and secular political parties not to alter the communal arrangement in relation to religious matters, in a predominantly secular population. The established Jewish religious communities in Israel desire to maintain and promote the religious character of the state, while the secular community wishes to reduce the impact of religious regulations in their everyday lives. Occasionally, one political side seeks to make changes to inter-communal arrangements, but these are often met by fierce political opposition from the other side. The status quo preserves the established religious relations in Israel, and only small changes are usually made. -The prevailing view attributes the origins of the status quo to a letter sent by David Ben-Gurion, as chairman of the Jewish Agency Executive, on 19 June 1947, to the ultra-Orthodox Agudat Israel,[1] in order to form a united policy to present to the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP), which had commenced its fact-finding tour 4 days earlier. The letter was meant to address their concerns that the emerging State of Israel will be a secular one, which might hurt the status of religion and religious institutions, as well as the values of their followers. -In the letter, David Ben-Gurion stated that neither the Jewish Agency Executive nor any other body in the country is authorized to determine in advance the constitution of the emerging Jewish state, and its secular character. One precondition from the U.N, for the establishment of the Jewish state was freedom of thought and freedom of speech to all its citizens. It was considered that the letter would satisfy the concerns of religious parties. The letter stipulated policy principles in four main areas that were considered fundamental to Orthodox Judaism: 1. Shabbat (the Sabbath of Judaism)—the Jewish state's day of rest would be that of Judaism, between sunset on Friday and sunset on Saturday. 2. Kashrut (religious Jewish kosher laws regarding food)—kitchens in the Jewish state's official institutions would keep kosher as defined by the authorities of Orthodox Judaism, but privately each individual would be free to choose how to observe these rules, if at all. 3. Family laws (marriage, etc.)—a single judicial system would be preserved for the purpose of marriage and divorce, with these being conducted in rabbinical courts for Jews and by the relevant religious authorities for people of other faiths, as was the case before; there would be no civil marriage. 4. Education—full autonomy to the different Jewish denominations, while stipulating the minimum standards in fields such as the Hebrew language, Jewish history, science etc. Despite the fact that Ben-Gurion's letter referred only to few basic issues, it has become the basis of regulating the relation between state and religion in Israel.

Religious laws

-sabbath - permit to be open on sat -Jewish dietary laws -Laws on marriage and divorce and conversion -Subsidize religious edu- three streams of edu In israel there is just religious and secular- very binary -Uneasy stalemate on the sabbath-Local enforcement not state -Controversy over public transportation-social equality issue -Airport verus el al (israel airline) -Chronic gov instability -Major reason govs fall -Unstable status quo -About 25% observe the sabbath

article 49

-states that individual or mass forcible transfers, as well as deportations of protected persons from occupied territory to the territory of the Occupying Power or to that of any other country, occupied or not, are prohibited, regardless of their motive. -The international community considers the establishment of Israeli settlements in the Israeli-occupied territories illegal under international law, because the Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949 prohibits countries from moving population into territories occupied in a war. - Israel maintains that they are consistent with international law because it does not agree that the Fourth Geneva Convention applies to the territories occupied in the 1967 Six-Day War. -The Israeli government's essential position is that rather than being "occupied territory," the West Bank is "disputed territory." Given that the Arab states prevented the formation of the sovereignty proposed by the 1947 partition resolution, Jordan's subsequent unrecognized annexation of the West Bank in 1950, as well as the fact that there has never been a Palestinian sovereignty in that territory, it has been posited that there is no legally recognized claim to who has sovereignty over the West Bank. -Moreover, since the League of Nations Mandate for Palestine, with the intent to form a Jewish state between the sea and the Jordan river, included the area now known as the West Bank, Israel has at least as legitimate claim to the territory as any other state or group. -or they are illegal?-The rights granted to and guaranteed by Mandate for Palestine survived the League of Nations and the Anglo-American Treaty of 1924 still has the force of law pursuant to Article 80 of the UN Charter by virtue of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Laws of Treaties. Under this reasoning the Fourth Geneva Convention prohibits forced population transfers, something that Israel is not engaged in since Jewish settlers move to the disputed territories on an individual, voluntary basis. -israel contends that the Geneva Convention only applies in the absence of an operative peace agreement and between two powers accepting the Convention. Since the Oslo Accords leave the issue of settlements to be negotiated later, proponents of this view argue that the Palestinians accepted the temporary presence of Israeli settlements pending further negotiation, and that there is no basis for declaring them illegal

