IWU Intelligence and Natl. Secur. Midterm

medium earth orbit

A satellite is considered to be in medium earth orbit (MEO) at altitudes between approximately 450 and 10,000 miles above the Earth's surface. Between these altitudes the satellite will have an orbital period from 110 min. - 12 hours. This is the typical orbit of all Global Positioning Satellites (GPS.)

tyranny of the ad hocs

Not every ad hoc merits higher priorities

cryptographers

People who break codes and decipher coded messages.

need to know

Requirement of access to data for a clearly defined purpose

indication and warning

The use of traffic analysis to provide indication of image imminent danger and the ability to warn consumers and plan ahead

unifying intelligence strategy

a NIM must create a UIS for their portfolio to integrate relevant collection & analysis.

risk vs. take

a common issue that can arise in SIGINT, especially in COMINT, is the need to consider the value of the intelligence that is going to be collected against the risk of discovery - either in political terms or in the collection technology that may then be revealed to another nation.

clientism

a flaw that occurs when analysts becomes so immersed in their subjects (usually after working on an issue for too long) that they lose their ability to view issues with the necessary criticality.

polygraph

a machine that writes down many different changes in the body while the person answers questions; a lie detector test

swarm ball

a major problem that occurs in managing collection. Refers to the tendency of all collectors or collection agencies to collect on an issue that is deemed to be important, whether or not they bring anything useful to the table or can offer an appropriate type of collection

third party rule

a nation receiving foreign liaison intelligence will not share it with a third party without permission

developmental

a potential source who is being brought along, largely though repeated contacts and conversations to assess his or her value and susceptibilities

national technical means

a variety of satellites and other technical collectors

geofence

a virtual barrier to prevent drone flights within a certain area vis GPS. radio frequencies, or other technologies

supplementals

a way to take care of agreed on needs without making long-term budget committees. Must be approved by congress like all other bills

sleeper agents

agents sent to another nation to assume normal lives who then become active agents at some time later

foreign liaison

allied or friendly services or even services that are simply useful because of their location that offer several important advantages.

pattern of life

also known as activity based intelligence. means intelligence collection based on observed behaviors that are more likely to indicate that an activity of interest is taking place in that location.

double agents

an agent who pretends to act as a spy for one country or organization while in fact acting on behalf of an enemy.

compartmented

an employee being accorded the privilege of a clearance does not automatically ger access to all of the intelligence information available

mean mission duration

an engineering estimate (sometimes lowballed) of a satellite's useful life

source

an individual with access to sensitive information of interest to an intelligence service, and who has agreed to provide the information.

Analytic penetration

an intellectual means of trying to overcome a dearth of intelligence sources. means thinking longer and harder about the issue, perhaps making suppositions of what is most likely, and perhaps laying out a rang of outcomes based on a set of reasonable assumptions

assessments

analytical reports in Australia and Britain.

analysis and production

analyzing raw intelligence and then producing it to policymakers

national intelligence priorities framework

apart of the DNI's office that continues to provide another means by which to assess performance beyond setting properties

mirror imaging

assuming that other states or individuals will act just the way a particular country or person does, which undermines analysis

non-official cover

avoids any overt connection between the officer and his or her government but can make it more difficult to keep in contact. Need full-time job that explains their presence.

competitive analysis

based on the belief that by having analysts in several agencies with different backgrounds and perspectives work on the same issues, parochial views more likely will be countered- if not weeded out- and more reliable proximate reality is more likely to be achieved

multi-int

bringing together different types of technical collection, most often imagery and signals

sources and methods

classification is referred to as protection. It is one of the primary concerns of the entire intelligence community and a task specifically assigned by law to the director of national intelligence.

denied areas

closed societies

single-source analyst

collection analysts that must wade through the material to find intelligence that is really needed

spies

collection platforms

wheat v. chaff

collectors sweep up a great deal of information, within which may be the intelligence being sought

artificial intelligence

computing technique most useful when dealing with large sets of data

steganography

concealed writing, a technique that is centuries old. The message itself is hidden so its existence is uncertain at best.

competitive analysis

concept of having multiple intelligence agencies with different backgrounds and perspectives work on the same issue.

processing and exploitation

conversion of collected information into forms suitable to the analysis and production of intelligence

counterespionage

countering penetrations of one's service

five eyes

countries that have a common heritage and share a great amount of intelligence: Australia, Britain, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States

dissemination

decisions that must be made about how widely intelligence should be distributed and how urgently it should be passed or flagged for the policy maker's attention

mole

deeply hidden spy

render

delivering suspected terrorists overseas to a third country for incarceration and interrogation

damage assessment

determines what intelligence has been compromised

crosswalks

efforts to coordinate programs and to make difficult choices between programs. can take place at program level or below and can go as high as the DNI and the secretary of defense

estimates

establish benchmarks that can be reviewed more easily than a memo that is not likely to be remembered unless the issue is extremely important, and the shift is dramatic; intelligence products that are written on a recurring basis.

