Joints (Ch. 8)
gouty arthritis
excessive blood levels of uric acid deposited as crystals in the soft tissue joints
articular cartilage found at the ends of the long bones serves to________.
provide a smooth surface at the ends of synovial joints
Articular capsule
Encloses the joint cavity with 2 layers in a synovial joint. The external layer is a tough fibrous capsule composed of dense irregular CT. The internal layer is a synovial membrane composed of loose CT.
Which joint moves only by a uniaxial movement around its own axis?
B
Which structure in the figure is the primary area of degeneration in osteoarthritis?
B
MULTIAXIAL: UNIAXIAL UNIAXIAL NONAXIAL BIAXIAL BIAXIAL
BALL AND SOCKET PIVOT JOINT HINGE JOINT PLANE JOINT SADDLE JOINT CONDYLOID JOINT
Syndesmoses
Bones are connected by ligaments, cords or bands of fibrous tissue only. Range of movement depends on length of the fibers from slight to large range.
Which of the following is a feature of synovial joints?
bone ends covered with hyaline cartilage
connective tissue sacs lined with synovial membrane that act as cushions in places where friction develops are called_______.
bursae
A joint united by dense fibrocartilaginous tissue that usually permits a slight degree of movement is a ________. A) suture B) syndesmosis C) symphysis D) gomphosis
c
Bending your head back until it hurts is an example of ________. A) flexion B) extension C) hyperextension D) circumduction
c
serves as the actual trigger for muscle contraction by removing the inhibition of the troponin molecules
calcium ions
saddle joints have concave and convex surfaces. identify a saddle joint of the skeleton.
carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
The hip joint is a good example of a(n) ________ synovial joint. A) nonaxial B) uniaxial C) biaxial D) multiaxial
d
Which of the following is NOT a distinguishing feature of a synovial joint?
hyaline cartilage connecting the two bones of the joint
extracapsular ligaments stabilizing the knee include
lateral and medial collateral ligaments preventing lateral or medial angular movements
Destroys ACh
acetylcholinesterase
which joint are correctly matched?
ankle; hinge
which ligament holds the radius to the ulna at the proximal end?
anular
An example of an interosseus fibrous joint is ________. A) the clavicle and the scapula at the distal ends B) the radius and ulna along its length C) between the vertebrae D) between the humerus and the glenoid cavity
b
The terms inversion and eversion pertain only to ________. A) the hands B) the feet C) the arms D) the hands and the fee
b
Movement allowed in a pivot joint is known as ________. A) biaxial movement B) flexion C) uniaxial rotation D) extension
c
activate synaptic vesicles in axon terminals
calcium ions
The main reason the hip joint is stable is because of the __________.
deep socket of the joint and strong capsular ligaments
hinge jonts permit movement in only two planes.
false
pronation is a much stronger movement than supination
false
What material is found in C and D that is not found in A and B?
fibrocartilage
All three joints in the figure are classified as __________.
fibrous joints
What joint's actions may take place at the elbow from its current position?
flex and pronate
which of the following is true statement regarding gliding movements?
gliding movements occur at the intercarpal and intertarsal joints
anular ligaments surrounds the
head of the radius
presence of a synovial cavity, articular cartilage, synovial membrane, and ligaments aer characteristics of what type of joint?
hinge joint
presence of a synovial cavity, articular cartilage, synovial membrane, and ligaments are characteristics of what type of joint?
hinge joint
synovial fluid is present in joint cavities of freely movable joints and it contains
hyaluronic acid
bending your head back until it hurts is an example of
hyperextension
during development, joints develop....
in parallel with bones
Sprains indicate damage to what joint component?
ligaments
The arrows in B and C point to structures that can both be described as __________.
ligaments
the hip joint is a good example of a(n)_____________synovial joint.
multiaxial
the hip joint is a good example of an ____joint
multiaxial
Which of the following are correctly paired?
multiaxial movement; movement in all three planes and around all three axes
all of the following are factors that influence synovial joint stability EXCEPT?
number of bones in the joint
Which of the following are correctly matched?
osteoarthritis; chronic degenerative joint disease
pointing the toes is an example of
plantar flexion
pointing the toes is an example of_________.
plantar flexion
which type of movement is unique to the forearm? supination and pronation are unique to the forearm because of the arrangement fo the radius and ulna. this allows rotation of our hands in space.
pronation
an example of interosseous fibrous joints is
radius and ulna along its length
Item 57 Which of the following movements does NOT increase or decrease the angle between bones? rotation extension abduction circumduction
rotation
which of the following movements does NOT increase or decrease
rotation
the type of joint between the carpal (trapexium) and the first metacarpal is a ____________ joint.
