Joints and Movements: Support and Movement

patellar ligament

extention of tendon from quadriceps muscle; connects patella to tibial tuberosity and stablizes the joint anteriorly

medial (tibial) collateral ligament

extracapsular ligament; adds strength to joint medially

lateral (fibular) collateral ligament

extracapsular ligment; adds strength to joint laterally

Skeletal muscle contraction

causes bone movement at synovial joints

Articulations and Joints - Naming

According to bones or parts united at joint. According to only one of articulating bones. By Latin equivalent of common name

Range of Motion - Types

Active and passive

Syndesmosis

Adjacent bones are held together by collagenous fibers or interosseous ligaments, example distal ends of tibia and fibula and radius and ulna

Symphysis

Adjacent bones are separated by a pad of fibrocartilage, example pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs

Synovial Joints

Allow considerable movement. Most joints that unite bone of appendicular skeleton. Complex: Articular cartilage and disks, Joint cavity and capsule, Synovial membrane and fluid. Bursae: Pockets of synovial fluid, Bursitis.

Range of Motion

Amount of mobility demonstrated at a given joint

Joint Disorders

Arthritis, Joint infections, Gout

Functional Joint Class

Based on degree of motion. Synarthrosis: Nonmovable. Amphiarthrosis: Slightly movable. Diarthrosis: Freely movable.

Structural Joint Class

Based on major connective tissue type that binds bones: Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial.

Saddle Joints

Biaxial. Example: Thumb

Fibrous Joints - Syndesmoses

Bones farther apart than suture and joined by ligaments. Some movement may occur.

Structural Classification

Bony, Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial, Based on anatomical organization of the joint

Cartilaginous

Cartilage binds the articulating bones, example left and right halves of the pelvis and between vertebra

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Caused by transient infection or autoimmune disease

Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

Combination plane and ellipsoid joint. TMJ Disorders cause most chronic orofacial pain.

Special Movements - Types

Elevation and Depression, Protraction and Retraction, Opposition and Reposition, Inversion and Eversion. Special movements are unique to only one or two joints.

Cartilaginous Joints - Synchondrosis - Location

Epiphyseal plates. Joint between the first rib and the sternum.

Cartilaginous Joints - Symphyses

Fibrocartilage uniting two bones.

Diarthrosis

Freely movable joints, synovial joint, articular capsule of joint is lined with synovial membrane which produces fluid, example elbow and knee, Gliding joints, hinge joints, pivot joints, ellipsoid joints, saddle joints and ball-and-socket

Fibrous

Has fibrous connective tissue connecting the articulating bones, example between tibia and fibula

Ankle Joint

Highly modified hinge joint. Ligaments of arch. Holds bones in proper relationship. Transfer weight.

Suture

Immovable joint between the bones of the skull

Gomphosis

Immovable joint that binds the teeth to bony sockets by periodontal ligaments

Synarthrosis

Immovable joint, extremely strong; sutures, gomphosis, synchondrosis, synostosis

Cartilaginous Joints - Synchondrosis

Joined by hyaline. Little or no movement.

Joint infections

Lyme disease: Tick vector

Gout

Metabolic disorders of unknown cause (idiopathic)

Ellipsoid Joint

Modified ball-and-socket. Biaxial. Example: Atlantooccipital joint.

Knee Joint

Modified hinge joint. Menisci: Fibrocartilage articular disks. Cruciate ligaments: ACL and PCL. Collateral ligaments: Fibular and tibial. Knee Injuries and Disorders: Football injuries, Bursitis, Chondromalacia (Softening of cartilage), Hemarthrosis (Acute), Water on the knee (Slower accumulation)

Hinge joint

Monoaxial joints that permit only angular movement in one plane, example elbow and knee

Pivot joint

Monoaxial joints that permit only rotation; example atlas and the axis, head of radius and shaft of ulna

Pivot joints

Monoaxial. Example: Articulation between dens of axis and atlas

Plane or Gliding joints

Monoaxial. Example: articular processes between vertebrae

Hinge Joints

Monoaxial. Example: elbow, knee

Ball-and-socket

Multiaxial. Examples: shoulder and hip joints

Synovial

Only one with joint cavity, ligament help support articulating bones, example knee

Articulation or Joint - Definition

Place where two bones come together. Freely movable to limited to no apparent movement. Structure correlated with movement.

Synovial Joints - Types

Plane or gliding, Saddle, Hinge, Pivot, Ball-and-socket, Ellipsoid.

Cartilaginous Joints - Symphyses - Location

Pubic symphysis. Intervertebral discs. Junction between manubrium and the body of the sternum.

Synchondrosis

Rigid cartilaginous bridge between two bones, example epiphyseal plate; vertebrosternal ribs and sternum

Ball-and-socket

Round head of one bone rests inside a cup-shaped depression, triaxial joint that permits rotation as well as other movements, example shoulder and hip joints

Fibrous Joints - Sutures

Seams between the bones of the skulls. Synostosis - ossified suture.

Range of Motion - influences

Shape of articular surfaces forming joint: Amount and shape of cartilage covering surfaces. Strength and location of ligaments and tendons. Location of muscles associated with joint. Amount of fluid in and around joint. Amount of use/disuse of joint. Amount of pain in and around joint.

Amphiathrosis

Slightly movable joint, example between tibia and fibula, between left and right halves of pelvis and between vertebrae; Syndesmosis, Symphysis

Fibrous Joints - Gomphoses

Specialized joints. Pegs that fit into sockets. Inflammations: Gingivitis and Periodontal disease

Classes of Joints (2)

Structural and functional

Fibrous Joints - Types

Sutures, Syndesmoses, Gomphoses

Functional Classification

Synarthosis, Amphiathorsis, Diathrosis; Based on degree of movement permitted within joint

Cartilaginous Joints - Types

Synchondrosis, Symphyses, Synchondrosis, Symphyses

Effects of Aging on Joints

Tissue repair slows: Production of synovial fluid declines. Ligaments and tends become less flexible. Decrease in ROM.

