Issues Chapter 1: Deaf People and Society

Across all types of jobs and professions, the pervasive implication of " _______ _______" psychologically means that deaf people had to either develop an inferior sense of self or believe in themselves and fight against society's limitations on their dreams.

- "Deaf can't"

Prior to the 1950s, fewer than _____ psychologists and no psychiatrists in the U.S. with full-time commitment to the mental health of deaf and hard-of-hearing people.

- 10

Few available psychologists were located in residential schools for deaf children that had been established in the U.S. stating in the?

- 1800s

Before the and during the _________, no formal research was done on deaf adults because psychologists working with deaf individuals tended to be employed in schools where they essentially functioned as psychometrists, with the primary responsibility of administering IQ tests to incoming students in order to identify those with low IQs or severe behavior problems.

- 1950s

Since the early _______, the trend for deaf children to be placed in local public school settings. This accelerated as part of the least restrictive environment for children with disabilities as mandated in ______________________ and series of court dates based on it, which has favored the placement of deaf children in their home school districts.

- 1950s - PL 94-142

Historical highlights that plated significant roles in facilitating mental health and well-being of deaf people with primary focus starting in?

- 1950s and onward

Prior to the _________, the typical professional perspective of sign language was that of an unsophisticated communication system or a crude visual representation of English.

- 1960s

The increase of multiple disabled children, especially after the rubella epidemic in the early _________ that caused neurological and behavioral difficulties as well as hearing loss created a demand for psychological services.

- 1960s

In the _________, a group of deal social workers in what was then the American Society of Deaf Social Workers decided to attend the national convention of the National Association of Social Workers. They has requested sign language interpreters for conference presentations, but the organization did not provide enough interpreters to meet requests for services. The ADA of 1990 was the catalyst that impelled NASW to improve interpreter services for their conferences.

- 1970

As for psychiatry, in the _________, a similar transformation happened in the APA when seminal papers dealing with psychiatric issues deaf individuals affiliated with the New York State Psychiatric Institute project, were published.

- 1970s

It was not until the _______ when court decisions and congressional legislation began to positively affect the lives of deaf people, specifically, two major court decisions and a series of laws enacted by Congress from the ______ onward.

- 1970s

In the _________ , psychologists within the American Psychological Association (APA), the premier organization of psychologists in the U.S., began advocating for more attention to disabilities issues, including improving accessibility for deaf psychologists within the organization. Their work led to the development of a task force on psychology and handicaps that eventually recommended the formation of the committee of Disabilities and Handicaps. This committee, now labeled the Committee on Disability issues in Psychology, met for the first time in _______ and is currently a standing committee within the APA's Public Interest Directorate.

- 1970s - 1985

In response to the obvious need for qualified professionals, starting in _________, Gallaudet University established a social work program to prepare social workers to work with deaf and hard-of-hearing children.

- 1972

Levine also wrote a fictional story about a deaf child called Lisa and Her Soundless World in ____________ which showed hearing children what it meant to be deaf.

- 1974

The decisions from the 1972 court date laid the foundation for the _____ ________ _____ ______ ______________ __________ ____, which brought charges to educational programming by requiring free and appropriate public education for all children with disabilities.

- 1975 Education of All Handicapped Children Act (Public Law 94-142)

In __________, 178 people were working as a school psychologists with deaf children based on a survey by ________ and ____________. But only 9 percent of these persons were credentialed as school psychologists.

- 1977 - Cantor and Spragins (1977)

In ___________, programs were established to prepare both school psychologists and school counselors for work with these children. As graduates of these and other programs have gone out into the field, a nucleus of well-qualified social workers, educational psychologists and school counselors now exists, although there is no information on these professionals currently employed.

- 1979

Accredited programs to prepare school psychologists, social workers and counselors as the master's level to work in schools with deaf children Gallaudet University now has an accredited doctoral program in clinical psychology, started in ________. Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT), which houses the _____________ ________________ ___________ ____ _______ _______ , has a master's program in school psychology.

- 1990 - National Technical Institute for the Deaf (NTID)

In ________, the 11th Circuit Court provided the largest single award in special education history to date, approximately ______ ___________ to two deaf children who were placed in a generic special education setting for children with multiple disabilities without benefit of communication access, the service of a professional teacher of the deaf, or related services.

- 2000 - $2.5 million

How many deaf social workers are there?

- 250 and increasing

How many deaf doctoral level psychologists are there?