The haganah

-the Defence, -was a Jewish paramilitary organization in the British Mandate of Palestine (1921-48), which became the core of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). -The evolution went step by step from Bar-Giora, to Hashomer, to Haganah, to IDF. -The first such organization was Bar-Giora, founded in September 1907. It consisted of a small group of Jewish immigrants who guarded settlements for an annual fee. At no time did Bar-Giora have more than 100 members.[citation needed] It was converted to Hashomer in April 1909, which operated until the British Mandate of Palestine came into being in 1920. Hashomer was an elitist organization with narrow scope, and was mainly created to protect against criminal gangs seeking to steal property. Haganah was founded in June of the same year. -After the 1920 Arab riots and 1921 Jaffa riots, the Jewish leadership in Palestine believed that the British, had no desire to confront local Arab gangs that frequently attacked Palestinian Jews. Believing that they could not rely on the British administration for protection from these gangs, the Jewish leadership created the Haganah to protect Jewish farms and kibbutzim. -Following the 1929 Palestine riots, the Haganah's role changed dramatically. It became a much larger organization encompassing nearly all the youth and adults in the Jewish settlements. In 1931, the more militant elements of the Haganah splintered off and formed the Irgun or "Etzel". - In reaction to the White Paper, the Haganah built up the Palmach as the Haganah's elite strike force and organized illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine. -The Haganah played the leading role in the Yishuv's war with the Palestinian Arabs. the Haganah, now the army of the new state, engaged the invading armies of the surrounding Arab states. -On May 28, 1948, less than two weeks after the creation of the state of Israel on May 15, the provisional government created the Israel Defense Forces, merging the Haganah, Irgun, and Lehi, although the other two groups continued to operate independently in Jerusalem and abroad for some time after.[12] The re-organisation led to several conflicts between Ben-Gurion and the Haganah leadership, including what was known as The Generals' Revolt and the dismantling of the Palmach.

IDF

-the military forces of the State of Israel. -an order from Defense Minister David Ben-Gurion on 26 May 1948 officially set it up as a conscript army formed out of the paramilitary group Haganah, incorporating the militant groups Irgun and Lehi. -served as Israel's armed forces in all the country's major military operations—including the 1948 War of Independence, 1951-1956 Retribution operations, 1956 Sinai War, 1964-1967 War over Water, 1967 Six-Day War, 1967-1970 War of Attrition, 1968 Battle of Karameh, 1973 Operation Spring of Youth, 1973 Yom Kippur War, 1976 Operation Entebbe, 1978 Operation Litani, 1982 Lebanon War, 1982-2000 South Lebanon conflict, 1987-1993 First Intifada, 2000-2005 Second Intifada, 2002 Operation Defensive Shield, 2006 Lebanon War, 2008-2009 Operation Cast Lead, 2012 Operation Pillar of Defense, and 2014 Operation Protective Edge. - differs from most armed forces in the world in many ways. Differences include the mandatory conscription of women, one of Israeli society's most prominent institutions, influencing the country's economy, culture and political scene. -Men in the Haredi community may choose to defer service while enrolled in yeshivot (see Tal committee); many avoid conscription altogether. This special arrangement is called Torato Omanuto, and has given rise to tensions between the Israeli religious and secular communities. -Basic points 1. Israel cannot afford to lose a single war 2. Defensive on the strategic level, no territorial ambitions 3. Desire to avoid war by political means and a credible deterrent posture 4. Preventing escalation 5. Determine the outcome of war quickly and decisively 6. Combating terrorism 7. Very low casualty ratio