saddle
a movement of the forearm in which the palm of the hand is turned from posterior to anterior is
supination
Item 27 A joint united by fibrocartilage tissue that usually permits a slight degree of movement is a ________. gomphosis suture symphysis syndesmosis
symphysis. (SN: symphysis= pubic symphysis and fibrocartilaginous IV disc. Although they are used for strength, they do have limited degree of movement)
Which of the following best describes the joint labeled B in the figure?
synarthrotic
cartilaginous joints
synchondroses symphysis
on the basis of structure classification which joint is a fibrous connective tissue
syndesmosis
Which of the following represents a structural classification for joints that are separated by a joint cavity?
synovial
eccentric contractions are force forceful than concentric contractions
t
the force of muscle contraction is controlled by multiple motor unit summation or recruitment
t
Which joint allows a side-to-side movement called lateral excursion?
the temporomandibular joint
The amount of movement permitted by a particular joint is the basis for the functional classification of joints
true
Sprains indicate damage to what joint component? >bones >muscles >tendons >ligaments
>Ligaments. In a sprain, the ligaments that reinforce a joint are stretched or torn.
Which inflammatory joint disease is caused by the bites of ticks that live on mice and deer? >Lyme disease >gouty arthritis >bursitis >rheumatoid arthritis
>Lyme Disease. Lyme disease is an inflammatory disease caused by the spirochete bacteria transmitted by the bites of ticks that live on mice and deer. It often results in joint pain and arthritis.
Define joint or articulation
A place where two or more bones meet
Articulations
Another name for a joint.
A joint held together by fibrocartilage would be classified as a __________ joint. >cartilaginous >fibrous >synovial >amphiarthrosis
Cartilaginous joints are held together by cartilage. Fibrocartilage holds together symphyses.
Bursae
Flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing a thin film of synovial fluid. Are where things rub together.
Diarthroses
Freely movable joints
Synarthroses
Immovable joints.
Intracapsular ligaments
Ligaments that enforce deep to the synovial joint.
Reinforcing ligaments
Reinforces synovial joints. (capsular or intrinsic, extracapsular or intracapsular)
Amphiarthroses
Slightly movable joints
Nonaxial movement
Slipping movement only, because there is no axis.
Which of the following best describes all of the joints in this figure?
They are immovable.
A fibrous joint that is a peg-in-socket is called a ________ joint. A) syndesmosis B) suture C) synchondrosis D) gomphosis
d
On the basis of structural classification, which joint is fibrous connective tissue? A) symphysis B) synchondrosis C) pivot D) syndesmosis
d
Item 30 Symphyses are synarthrotic joints designed for strength with flexibility. True False
False (SN: text: Symphyses are amphiarthrotic joints designed for strength with flexibility. p.253)
Synostoses
What sutures are called when they close and ossify during middle age, becoming a single unit.
Connective tissue sacs lined with synovial membranes that act as cushions in places where friction develops are called ________. A) menisci B) bursae C) ligaments D) tendons
b
If a patient was suffering from bursitis, this condition would be designated as inflammation of a(n) ________. A) sesamoid bone found at a joint B) cavity within a long bone C) small sac containing fluid D) articular cartilage
c
________ are cartilaginous joints. A) Syndesmoses B) Sutures C) Synchondroses D) Gomphoses
c
bending your head back until it hurts is an example of___________.
hyperextension
Which of the following are correctly paired? biaxial joint; permits movement in one plane and around one axis nonaxial movement; no movement multiaxial movement; movement in all three planes and around all three axes uniaxial joint; permits only slipping or gliding movements
multiaxial movement; movement in all three planes and around all three axes Correct Multiaxial joints, such as the shoulder and hip, permit movement in all three planes and around all three axes.
Item 47 Articular cartilage found at the ends of the long bones serves to ________. attach tendons produce red blood cells (hemopoiesis) provide a smooth surface at the ends of synovial joints form the synovial membrane
provide a smooth surface at the ends of synovial joints
Item 43 On the basis of structural classification, which is a fibrous joint? symphysis synchondrosis syndesmosis pivo
syndesmosis
Item 31 An individual with a "double-jointed" thumb can pull it back towards the wrist much farther than normal. What does it mean to be "double-jointed?" the joint capsules and ligaments are more stretchy and loose than normal the additional joint present doubles the range of motion articular cartilage at bone ends is replaced with hyaline cartilage greater than normal production of serous fluid lubricates the joint and extends it
the joint capsules and ligaments are more stretchy and loose than normal
which of the following statements best describes angular movements?