Synostosis

Two bones completely fused, example suture of frontal bone and epiphyseal lines of mature bone

Bony

Two separate bones are fused with no boundary; example suture of the frontal bones

Cartilaginous Joints

Unite two bones by means of cartilage

Fibrous Joints - Characteristics

United by fibrous connective tissue: Have no Joint cavity. Move little or none.

Osteoarthritis

Wear and tear

Ellipsoid joint

aka condyloid joint, Biaxial joints with an oval articular face that nestles witin a depression in the opposing surface, example phlanges with metacarpals and tarsals

Gliding joint

aka planar joint, permits limited movement, movement generally in a single plane, example ends of clavicles and between carpal bones

Saddle joint

aka sellaris joints, look like saddles, biaxial joints with articular faces that are concave on one axis and convex on the other, example carpometacarpal joint at the base of the thumb

Ball-and-socket

ball-shaped head articulates with cup-shaped socket; freely movable joint; flexion and extension; abduction and adduction; circumduction; rotation

joint or articulation

connects a bone with another bone, cartilage, or tooth.

Hinge

convex bone surface articulates with a concave bone surface; flexion and extension

infrapatellar fat pad

cushion between patellar ligament and synovial capsule

Flexion (ANGULAR)

decrease in the angle between bones of a joint; usually occurs on a sagittal plane

flexed knee joint

demonstrates gliding and rotation movements

Depression (Special Joint Movement)

downward movement lowering body part vertically

Hyperextension (ANGULAR)

excessive extension movement beyond normal anatomical position

Planar (gliding)

flat or slightly curved plane; gliding motion back and forth and/or side to side

Dense fibrous connective tissue

found on the exterior of the joint; holds the bones together

diarthroses

freely movable jints; about 90% of the joints in the body; all synovial joints.

4 main categories of synovial joint movements

gliding, angular, rotatin, and special movements

knee joint

has the distinction of being the most complex and highly stressed joint; location of many joint injuries; also classified as a hinge joint

Synovial joints

have a small synovial cavity between the two bones that permits a greater amount of movement than fibrous or cartilaginous joints. Majority of the joints in the human body

Fibrous joints

have dense fibrous connective tissue with strong collagen fibers that hold the joints firmly to gether with no synovial cavity. Permits little to no movement.

Cartiliaginous joints

have either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage connecting the bones with no synovial cavity. Usually, ther is a small degree of movement.

articular cartilage

hyaline cartilage covering the ends of the bones in the synovial cavity

cartilaginous epiphyseal plates of long bones

immovable joints.

synarthroses

immovable joints; include the sutures between the skull bones and the teeth sockets

Extension (ANGULAR)

increase in the angle between bones of a joint; restore to anatomical position

synovial membrane

inner layer of the articular capsule; composed of areolar connective tissue containing elastic fibers and adipocytes

lateral meniscus

inside of joint cavity; cushions knee joint

medial meniscus

inside of joint cavity; cushions knee joint

Examples of cartilaginous

intervertebral joints, the pubic symphysis, and the joint between the manubrium and body of the sternum.

anterior cruciate ligament or ACL

intracapsular ligament; attaches the femur and tibia anteriorly

posterior cruciate ligament or PCL

intracapsular ligament; stabilizes joint posteriorly

functional classification of joints

is made on the basis of the amount of movement the joint allows.

cartilaginous joints

most are slightly movable.

Retraction (Special Joint Movement)

move a body part backward or posterior

Protraction (Special Joint Movement)

move a body part forward or anterior on a horizontal plane

Abduction (ANGULAR)

move appendage away from midline

Adduction (ANGULAR)

move appendage toward midline

Circumduction (ANGULAR)

move distal part of an appendage in a circle

GLIDING

nearly flat bone surfaces slide or glide over each other

fibrous capsule

outer dense fibrous connective tissue layer of the articular capsule that is continuous with the periosteum of the bone; also forms ligaments when fibrous bundles are parallel

Condyloid

oval convex projection articulates with oval concave depression; flexion and extension, abduction and adduction circumduction

Dorsiflexion (Special Joint Movement)

point your toes upward; stand on your heels

Plantar Flexion (Special Joint Movement)

pont your toes downward; raise your heels

bursa

reduces friction; 13 bursae in knee

Pivot

rounded or pointed projection articulates with ring formed by bone and ligament; rotation

Saddle

saddle-shaped depression articulates with projection that fits into the saddle; same as condyloid joint, except more exaggerated

synovial fluid

secreted by the synovial membrane; lubricates the articular cartilages to reduce friction

Examples of Synovial joints

shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee joints.

Examples of fibrous joints

skull joints, teeth sockets, and the distal joint between the tibia and fiula.

amphiarthroses

slightly movable joints; intervertebral joints, the tibiofibular joint, and the pupic symphysis are examples.

synovial cavity

small space between the two articulating bones

articular capsule

structure that encloses the synovial joint and synovial cavity; has two layers: the fibrous capsule and synovial membrane

ligaments

tough, dense tissue that holds bone to bone; several found in the knee joint

ROTATION

turn on a pivot with a circle

Pronation (Special Joint Movement)

turn palm of the hand to face backward, or, if arm is outstretched, turn palm downward

Supination (Special Joint Movement)

turn palm of the hand to face forward, or, if arm is outstretched, turn palm upward

Inversion (Special Joint Movement)

turn the sole of the foot inward

Eversion (Special Joint Movement)

turn the sole of the foot outward

Elevation (Special Joint Movement)

upward movement rising body part verticallly