- 80+

The ______ governance has provided special funds to meet the communication needs of attendees in deaf and hard-of-hearing professional development activities hosted by the District of Columbia Counseling Association. In contrast, the American Mental Health Counseling Association (AMHCA) is more accommodating in providing interpreters for whatever sessions are chosen.

- ACA

The ______________ ______ ________________ ________ was signed into law in ________ and amended in 2008 to provide more clarity. This act served the purpose of expanding the provisions of Section 504 to the private sector, since Section 504 covered only entities receiving federal support. This law also gave deaf persons the right to greater access to public accommodation, transportation, employment and telecommunications.

- Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) - 1990

How many deaf mental health counselors are there?

- Approximately 200

With interpreter access provided, _________ __________ ____________ now participate in the Council on Social Worker Education annual program meetings to ensure accredited for training programs and provide pathways for deaf students in social work. This only happened when the council on Disability and People with Disabilities had members, including deaf social workers such as and who worked together to ensure that the annual program meetings were accessible to all.

- B. White, M. Sheridan and Elizabeth Moore

Other deaf scholars such as _______________ ____________, ______________ ______________ and ___________ __________ also created anthropologically based scholarly work that focused on the importance of language and culture within the deaf community. Bahan emphasized that Deaf people are "people of the eye," a term that has been attributed to George Veditz back in _______ when he, as president of the NAtional Association of the Deaf, wrote in his President's message: "The deaf are.... first, last, and all the time the people of the eye."

- Benjamin Bahan, Barbara Kannapell and Paddy Ladd - 1912

The earlier studies laid the groundwork for current research in neurosciences and neurolinguistics that uses ________ technology to substantiate findings published by_________ and her colleagues related to how ASL is processed in the brain.

- Brain-imaging - Bellugi

________ ______________ was a Deaf linguist who in ________ wrote a seminal article arguing the existence of an American Deaf culture. Her thoughts about this culture were further elaborated in two books co-authored with Tom Humphries: - Deaf in America: Voices from a Culture _______ - Inside Deaf Culture _______

- Carol Padden - 1980 - 1988 - 2005

According to Deaf scholars _________ and _________, spoken language has dominated the landscape of Deaf education and consequently sign language has been relegated to the back door. This is changing, with qualified deaf applicants being accepted into teacher- training programs throughout the country, including Gallaudet University.

- Cripps and Supalla

__________ _______________ and _____________ __________ have expanded the psychological implications of being Deaf to incorporate the notion of gain, using the term Deaf gain. They wrote about the areas in which Deaf is a gain, from a cognitive, cultural and creative diversity perspective, as contrasted with hearing loss and its functional implications.

- Dirksen Bauman and Joseph Murray

The APA's Division 22 (_______________ ______ __________________ _____________________), historically much more involved with mobility and central nervous system (CNS) impairments than sensory disabilities, became home to a special interest section on deafness in ________ that has also given recognition to psychologists who have contributed to the field through biennial awards.

- Division of Rehabilitation Psychology - 1990

The American School Counseling Association (ASCA) has been most accommodating of the needs of deaf counselors in terms of interpreting services. ____ _________ ____ is starting a project to adapt ASCA's national model of comprehensive school counseling for school counseling programs in the deaf education settings, considering the need for awareness of unique needs and issues, including communication access.

- Dr. Cheryl Wu

______ ___________ __________ was a former school psychologist who researched the intellectual functioning of deaf people. His treatise on the implications of being deaf for IQ differences between groups represents a significant contribution to the literature.

- Dr. Jeffery Braden

Staff at hearing universities with Deaf faculty are finding that while they have in place support services for deaf college students they do not necessarily have in place services or due processes for Deaf professors. There has been at least one case, a costly lawsuit. In 2011, a Lubbock county jury awarded $500,000 to ____ _________ _________, a Deaf professor at Texas Tech University who faced discrimination, having been dismissed without due process.

- Dr. Michael Collier

_________ __________ _________(1910-1992) was a psychologist at Lexington school for the Deaf in New York City for many years. She conducted research projects on the personalities of deaf children and on children who were deaf due to rubella that affected their mothers during the first trimester of pregnancy.

- Edna Simon Levine

Many types of misunderstandings continue today despite more deaf people are achieving their potential in?

- Education - Communications - Theater - Law - And many other areas

___________ with ________, was ahead of their times in challenging the notion that thought was possible only was internalized language.