they change (increase or decrease) the angle between two bones
articular surfaces of synovial joints play a minimal role in joint stability
true
major role of ligaments at synovial joints is to help direct movement and restrict undesirable movement
true
movement at the hip joint does not have as wide a range of motion as at the shoulder joint
true
Lyme disease is a bacterial disease transmitted by the bite of a ________. A) flea B) mosquito C) fly D) tick
d
Which of the following terms describes the range of movement of the illustrated joint?
diarthrotic
a motor neuron and all the muscle cells that it stimulates are referred to as motor end plate
false
cruciate ligaments are important ligaments that stabilize all ball-and-socket joint
false
An immovable joint found only between skull bones is called a ________. A) suture B) condyle C) cartilaginous joint D) synovial joint
a
Tendon sheaths ________. A) act as friction-reducing structures B) are lined with dense irregular connective tissue C) form channels for tendons D) help anchor the tendon to the muscle
a
what is moving a limb away from the midline of the body along the frontal plane called?
abduction
a neurotransmitter released at motor end plates by axon terminals
acetylcholine
tendon sheaths
act as friction-reducing structures
tendon sheaths___________.
act as friction-reducing structures
To realign an anteriorly dislocated Temporomandibular joint (TMJ), a physician must push the mandible inferiorly and posteriorly in order to move the mandibular condyle past the temporal bone's ________.
articular tubercle
gliding movements occur
at the intercarpal and intertarsal joints
Which of the following conditions is generally considered a noninflammatory type of arthritis? A) bursitis B) tendonitis C) osteoarthritis D) rheumatoid arthritis
c
in an isotonic contraction the muscle
changes in length and moves the "load"
What element of intervertebral disc fibrocartilage gives it its ability to resist stretching?
collagen fibers
the ligaments that protect the alignment of the femoral and tibial condyles and limit the movement of the femur anteriorly and posteriorly are called
cruciate ligaments
Fibrous joints are classified as ________. A) pivot, hinge, and ball and socket B) symphysis, sacroiliac, and articular C) hinge, saddle, and ellipsoidal D) sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses
d
hinge joints permit movement in only two planes
false
the wrist joint can exhibit adduction and eversion movements
false
which type of movement does NOT occur at the shoulder joint? gliding occurs when two bones slide across one another, such as in the intercarpal joints.
gliding
The thumb joint indicated by D mediates which of the following special movements?
opposition
moving your jaw forward, causing an underbite, is called ________.
protraction
menisci
semilunar cartilage pads
fibrous joints are classified as
sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses
what factor account for a strong synovial jont? the deepest articular surface would likely lead to a strong synovial joint
the deepest articular surface
Which of the joints will eventually develop into a synostosis? >A >B >C >D
>A. Endochondral ossification of the growth plate leads to the eventual fusion of the epiphysis and diaphysis to form a synostosis.
Which structure in the figure is the primary area of degeneration in osteoarthritis? >A >B >C >D
>B. Overuse and normal aging can cause degeneration of the cartilage in joints, leading to osteoarthritis.
Which of the following is true regarding the structure indicated by the arrow in Figure A? >It is composed of hyaline cartilage. >It becomes ossified late in adult development. >It is formed by a synovial membrane. >It is classified as amphiarthrotic.
>It becomes ossified late in adult development. The dense connective tissue that originally forms sutures ossifies to form synostoses during middle age.
Tendon sheath
An elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon subjected to friction, like a bun around a hot dog. Common where several tendons are crowded together with narrow canals (ie. wrist)
Fibrous joints
Bones joined by fibrous CT tissue. Have no joint cavity. Slight or no movement. Three types: sutures, syndesmoses & gomphoses.
Articular cartilage
Glassy, smooth hyaline cartilage covers the opposing bone surfaces in a synovial joint. Is a cushion and absorbs compression placed on the joints which prevents bone ends from being crushed.
Which of the following statements is correct?
If a joint can exhibit extension, abduction, and rotation, then it is triaxial.
Which of the following is true regarding the structure indicated by the arrow in Figure A?
It becomes ossified late in adult development.
Saddle joints
Joints that resemble condyloid joints but allow greater freedom. Each articular surface has both concave and convex areas (shaped like a saddle) - like carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs.
Plane joints
Joints where articular surfaces are flat and only allow only short nonaxial, gliding movement.
Hinge joints
Joints where the cylindrical end of one bone confirms to a trough shaped surface on another. Motion on a single plane. Uniaxial joints permit flexion & extension only - like bending and straightening elbow.