counterintelligence poly

foreign contacts, handling of classified information

asset validation system

gaining their confidence and assessing their weaknesses and susceptibility to be recruited.

espionage

have end-to-end processes from collection through dissemination

noise vs. signals

how Roberta Wohlstetter refers to the wheat v chaff problem, noting that signals one wishes to receive and to know are often embedded in a great deal of surrounding noise

big CI

if one is able to answer the question, "was this tied to some specific need or tasking or was it simply opportunistic", it will reveal the nature of the penetration and the goals of the nation running the spy. (strategic implications)

classified national security information

include a risk-management strategy for classification decisions to avoid automatic over-classification, and making declassification and downgrading an integral part of the strategy

value-added intelligence

includes the timelessness of intelligence products, the ability of the community to tailor products to specific policy makers' needs, and the objectivity of analysis.

counterintelligence

information gathered and activities conducted to identify, deceive, exploit, disrupt, or protect against espionage and other activities carried out by foreign states or non-state actors. is both analytical and operational.

intelligence

information that related to national security that meets the stated or understood needs of policy makers and has been collected, processed, and focused to meet governmental needs.

analyst bias

intelligence analysts can and often do have strong personal views about the issues they are covering, their opinions have no place in intelligence products.

activity-based intelligence

intelligence collection based on observed behaviors that are more likely to indicate that an activity of interest is taking place in that location

global coverage

intelligence officers acknowledged requirements to cover any and all issues. can be dangerous and misleading.

linear thinking

is a problem because analysts need to be constantly on the watch for discontinuities for nonlinear events.

indications and warnings

is one of the most important roles of intelligence, giving policy makers advance warning of significant, usually military events

monitoring

keeping track of (soviet) activities

bigot lists

lists of people with access to certain categories of intelligence, but these are often rather lengthy than exclusive

long-term intelligence

longer range analyses that look beyond current demands

negation search

looking at past imagery to determine when an activity commenced

deputies committee

made up of deputies of the PC members and has a similar function, working on issues before the PC considers them. Important for insights it gives intelligence officials about the possible courses of policy being considered.

disinformation

manipulating content, especially on social media

dangles

means of entrapment used for a number of purposes, including identifying hostile intelligence personnel or gaining insights into the intelligence requirements or methods of hostile service.

"about" collection

messages taken from the Internet that may not be going to or from a specific target but contain key selectors (search terms) in the body. Also known as upstream collection

pitch

method of persuasion used in recruiting

quantum cryptography

micius communications satellites, which sends messages by light (photons) rather than radio waves. is much more difficult to intercept.

constellation

micro-satellites that are launched into space and can piggyback on other launch vehicles. They are normally launches in groups.

traffic analysis

monitoring changes in communications, has more to do with the volume and pattern of communications than the content of them. now called geospatial metadata analysis, and emphasizes the importance of pinpointing the location of the signal as a means of attacking the sender or recipient is needed.

flock

multi-satellite constellations,

analytical stovepipes

occurs when analysts develop patterns after consistently serving a specific customer regarding an issue and tailoring of intelligence overshadows objective reporting

responsibility to provide

officers and agencies now would be evaluated by the degree to which they actively seek to share intelligence

official cover

officers that hold another governmental job, usually posted a the embassy. makes it easier for agent to maintain contact with his or her superiors bur raises the risk of being suspected as an agent.

kessler syndrome

orbits have become so crowded that there are increasing concerns about satellites hitting smaller pieces of debris or one another, and possibly creating a cascade or chain reaction effect where each collision creates more debris and the likelihood of further collisions and so son

lifestyle poly

personal behavior

requirements

policy issues or areas to which intelligence is expected to make a contribution, as well as decisions about which of these issues has priority over the others. may also mean specifying the collection of certain types of intelligence

consumption

policy makers receiving intelligence in the form of a written response or oral briefings

opportunity analysis

policymakers want to be actors, not reactors. They want analysis that will help them achieve goals and not just prevent bad things from happening.

collection

production of unfinished intelligence

graymail

prosecuting intelligence officers for spying was a major concern for the intelligence agencies, which feared that accused spies would threaten to reveal classified information in open court as a means of avoiding prosecution.

processing and exploitation

raw information must undergo this before it can be regarded as intelligence & given to analysis.

content analysis

reading the messages and analyzing what they mean

full motion video

refers to both the long-duration, close in videos that can be collected by UAVs and to capabilities designed to derive as much intelligence as possible from this video

layering

refers to the judgements or assumptions made in one analysis as the factual basis for judgements in another analysis without also carrying over the uncertainties that may be involved.

current intelligence

reports and analysis on issues that may not extend more than a week or two into the future, is the mainstay of the intelligence community, the product most often requested and seen by policy makers

unmasking

revealing the identity of U.S. persons in surveillance reporting by requesting, in writing, for the person's identity to be revealed for specific intelligence purposes, such as to understand the reporting better.