Zionism

-the national movement of the Jewish people that supports the re-establishment of a Jewish homeland in the territory defined as the historic Land of Israel -emerged in the late 19th century in Central and Eastern Europe as a national revival movement, both in reaction to newer waves of antisemitism and as an imitative response to other exclusionary nationalist movements -Emerges from the diaspora, where there was a denial of full rights, ghettos and the pale settlement, and though there was emancipation there was a move from religious to racial antisemitism -The common denominator is the claim to Eretz Israel as the national homeland of the Jews and as the legitimate focus for Jewish national self-determination. -many ideologies: General Zionism, Religious Zionism, Labor Zionism, Revisionist Zionism, -The political movement was formally established by the Austro-Hungarian journalist Theodor Herzl in 1897 following the publication of his book Der Judenstaat (The Jewish State) -In the 1890s, Theodor Herzl led the First Zionist Congress at Basel in 1897, which created the World Zionist Organization (WZO) -Until 1948, the primary goals were the re-establishment of Jewish sovereignty in the Land of Israel, ingathering of the exiles, and liberation of Jews from the antisemitic discrimination and persecution that they experienced during their diaspora-had considered Uganda and Argentina -resurgence of idea of exile before zionism, like the narrative of a dark period and is a justification -Russia pale settlement-why good in non agricultural work because they weren't allowed to -Many Haredi Orthodox organizations oppose Zionism; they view Zionism as a secular movement. They reject nationalism as a doctrine and consider Judaism to be first and foremost a religion that is not dependent on a state. However, some Haredi movements (such as Shas since 2010) do openly affiliate with the Zionist movement.

Why there were no shared institutions under the british mandate

-there were too many disagreements in the mandate periord that the british could not pick sides: 1. Majority or equal rep debate-arabs want majority, jews want equal rep 2. Levels of immigration-jews want more, arabs want none Implementation of balfour declaration-jews want it to be completed, arabs want it annulled -So Cycle of arab riots and jewish political influence -Jews get influence and then as a result arabs revolt -cycle -Institutions separate- so jewish built their own- no equivalent for palestinians- clans are strong so can't agree on who would run institutions and religious center, not nationalist -jewish built The haganah- military, Va'ad nivcharim- legislature-today the knesset, Histadrut-workers union- the bureaucratic side, unions, but more because of the power of labor zionism at this time and the Jewish national fund-land purchase -Palestinian politics-problems -so Boycott british institution- so get less funding and have less options, Patronage and the role of the mufti-haj amin al husseini who is the leader of palestinian nationalism but failed because could not transcend clan rift- make pact with nazi germany so lose all power- so nationalism did not take root in institutions -The husseini nashashibi rift -So jewish don't use violence at this stage so they won't upset the british- use immigration and settlement

cultural zionism

-values creating a Jewish state with its own secular Jewish culture and history, including language and historical roots, - founded by Asher Ginsberg, better known as Ahad Ha'am. -With his secular vision of a Jewish "spiritual center" in Israel, he confronted Theodor Herzl. Unlike Herzl, the founder of political Zionism, Ha'am strived for "a Jewish state and not merely a state of Jews" - revitalize the religious community and the religion itself to regenerate interest in Judaism's adherents, -bring back Hebrew -He saw the land of Israel and the Hebrew language as integral parts of the Jewish national heritage, and not necessarily of religious significance.

1st intafada

-was a Palestinian uprising against the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza. -The uprising lasted from December 1987 until the Madrid Conference in 1991, though some date its conclusion to 1993, with the signing of the Oslo Accords. -The uprising began on 9 December, in the Jabalia refugee camp after an Israeli Defense Forces' (IDF) truck collided with a civilian car, killing four Palestinians.In the wake of the incident, a protest movement arose, involving a two-fold strategy of resistance and civil disobedience, consisting of general strikes, boycotts of Israeli Civil Administration institutions in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, an economic boycott consisting of refusal to work in Israeli settlements on Israeli products, refusal to pay taxes, refusal to drive Palestinian cars with Israeli licenses, graffiti, barricading, and widespread throwing of stones and Molotov cocktails at the IDF and its infrastructure within the West Bank and Gaza Strip. -Israel, deploying some 80,000 soldiers and initially firing live rounds, killed a large number of Palestinians. In the first 13 months, 332 Palestinians and 12 Israelis were killed. Given the high proportion of children, youths and civilians killed, it then adopted a policy of 'might, power, and beatings,' namely "breaking Palestinians' bones". -Jordan severed its residual administrative and financial ties to the West Bank in the face of sweeping popular support for the PLO. The failure of the "Iron Fist" policy, Israel's deteriorating international image, Jordan cutting legal and administrative ties to the West Bank, and the U.S.'s recognition of the PLO as the representative of the Palestinian people forced Rabin to seek an end to the violence though negotiation and dialogue with the PLO. - The diplomatic process led to the Madrid Conference and the Oslo Accords.