Pivot joints
Joints where the rounded end of one bone conforms to a sleeve, or ring, composed of bone (and possibly ligaments) of another. Only movement allowed is uniaxial rotation of one bone around its own axis - like first two vertebrae.
Ball and socket joints
Joints where the spherical or hemispherical head of one bone articulates with the cuplike socket of another. Are mulitaxial and the most freely moving of synovial joints. The only examples are shoulders and hips.
Synovial joints
Joints where there is a fluid filled cavity separating the articulating bones. Substantial movement. (nearly all joints of limbs) Has 6 attributes: articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, reinforcing ligaments, nerves & blood vessels (also sometimes fatty pads or menisci or articular disks)
Elevation and depression
Lifting the body superiorly (elevation) and moving the part inferiorly (depression). (ie. shoulder blades or chewing)
Extracapsular ligaments
Ligaments that enforce the synovial joint outside of the fibrous capsule.
Synovial membrane
Lines all internal joint surfaces that are not hyaline cartilage.
Which inflammatory joint disease is caused by the bites of ticks that live on mice and deer?
Lyme disease
Uniaxial movement
Movement in one plane.
Protraction (anterior movement) and retraction (posterior movement)
Non angular anterior and posterior movements in a transverse plane. (ie. jutting out jaw is protraction, bringing it back in is retraction)
Dorsiflexion (like wrist extension) and plantar flexion (like wrist flexion)
The up and down movements of the foot. (Dorsiflexion - bending foot up, Plantar flexion - point toes)
Gomphoses
Peg in socket. Periodontal ligament. Only example is the teeth in the alveolar sockets.
Which of the following are cartilaginous joints? Syndesmoses Gomphoses Synchondroses Sutures
Synchondroses
gripping of the trochlea by the trochlear notch constitutes the hinge for elbow joint
TRUE
Which of the following is true about the shoulder joint?
The glenohumeral joint is more mobile, making it less stable.
Rotation
The turning of a long bone around on it's own axis. (ie. hip and shoulder, first 2 vertebrae) Medial rotation is when femurs anterior surface moves toward the median plane and lateral rotation is when it moves away from median plane.
Opposition
The saddle joint between metacarpal 1 & the trapezium. Allows us to grasp and manipulate objects.
A joint that is known as a suture is found ________. A) in the skull only B) in areas most prone to fracture C) where functionally it is amphiarthrotic D) in areas where bones have not yet closed
a
Articulations permitting only slight degrees of movement are ________. A) amphiarthroses B) synarthroses C) diarthroses D) synovial joints
a
gomphosis
a fibrous joint that is a peg-in-socket
Compared to the shoulder, displacements of the hip joints are ________. A) common due to the weight-bearing the hip endures B) rare because of the ligament reinforcement C) common in all people who are overweight D) rare because the rotator cuff stabilizes the hip joint
b
Presence of a synovial cavity, articular cartilage, synovial membrane, and ligaments are characteristics of what type of joint? A) suture B) synchondrosis C) symphysis D) hinge joint
d
Which of the following is a true statement? A) The head of the humerus articulates with the acromion process. B) The greater tubercule of the humerus articulates at the coracoid process of the scapula. C) The rotator cuff is responsible for the flexible extensions at the elbow joint. D) The annular ligament surrounds the head of the radius.
d
Which of the following statements best describes angular movements? A) They allow movement only in one plane. B) They allow movement in several planes. C) They occur only between bones with flat articular processes. D) They change (increase or decrease) the angle between two bones.
d
Which of the following statements defines synchondroses? A) amphiarthrotic joints designed for strength and flexibility B) interphalangeal joints C) joints that permit angular movements D) cartilaginous joints where hyaline cartilage unites the ends of bones
d
which movement descreases the angle between articulating bones? flexion is a bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint and brings the articulating bones closer together
flexion
the gliding motion of the wrist uses________joints.
plane
Types of synovial joints
plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket
diffusion across the cell membrane results in depolarization
sodium-potassium
a joint united by dense fibrocartilaginous tissue that usually permits a slight degree of movement is a
symphysis joint
Which of the following are correctly paired?
synchondrosis; a plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones
the thin filaments (actin) contain a polypeptide subunit G actin that bears active sits for myosin attachment
t
Item 49 An example of an interosseus fibrous joint is ________. between the humerus and the glenoid cavity the radius and ulna along its length between the vertebrae the clavicle and the scapula at the distal ends
the radius and ulna along its length
saddle joints have concave and convex surfaces. Name the two bones of the hand that articulate to form a saddle joint
trapezium of the carpal bone and the thumb's metacarpal
a ball-and-socket joint is a multiaxial joint.
true
a personal who has been diagnosed with a sprained ankle has an injury to the ligaments that attach to that joint
true
Which joint moves only by a uniaxial movement around its own axis? >B >D >E >F
>B. The radioulnar joint is a pivot joint in which movement of the ulna is limited to rotation along its own long axis.