low earth orbit

satellite orbit that ranges from roughly 200 miles to nearly 1,000 miles from earth. Is used by imagery satellites to allow a more detailed view of earth

geosynchronous orbit

satellite that stay in the same spot on earth at all times. The U.S. uses GEO for early warning satellites over both oceans

sun-synchronous orbit

satellites moving in harmony with earth's rotation so it always remains where there is daylight, however this produces and easily tracked orbit. Is better for commercial satellites than for national imagery satellites

highly elliptical orbit

satellites that come close to earth over the southern hemisphere then much father away form earth over the northern hemisphere. in this patterns the satellite orbits earth twice a day

principals committee

senior policy coordinating body of the NSC structure consisting of the assistant to the president for national security affairs, sometimes the vice president, secretaries of state and defense, the DNI, usually the DCIA, and the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

walk-ins

sources volunteers

anti-satellite weapons

space weapons designed to incapacitate or destroy satellites for strategic or tactical purposes

denied targets

target areas to which one does not have ready access

self-reveal

targets make themselves available

verification

the ability to ascertain whether treaty obligations were being met. consists of policy judgements or evaluations based on monitoring

budget execution authority

the ability to determine the actual spending of dollars versus the allocation of money to agencies

circular reporting

the effect of a single media story being picked up and repeated by other media sources until the story takes on a much larger life of its own, appearing more important than it actually is

echo

the effect of a single media story being picked up and repeated by other media sources until the story takes on a much larger life of its own, appearing more important than it actually is. Repeated reporting on reporting

confidence levels

the issue of the confidence that the analyst has in or her judgements

resolution

the level of detail provided by imagery. refers to the smallest object that can be distinguished in am image expressed in size

premature closure

the main driver is concern that analysts can fasten on to one line of analysis, especially for issues that are examined and reexamined over the years, and then will not be open to other possible hypotheses or alternatives

collection disciplines

the means of collecting intelligence

analyst agility/fungibility

the need for analysts who have more than one (or two) areas of expertise and therefore can be shifted to higher priority accounts during times of need.

footnote wars

the only goal of which is to maintain a separate point of view regardless of the salience of the issue at stake.

key judgement

the primary analyses from an estimate that predicts the likely course of events and possible indicators of success and failure

agent acquisition cycle

the process of managing spies, has 5 steps: targeting/spotting, assessing, recruiting, handling, and termination.

debris field

the results of destroyed weather satellites that orbits in space at the same speed as all other objects. is hazardous for all other satellites

social media

the sharing of information, views, and ideas via virtual communications and networks

downstream activates

the steps that follow collection. are dependent on technology, the technology is not in the same league, in the same terms of contractor profit as collection systems

groupthink

the tendency of group members to conform, resulting in a narrow view of some issue

national intelligence

the three subsets of all intelligence: foreign, domestic, and homeland security

reciprocity

the willingness (or unwillingness) of intelligence agencies to accept the validity of security clearances granted by other agencies, which, when not accepted, can require new investigations and adjudication of people who have already been cleared by one agency.

sleepers

they are inserted into the target country but spend time sometimes years integrating themselves and do not become active immediately. they maintain regular lives.

insider threat

this program covers not only classified material but any other leaks and includes many agencies beyond the intelligence community.

encrypt

to put into code

national security letters

type of administrative subpoena that does not require a judicial order. Requires the recipients to turn over gag order - the recipient of the NSL may not reveal its contents or even the fact of its existence

ad hocs

unexpected issues that inevitably crop up with little or no warning

all-source analysts

using as many sources as possible to compensate for the short comings of each one

automatic change extraction

using computers to do a negation search by comparing images

unattended ground sensors

very small (palm-sized) acoustic and seismic sensors to detect motion that can be disguised to blend with their surroundings and can be linked into a network

sub-sources

when a source relies on sources of his or her own

denial

when a target nation can use knowledge about the collection capabilities of an opponent to avoid collection.

deception

when a target nation use the same knowledge to transmit information to a collector. the information can be true or false. if false it is called this

little CI

when an intelligence service is penetrated by a spy, the counterintelligence staff will seek to determine the specific issues surrounding the penetration: how it happened, how long it has been going on, who on the other side has been responsible for tasking and for running the penetration, what information may have been compromised, issues of tradecraft. (tactical)

key-word search

when collected data are fed into computers that look out for specific words or phrases

analytically driven collection

when collectors act in response to analytic needs and not more independently or opportunistically. the core of intelligence integration, bringing collection and analysis together at a strategic level, which will then permeate the intelligence community

politicized intelligence

when intelligence officers have a strong preference for a specific policy outcome, their intelligence analysis may display a similar bias. It is one of the strongest expressions of opprobrium that can be leveled in the U.S. intelligence community.

priority creep

when issues move up and down the priority system. becomes a problem when issues do not receive significant attention until after they have begun moving up to the higher priority levels, at which point they compete with issues already in that bracket

feedback

when policymakers give the intelligence community some sense of how well their intelligence requirements are being met and discuss any adjustments that need to be made to any parts of the process

shutter control

who controls what the satellites will photograph

national intelligence managers

write portfolios, have authority to target collection or facilitate analysis, must have knowledge of the analyst working on an issue across the community.