lehi

-was a Zionist paramilitary organization founded by Avraham ("Yair") Stern in Mandatory Palestine -Its avowed aim was to evict the British authorities from Palestine by resort to force, allowing unrestricted immigration of Jews and the formation of a Jewish state, a "new totalitarian Hebrew republic" -a terrorist organization,

irgun

-was a Zionist paramilitary organization that operated in Mandate Palestine between 1931 and 1948. It was an offshoot of the older and larger Jewish paramilitary organization Haganah -memebers were absorbed into the Israel Defense Forces at the start of the 1948 Arab-Israeli war. - also referred to as Etzel -The Irgun policy was based on what was then called Revisionist Zionism founded by Ze'ev Jabotinsky. According to Howard Sachar, "The policy of the new organization was based squarely on Jabotinsky's teachings: every Jew had the right to enter Palestine; only active retaliation would deter the Arabs; only Jewish armed force would ensure the Jewish state" -The Irgun has been viewed as a terrorist organization or organization which carried out terrorist acts

National religious party-nrp-the jewish home aka

-was a political party in Israel representing the religious Zionist movement. -Formed in 1956, at the time of its dissolution in 2008, it was the second-oldest surviving party in the country after Agudat Yisrael, and was part of every government coalition until 1992. - party members voted to disband the party in order to join the new Jewish Home party created by a merger of the NRP and most of the National Union factions.However, most of the National Union left the merger shortly after its implementation. -Throughout the NRP's existence, it attempted to preserve the relevance of Judaism on issues such as Israeli personal status laws, education, culture, and municipal issues such as prohibitions on the selling of non-Kosher food (in prescribed areas, and occasionally, throughout a given municipality), prohibiting transportation and public activities on Shabbat. -The long-time cooperation between the Israeli Labor Party and the NRP is sometimes referred to as the historic league -The NRP was a Zionist party and stated that Israel was a "Jewish democratic state". The party's stated main goals were to contribute as much as it could to the state of Israel, and to influence its character to be more Jewish, as well as fighting for the protection of Israel and maintaining Israel's security.The NRP's policy was that Israel ought to retain its special Jewish character and retain a vague commitment to Judaism. -The party argued that affairs of personal status, (such as marriage, divorces, and burial), should be kept under the authority of Israel's rabbis (or other religious clerics for non-Jews). -The NRP claimed that the Jewish state show respect for the Jewish religion by observing the Sabbath and serving Kosher food in its institutions and organizations (as it applies to the IDF, public transportation, the Israeli police, and governmental companies.)

The Exodus affair

-was a ship that carried 4,500 Jewish immigrants from France to British Mandatory Palestine on July 11, 1947. -Most were Holocaust survivors who had no legal immigration certificates for Palestine. -The United Nations Special Committee on Palestine also covered the events. -Some of its members were even present at Haifa port when the emigrants were removed from their ship onto the deportation ships and later commented that this strong image helped them press for an immediate solution for Jewish immigration and the question of Palestine. -The ship's ordeals were widely covered by international media, and caused the British government much public embarrassment, especially after the refugees were forced to disembark in Germany.