Which of the following statements is correct? >If a joint can exhibit adduction and abduction, then it is biaxial. >If a joint can exhibit flexion, extension, and abduction, then it is triaxial. >If a joint can exhibit extension, abduction, and rotation, then it is triaxial. >A joint that exhibits adduction and extension is uniaxial.
>If a joint can exhibit extension, abduction, and rotation, then it is triaxial. A joint that moves in these three directions is triaxial. The three directions in this example are extension/flexion, abduction/adduction, and rotation.
Which of the following is true about the shoulder joint? >The glenohumeral joint is more mobile, making it less stable. >Ligaments surround the glenohumeral joint on all sides and strengthen the joint. >The deepness of the glenoid strengthens the joint overall. >Many muscles cross the glenohumeral joint and limit the mobility of the joint.
>The glenohumeral joint is more mobile, making it less stable. The shoulder joint has the best mobility of all the joints in the body. However, the adaptations that make it mobile sacrifice strength to provide the mobility.
Which of the following best describes all of the joints in this figure? >They are freely movable. >They are movable, but only within a small range. >They are immovable.
>They are immovable. These joints are all considered to be immovable during normal conditions.
Despite having an actual articulation with the humerus, the hinge-like action at the elbow is NOT dependent on the radius. >True >False
>True. The radius articulates with the humerus at the capitulum. However, the humeroulnar joint is responsible for the hinge-like flexion and extension at the elbow. The radius slides over the ulna, creating pronation and supination in the forearm.
Which of the following ligaments prevents the tibia from sliding forward in the knee joint? >tibial collateral ligament >anterior cruciate ligament >arcuate popliteal ligament >oblique popliteal ligament
>anterior cruciate ligament. The ACL prevents the tibia from sliding forward.
Which of the following is a feature of synovial joints? >an empty joint cavity >bone ends covered with fibrocartilage >synarthosis >bone ends covered with hyaline cartilage
>bone ends covered with hyaline cartilage. Glassy-smooth hyaline cartilage covers the opposing bone surfaces as articular cartilage. These thin but spongy cushions absorb compression placed on the synovial joint and thereby keep the bone ends from being crushed.
Which of the following is NOT a functional classification for joints? >cartilaginous >amphiarthrosis >synarthrosis >diarthrosis
>cartilaginous. Cartilaginous is a structural classification for joints.
What element of intervertebral disc fibrocartilage gives it its ability to resist stretching? >elastic fibers >collagen fibers >articular cartilage >calcium
>collagen fibers
What material is found in C and D that is not found in A and B? >hyaline cartilage >fibrocartilage >elastic cartilage >dense irregular connective tissue
>fibrocartilage
All three joints in the figure are classified as __________. >fibrous joints >cartilaginous joints >synovial joints
>fibrous joints. In all three joints, bones are directly connected by dense fibrous tissue to form a joint lacking a cavity.
Which movement decreases the angle between articulating bones? >protraction >flexion >supination >extension
>flexion. Flexion is a bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint and brings the articulating bones closer together.
Which of the following is NOT a distinguishing feature of a synovial joint? >synovial fluid >hyaline cartilage connecting the two bones of the joint >a capsule that creates a space in the joint >ligaments connecting the two bones of the joint
>hyaline cartilage connecting the two bones of the joint. Hyaline cartilage makes up the articular cartilage in a synovial joint, but this does not connect the two sides together.
Which of the following best describes the surface of the structure at D? >simple columnar epithelium >hyaline cartilage >dense irregular connective tissue >loose connective tissue
>loose connective tissue. This is a synovial membrane containing loose connective tissue that produces synovial fluid.
Which of the following are correctly paired? >nonaxial movement; no movement >biaxial joint; permits movement in one plane and around one axis >uniaxial joint; permits only slipping or gliding movements >multiaxial movement; movement in all three planes and around all three axes
>multiaxial movement; movement in all three planes and around all three axes. Multiaxial joints, such as the shoulder and hip, permit movement in all three planes and around all three axes.
Which of the following are correctly matched? >tendonitis; inflammation of the joint >osteoarthritis; chronic degenerative joint disease >gout; inflammation of the tendons >bursitis; uric acid crystals in the joint
>osteoarthritis; chronic degenerative joint disease. Osteoarthritis is a common, chronic degenerative joint disease often called "wear-and-tear arthritis."