- Hans Furth (1920-1999) - Vernon

Deaf pioneers of the Deaf culture, the "people of the eye," and Deaf-hoof concepts have also been supported by hearing professionals, including most notably __________ _________, a specialist in the psychology of language and linguistics and a recipient of a MacArthur fellowship. ____________ has written extensively about the literature under the rubric of "psychology of the deaf." He lambasted studies that encouraged the perception of Deaf people as deviant and pathological-studies that were too often based on questionable methodology and that did not sufficiently take into account numerous factors that might have differentials influenced study results.

- Harlan Lane - Dr. Lane

____________ ____________ (1910-2008) was a well-known psychologist who did research on deaf children and young adults that exemplifies research done up to 1960. He did work on diagnosing aphasia in deaf youth and wrote on educating aphasic children. He also conducted personality studies using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), a verbal-based psychological instrument, with deaf participants.

- Helmer Myklebust - Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

The only psychiatrist to do a significant amount of research with deaf children was __________ __________, who worked together with _______ _________, a sociologist, to do studies of deaf children and their families.

- Hilde Schlesinger - Kay Meadow

The reason there was a discrimination was that deaf people would not be able to emphasize articulation (speech) training because they could not hear. __________ ____ ___________ herself remembers that, in the ________, when a contingent of teacher trainers observed her teaching a class of deaf preteens, they remarked on her ability to correct speech despite the fact she was deaf, not on her ability to teach content, so illustrating the ongoing focus on speech training at that time.

- Irene W. Leigh - 1960s

There are many perceptions of what Deaf-hood means and some have broadened this concept to include all the diverse ways of being deaf, not just in the cultural Deaf sense. _________ and ______________ ______ wrote that, even thought the Deaf-hood concept is very wide and vague, and is a strength.

- Kusters and DeMeulder 2013

_________ goal was to get professionals to recognize their detrimental attitudes towards deaf people and their tendency to pathologize deaf people instead of analyzing their strengths in addition to their limitations. In recent work, _________ and colleagues have moved beyond Deaf culture and argued for the need to classify deaf people as proud members of an ethnic group in contrast to perspective of deaf as disability.

- Lane's - Lane

(1972) The three primary areas that Kay Meadow and Hilde Schlesinger focused on in their clinical research are

- Language acquisition - Using sign language - Mother/child interaction comparing deaf and hearing children

______________ __________, a hearing son of deaf parents and a distinguished professor of liberal arts and sciences, argued that the biological aspect typically refers to race rather than dysfunctional ears or genetic causes for deafness. Additionally, people tend to be born into ethnic groups, but no necessarily into Deaf culture.

- Lennard Davis

__________ was among the first to suggest that the environment was a critical factor in the development of the deaf child.

- Levine

In the early 1950s, ________ and ________ __________, the Rehabilitation Services Administration administrator, who was deaf himself, approached Frank Kallman MD, a psychiatrist affliliated with Columbia University in New York City, who has done ________ and _________ research with deaf persons, to discuss the establishment of the first outpatient psychiatric treatment program for the deaf at the New York State Psychiatric Institute in New York City.

- Levine and Boyce Williams (1910-1988) - Genetic and Schizophrenia

___________ __________was a pioneer in this effort with his seminal publications on the importance of nonverbal assessment methods to show that in fact the distribution of intelligence scores among deaf testees approximated that of hearing peers.

- McCay Vernon

After _____________ ______________, the Gallaudet University teacher-training program finally opened their doors to deaf applicants in the early ________, at a time when most colleges were still refusing to admit deaf students into their teacher-training programs.

- McDanial College - 1960s

___________ was among the first to emphasize that there might be functionally different ways in which deaf children interact with the world compared with hearing peers.

- Myklebust

Congress passed the __________ ___________ _____________ _______________ and __________________ ____________ of 1990. This law provided the funding for state grants for newborn hearing screening and intervention programs. Considering that children typically were identified as being deaf or hard-of-hearing at ages ___ _____ ____ ______ _________, the impactions fro earlier access to language is significant.

- Newborn Infant Hearing Screening and Intervention Act - 2,3 or even later

There is a new specialization: Certified Peer Support Specialist, which refers to individuals who experienced mental health issues being trained to provide counseling and support services. The number of hospital inpatient units specializing in deaf patients can be counted on _____ _________, ___ ______ ________ thanks to cost cutting measures.