kook

-was an Orthodox rabbi, the first Ashkenazi chief rabbi of British Mandatory Palestine -tried to build and maintain channels of communication and political alliances between the various Jewish sectors, including the secular Jewish Zionist leadership, the Religious Zionists, and more traditional non-Zionist Orthodox Jews. -He believed that the modern movement to re-establish a Jewish state in the land of Israel had profound theological significance and that the Zionists were agents in a heavenly plan to bring about the messianic era

revisionist zionism

-was led by Ze'ev Jabotinsky, -he believed Zionism is a colonising adventure and it therefore stands or falls by the question of armed force. -and was the chief ideological competitor to the dominant socialist Labor Zionism. -They advocated the formation of a Jewish Army in Palestine to force the Arab population to accept mass Jewish migration. -ad a vision of occupying the full territory, and insisted upon the Jewish right to sovereignty over the whole territory of Eretz Yisrael -Supporters developed the Likud Party in Israel, which has dominated most governments since 1977. -It advocates Israel's maintaining control of the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and takes a hard-line approach in the Arab-Israeli conflict.

emancipation

-was the external (and internal) process in various nations in Europe of eliminating Jewish disabilities, e.g. Jewish quotas, -the recognition of Jews as entitled to equality and citizenship rights on a communal, not merely individual, basis -It included efforts within the community to integrate into their societies as citizens. -It occurred gradually between the late 18th century and the early 20th century. -Result is antisemitism doesn't go away, it changes, religious to racial-time of ethnic empires and eugenics, can't convert anymore-something inherently wrong with jews→ holocaust

2nd intafada

-was the second Palestinian uprising - a period of intensified Israeli-Palestinian violence. -It started in September 2000, when Ariel Sharon made a visit to the Temple Mount, seen by Palestinians as highly provocative; and Palestinian demonstrators, throwing stones at police, were dispersed by the Israeli army, using tear gas and rubber bullets. -Both parties caused high numbers of casualties among civilians as well as combatants: the Palestinians by numerous suicide bombings and gunfire; the Israelis by tank and gunfire and air attacks, by numerous targeted killings, and by reactions to demonstrations. -Many consider the Sharm el-Sheikh Summit on 8 February 2005 to be the end when President Mahmoud Abbas and Prime Minister Ariel Sharon agreed that all Palestinians would stop all acts of violence against all Israelis everywhere and, in parallel, that Israel would cease all its military activity against all Palestinians everywhere. -They reaffirmed their commitment to the Roadmap for Peace which began at Madrid. However, the violence did not stop in the following years, though suicide bombings decreased significantly -Palestinians view it as part of their ongoing struggle for national liberation and an end to Israeli occupation, whereas many Israelis consider it to be a wave of Palestinian terrorism instigated and pre-planned by then Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat -Some have claimed that Yasser Arafat and the Palestinian Authority (PA) had pre-planned the Intifada.

Uniting factors

-why not violent, and no race riots.... -Shared jewish traditions -Anti Semitism / refugee experience -Common enemy -Hebrew -Intermarriage -Emergence of pluralistic israeli culture

The jordanian v. palestinian options

67-68 pursuit of palestine option Considering palestinian state option, idea that palestinians weak and can control them and satisfy them, not allow them to have army or troops in state, did not work, 69-87- jordanian option Negotiate with jordianians instead But building settlements- self defeating policy 87- palestinian option Jordanian option no longer option First intifada

The custodians versus the redeemer debate

After 67 want to return territory argument about how much Most wanted custodians, israel needs to keep territory and trade it for peace at the right time Redeemers- territories are part of jewish heritage and security and therefore the state Vocab- khartoum-capital of sudan, met there 67, declare was they call three no's, not recognize israel, not make peace, not negotiate-arab league, two mitigating elements, 1 arab states humiliated and needed to restore status, and willing to negotiate indirectly- us and russia mostly, why when they sit with egypt it is triumph- not a good deal for israel Reaction to khartoum is custodians (eshkol) or redeemers (Begin and dayan) Redeemers outnumbered- policy along line of custodians- say they need peace, but can't return to pre 67 borders, both insist on old borders, "auschwitz borders"- what became the official policy Third group- israel should return everything- very small Security issues surrounding the occupied areas- So wanted to build settlements for security in specific locations, but everything is unacceptable to arab, building own map, "playing chess with ourselves"

Palestinians remaining under israeli authority after the 48 war-Four names

Israeli arabs- denying their connection to palestinians, and that palestinians even exist Israeli palestinians Arab citizens of israel Palestinians

1948 this israeli emerges Why?