Which of the following best describes the joint labeled B in the figure? >synarthrotic >amphiarthrotic >diarthrotic >fibrous
>synarthrotic. The cartilage joint formed between the first rib and the manubrium is immovable.
Which of the following represents a structural classification for joints that are separated by a joint cavity? >cartilaginous >synovial >fibrous >diarthrosis
>synovial. Synovial is a structural classification for joints. Structural classification focuses on the material binding the bones together and whether a joint cavity is present.
Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to joint stability? >the amount of muscle tone applied to tendons that cross the joint >the number and positioning of reinforcing ligaments >the shape of the articulating surfaces >the amount of synovial fluid in the joint cavity
>the amount of synovial fluid in the joint cavity. The amount of synovial fluid in the joint cavity is not a factor that contributes to joint stability. The major role of synovial fluid is to lubricate the joint surfaces of freely movable (synovial) joints.
What factor would account for a strong synovial joint? >low muscle tone >synovial fluid >the deepest articular surface >small reinforcing ligaments
>the deepest articular surface
Which joint allows a side-to-side movement called lateral excursion? >the glenohumeral joint >the tibiofemoral joint >the hip joint >the temporomandibular joint
>the temporomandibular joint. The temporomandibular joint allows a side-to-side movement called lateral excursion. This is used to grind food on the molars.
Which joint in the figure is capable of multiaxial movement?
A
Which of the joints will eventually develop into a synostosis?
A
Flexion
A bending movement, usually at the sagittal plane that decreases the angle of the joint and brings the articulating bones closer together. (ie. bending head forward or bending knee)
Fatty pads
A cushioning pad found in some synovial joints like knees and hips. Found between the fibrous capsule and the synovial membrane and/or bone.
Joint (synovial) cavity
A potential space that contains a small amount of fluid in a synovial joint.
Extension
A reverse of flexion and occurs at the same joints. Occurs at the sagittal plane and increases the angle between the articulating bones, typically straightening the flexed limb or body part. (ie. straightening knee)
Cartilaginous joints
Articulating bones are connected by cartilage. Have no joint cavity and are not highly movable. Two types: Synchondroses & symphyses.
Which of the following is one difference between bursae and tendon sheaths?
Bursae are flattened fibrous sacs wedged between adjacent structures, while tendon sheaths are elongated fibrous sacs that wrap around tendons.
Which of the following is one difference between bursae and tendon sheaths? >Bursae contain a thin film of synovial fluid, while tendon sheaths lack synovial fluid altogether. >Bursae are only found in synovial joints, while tendon sheaths are only found in fibrous joints. >Bursae are flattened fibrous sacs wedged between adjacent structures, while tendon sheaths are elongated fibrous sacs that wrap around tendons. >Bursae serve as cushioning fat pads between adjacent structures, while tendon sheaths reduce friction between adjacent structures.
Bursae are flattened fibrous sacs wedged between adjacent structures, while tendon sheaths are elongated fibrous sacs that wrap around tendons. Both bursae and tendon sheaths are associated with synovial joints, both reduce friction between adjacent structures, and both contain a thin film of synovial fluid.
Articular surfaces, ligaments & muscle tone
Create joint stability.
used to convert ADP to ATP by transfer of a high-energy phosphate group. A reserve high-energy compound
Creatine Phosphate
Articular disks (Menisci)
Disks or wedges of fibrocartilage that separate the articular surfaces. They extend inward from the articular capsule and partially or completely divide the synovial cavity in two. Minimizes wear on the joint surfaces.
Hyperextension
Excessive extension such as extending the head or hip joint beyond anatomical position.
Once a motor neuron has fired, all muscle fibers in a muscle contract
F
Which of the following is a hinge joint?
F
The most important factor in joint stability is the depth of the articular surface.
False
Condyloid (ellipsoidal) joints
Joints where the oval articular surface of one bone fits into a complementary depression in another. biaxial condyloid joints permit all angular motions - like wrist and knuckle.
Multiaxial movement
Movement in or around all three planes of spaces and axes.
Biaxial movement
Movement in two planes.
Angular movements
Movements that increase or decrease the angle between two bones. Includes flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction.
Circumduction
Moving a limb so that it describes a cone in space. The distal end of the limb moves in a circle while the point of the cone is more or less stationary. (ie. winding up to pitch a ball)
Abduction
Moving the limb or body part away from the midline or median plane, along the frontal plane. (ie. raising the arm or thigh, spreading the fingers apart)
Adduction
Moving the limb or body part toward the body or midline. Opposite of Abduction.