- One hand, if not more

_________ _______ started discussion of the concept of Deaf-hood, defining it as a Deaf consciousness that incorporates the processing and reconstructing of Deaf ways of being, and thereby becomes a way of actualizing oneself as a Deaf person. This process is continually changing, depending on the type of situation the person is in, whether hearing or deaf, and is usually framed in a positive sense.

- Paddy Ladd

_______ went on to develop a variety of performance-based psychological tests for deaf students, including primary and preschool intelligence tests, a test of educational achievement, as well as research projects focusing on tests to measure deaf children's personalities and psychosocial functioning.

- Pinter

Reviewing the progress in 1941, after a decade of research, _________,_________, and ___________ concluded/agreed that, while variability in IQ scores existed, deaf children on average scored lower compared to hearing peers. This conclusion was to stand until __________ ________ (1928-2013) reviewed 21 studies in _______ involving IQ results.

- Pinter, Eisenhower, and Stanton - McCay Vernon - 1969

Section 504 of the ___________________ ______ ___ __________ mandated that institutions receiving federal funding could no longer deny services based on physcial disability. As a result, deaf students were increasingly able to access higher education institutions that received federal funding, and deaf patients could now access public mental health programs for the same reason.

- Rehabilitation Act of 1973

The work of these early psycholinguists has contributed to today's understanding of ASL as a:

- Rich - Complex - Evolving language, similar to many other languages

The International Convention on the protected _______ ___ _________ _____ ________________ was approved by the United Nations General Assembly. It incorporates the right to enjoy the highest attainable standard of health without discrimination as part of the general purpose of ensuring the full and equal enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms by all persons with disabilities.

- Rights of Persons with Disabilities

________ ________(1884-1942) and _________ ________ (1892-1961) were psychologists who noted the unfairness of linguistic requirements in IQ tests used to evaluate intelligence of deaf children.

- Rudolph Pinter - Donald Paterson

_________ and _________ also found that when families used sign language with their young deaf children, acquisition generally paralleled milestones in spoken language acquisition.

- Schlesinger and Meadow

The work done by the New York State Psychiatric Institute was in the forefront of other research and clinical projects that began shortly afterwards. These projects were located at....

- St. Elizabeth Hospital (Washington, DC) - Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute (San Francisco, CA) - Michael Reese Hospital (Chicago, Il) - John Denmark's psychiatric program in England

After _________ seminal work on the recognition of ASL as a bona fide language, deaf people took the lead in arguing for the existence of Deaf culture with roots in ASL.

- Stokoe's

Pinter, with a group of psychologists, took a lead in recommending the development of tests covering intellectual abilities and academic achievement that would be standardized with deaf people. Additional recommendations included?

- Studies of deaf children's psychosocial and emotional development within different educational approaches - Parenting styles

In 1990 Education of All Handicapped Children Act was renamed______ ______ _________ __________ ______ ______ it added the rule that... - An individual family service plan be developed for each ______. - Required that children with ________ be educated with ___________ children to the greatest extent possible. - That parents have an active roll in the decisions related to their children's ____________ plan.

- The Individuals with Disabilities Act of 1990 (IDEA) - Child - Disabled - Non-disabled - Educational

The court decisions were: Both of which represented a victory for children with disabilities, including those children with IQs below 70, behavior disorders or multiple physical disabilities, who had previously been denied access to public education.

- The Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Citizens v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (1972) - Mills v. Board of Education (1972)

A deaf, sign-fluent, or hard-of hearing individuals has been a member of the committee since its inception and three deaf individuals have chaired it:

- Tovah Wax - Allen Sussman - Irene W. Leigh

There was only one research study on the psychopathology of deaf people appear in the psychiatric literature, done by a late-deafened Danish Psychiatrist name _______ ______________. In Denmark, he gathered data on _____ deaf patients in psychiatric hospitals and reported that his numbers represented a 10 times greater prevalence of deaf inmates than would be expected based on the prevalence of deafness in Denmark.

- V.C. Hansen - 36

______________ ____________assertion that there were structural elements in ASL, meaning that it was a bona fide language.

- William Stokoe 1960

Almost _______ ________ of the deaf patients were undiagnosed. This was understandable, considering that there were no hospital staff able to communicate with them in sign language, that is, if the patients themselves even knew sign language.

- one-third (31 percent)

________ ________ has further expanded Deaf-hood in a global sense, in terms of "vaporizing the process of searching for global Deaf commonalities while identifying and respecting Deaf diversity."

Ladd 2015