The circumstances -Small pop -Logical thing to do OR -Ptsd -Second temple, masada, anti-semitism, holocaust, -48 war Two schools of thought -Haganah unable to defend against attack against its lines of communications and communications were under threat, especially jerusalem, unable to deter attacks against yishuv communities due to its defensive orientation -Increasingly aggressive and offensive orientation - starting from operation nachshon Targeting of civilian communities for destruction and removal

the yemenite babies affair

investigative committees -children taken and given to other families -yemeni people come after 1948 war -operation magic carpet -children disappear -quarantined maybe -argument is what happened? -yemenites though they were taken and given to ashkenazi families -gov said that the number was inflated and admin issues and mistakes- like names weren't understood, language barrier -little evidence that god took them on purpose, maybe so individuals did -but subconscious motive, like shrink refugee crisis, ashkenazi parent would be better ,cultural superiority- maybe why they didn't try to find parents -many of the children died -was the possible disappearance of hundreds of babies and toddlers of new immigrants to the newly founded state of Israel, mainly from Yemen, between the years 1948 to 1954. - Most cases involved the parents being told in the hospital that their newborn children had died, although they never received additional reliable information about their fates. The parents claim that their children were really kidnapped and given or sold to Ashkenazi families. -The mystery surrounding the disappearance of these children has led to the claim that while many children were recorded as having died, in fact they were either kidnapped or were adopted by rich Ashkenazi Jews in Israel or abroad. -The affair has been widely covered in the Israeli media through the decades, and so far four official investigating committees have been established to investigate the claims. The committees have investigated many hundreds of cases, and determined that the vast majority of children actually died and only in a minority cases they did not find enough evidence to determine what really happened. -While the findings vindicate the State of Israel of being complicit in the abduction of Yemenite immigrant children, it still found the practice of some doctors who treated them to have been criminally negligent, especially in the way in which they conducted blood transfusions in some children

Torato Umanuto

is a term used to describe a special arrangement for the Israeli haredi sector. This arrangement allows young men enrolled in haredi yeshiva academies to complete their studies before their conscription in the Israeli Defense Forces. Conscription is normally compulsory for each Israeli citizen from 18 years of age, except Israeli Arabs, and lasts three years for men and two for women. -Originally, along with the establishment of the state of Israel, the first Prime Minister of Israel, David Ben-Gurion, during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, reached a special arrangement with the Haredi Judaism sector (then represented by Agudat Yisrael and Yitzhak-Meir Levin), in which a small part of senior Haredi Yeshiva disciples (400 men) would temporarily be exempted from military service for as long as their sole occupation was the study of the Torah (which Haredi Judaism devote and occupy themselves with, for most part of their time and day, as a religious commandment). The new legal status was then named Torato Umanuto. The original purpose was to reach a comprehensive accommodation (later called religious Status quo) between the secular community and the Haredi population who were then living under the British Mandate for Palestine, and to prevent an internal conflict within the Jewish population (the Yishuv) while Israel was pleading to the UN for a Jewish and Democratic State.

corpus separatum

is a term used to describe the Jerusalem area in the 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine. According to the plan the city would be placed under international regime, conferring it a special status due to its shared religious importance. The corpus separatum was one of the main issues of the Lausanne Conference of 1949, besides the other borders and the question of the right of return of Palestinian refugees. The plan was adopted by the General Assembly with a two-thirds majority, although its implementation failed and nowadays the view that Jerusalem should be the capital of both Israel and Palestine is widely supported internationally.[

Chaim Weizmann

was a Zionist leader and Israeli statesman who served as President of the Zionist Organization and later as the first President of Israel. He was elected on 16 February 1949, and served until his death in 1952. Weizmann convinced the United States government to recognize the newly formed state of Israel.