Synovial fluid
Occupies all free spaces within the joint capsule. Has viscous egg white consistency, but when heated during activity, becomes thin and less viscous. Also provides slippery weight bearing film that reduces friction between articular cartilages. Seeps out of articular cartilages when needed and then goes back in like a sponge (weeping lubrication).
Supination (bones parallel) and pronation (creates an X)
Refers to the movements of the radius around the ulna. (Pronation - palm facing posterior, Supination - palm facing anterior)
Inversion and eversion
Special movements of the foot. (Inversion - sole turns medially, Eversion - sole turns laterally)
Symphyses
The articular surfaces of the bones are covered with articulated (hyaline) cartilage, which is fused into an intervening pad or plate of fibrocartilage, which is the main connecting material. Limited mobility, but great cushion. (ie. vertebrae)
Which statement about the knee is INCORRECT?
The deep cups created by the tibial condyles help to stabilize the joint.
Capsular or intrinsic ligaments
Thickened parts of the fibrous capsule.
Gliding, angular and rotation
Three types of movements.
9. Supination is the movement of the forearm in which the palm of the hand is turned anteriorly or superiorly. True False
True
Gouty arthritis is a painful condition caused by ________. A) excessive blood levels of uric acid deposited as crystals in the soft tissue joints B) a disorder in the bodyʹs immune system resulting in destruction of joints C) a thickening of the synovial membrane and a decrease in fluid production D) a bacterial infection in the bursae
a
In symphysis joints the articular surfaces of the bones are covered with ________. A) hyaline cartilage B) synovial membranes C) fibrocartilage D) tendon sheaths
a
The ________ ligament holds the radius to the ulna at the proximal end. A) annular B) ulnar collateral C) radial collateral D) iliofemoral
a
When one is moving a limb away from the median plane of the body along the frontal plane, it is called ________. A) abduction B) adduction C) inversion D) dorsiflexion
a
Which is correct about development of joints? A) Joints develop in parallel with bones. B) By the end of the fourth week, fetal synovial joints resemble adult joints. C) All fibrous joints are in the adult form by the time of birth. D) Joints develop independent of bone growth.
a
Which ligament of the knee initiates the knee-jerk reflex when tapped? A) the patellar ligament B) the medial patellar retinacula C) the lateral patellar retinacula D) the extracapsular ligament
a
Which of the following is a true statement regarding gliding movements? A) Gliding movements occur at the intercarpal and intertarsal joints. B) Gliding movements allow flexibility of the upper limbs. C) Gliding movements are multiaxial. D) An example of a gliding movement is nodding oneʹs head.
a
Which of the following is NOT an example of a fibrous joint?
a symphysis
what is moving a limb away from the median plane of the body along the frontal plane called?
abduction
performing "jumping jacks" reguires______________.
abduction and adduction
in the classification of joints
all synovial joints are freely moveable
articulations permitting only slight degrees of movements are
amphiarthroses
Which of the following refers to a joint that is slightly movable?
amphiarthrosis
Which of the following ligaments prevents the tibia from sliding forward in the knee joint?
anterior cruciate ligament
factors contributing to keeping the articular surfaces of diarthroses in contact
arrangement and tension of muscles. structure and shape of the articulating bone strength and tension of joint ligaments
The gliding motion of the wrist is accomplished because of the ________ joint. A) hinge B) plane C) pivot D) condyloid
b
When a ballerina points the toes, it is known as ________. A) circumduction B) plantar flexion C) pronation D) protraction
b
Which of these joint types affords uniaxial movement? A) gliding B) hinge C) ball and socket D) pivot
b
which of the following is a feature of synovial joints? glassy-smooth hyaline cartilage covers the opposing bone surfaces as articular cartilage. these thin but spongy cushions absorb compression placed on the synovial joint and thereby keep the bone ends from being crushed.
bone ends covered with hyaline cartilage
Multiaxial joints of the body include ________. A) the knee and elbow B) the ankle and wrist C) the hip and shoulder D) intercarpal and intertarsal joints
c
Synarthrotic joints ________. A) are found at the junction of the epiphysis and diaphysis of growing bone B) are cartilaginous joints C) permit essentially no movement D) have large joint cavities
c
Synovial fluid is present in joint cavities of freely movable joints. Which of the following statements is true about this fluid? A) It contains enzymes only. B) It contains lactic acid. C) It contains hyaluronic acid. D) It contains hydrochloric acid.
c
The cruciate ligaments of the knee ________. A) tend to run parallel to one another B) are also called collateral ligaments C) prevent hyperextension of the knee D) assist in defining the range of motion of the leg
c
Which of the following is NOT a functional classification for joints?
cartilaginous
Which of these terms best categorizes the joints in the figure?
cartilaginous joints
synchondroses
cartilaginous joints where hyaline cartilage units the ends of bones
Lifting up a glass to take a drink involves the elbow joint. Which of the following correctly characterizes that joint? pivot biaxial cartilaginous diarthrotic
diarthrotic
lifting up a glass to take a drink invovles the elbow joint. which of the following correctly characterizes that joint?
diarthrotic
a person who has been diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis would be suffering loss of the synovial fluids
false
all joints permit some degree of movement, even if very slight
false
dislocations in the TMJ almost always dislocate posteriorly with the mandibular condyles ending up in the infratemporal fossa
false
only movement allowed between the first two cervical vertebrae is flexion
false: uniaxial rotation
the term inversion and eversion pertain only to the
feet
the terms inversion and eversion pertain only to the________.
feet
Using the structural classification, what type of joint is a suture?
fibrous joint
If a torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is not properly repaired, the consequences could include the inability to prevent ________.
forward sliding of the tibia on the femur
Item 18 In symphysis joints the articular surfaces of the bones are covered with ________. fibrocartilage hyaline cartilage tendon sheaths synovial membranes
hyaline cartilage
in symphysis joints the articular surfaces of the bones are covered with
hyaline cartilage
synovial fluid is present in joint cavities of freely movable joints. which of the following statements is true about this fluid?
it contains hyaluronic acid
Which of the following best describes the surface of the structure at D?
loose connective tissue
football players often sustain lateral blows to the extended knee. what of the ligaments is/are damaged as a result?
medial collateral, medial meniscus, anterior cruciate
correct sequence of events for muscle contractions
motor neuron action potential neurotransmitter release muscle cell action potential release of calcium ions from SR ATP-driven power stroke, sliding of myofilaments
When you bring any of your fingers in contact with your thumb, this movement is called __________.
opposition
noninflammatory type of arthritis
osteoarthritis
which ligament of the knee initiates the knee-jerk reflex when tapped?
patellar ligament
synarthrotic joints
permit essentially no movement
cruciate ligaments of the knee
prevent hyperextension of the knee
articular cartilage found at the ends of the long bones serves to
provide a smooth surface at the ends of synovial joints
Item 21 The type of joint between the carpal (trapezium) and the first metacarpal is a ________ joint. hinge saddle condylar plane
saddle
Synovial joints are classified into six main categories based on __________.
shape of articular surfaces
Which joint has sacrificed stability to provide great freedom of movement?
shoulder
Fiberous Joints (synarthrosis)
suture syndesmosis
not apart of synovial joint
tendon sheath
Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to joint stability?
the amount of synovial fluid in the joint cavity
What factor would account for a strong synovial joint?
the deepest articular surface
an individual with a "double-jointed" thumb can pull it back towards the wrist much farther than normal. what does it mean to be "double-jointed?"
the joint capsules and ligaments are more stretchy and loose than normal
the gliding motion of the wrist is accomplished because of
the plane joint
ball-and-socket joint is a multiaxial joint
true
bending of the tip of the finger exhibits flexion
true
bending of the tip of the finger exhibits flexion.
true
flexion of the ankle so that the superior aspect of the foot approaches the shin is called dorisflexion
true
flexion of the ankle so that the superior aspect of the foot approaches the shin is called dorsiflexion
true
moving a limb so that it describes a cone is space is called circumduction
true
persistalsis is a characteristics of smooth muscle
true
supination is the movement of the forearm in which of the hand is turned anteriorly or superiorly
true
synovial fluid contains phagocytic cells that protect the cavity form invasion my microbes or other debris.
true
synovial fluid contains phagocytic cells that protect the cavity from invasion by microbes or other debris
true
the structural classification of joints is based on the composition of the binding material and the presence or absence of a joint cavity
true
movement allowed in a pivot joint is known as
uniaxial rotation
which joint does NOT belong with the others?
wrist
Sutures
"seams" and only occur between bones of the skull. Very short CT.
Which of these terms best categorizes the joints in the figure? >cartilaginous joints >fibrous joints >synovial joints
>cartilaginous joints. All of these joints are composed primarily of cartilage (hyaline and/or fibrocartilage).
Which of the following terms describes the range of movement of the illustrated joint? >synarthrotic >synovial >amphiarthrotic >diarthrotic
>diarthrotic.Synovial joints are considered to be freely movable and are therefore described as diarthrotic.
Which type of movement does NOT occur at the shoulder joint? >gliding >rotation >abduction >extension
>gliding. Gliding occurs when two bones slide across one another, such as in the intercarpal joints.
Which of the following is a hinge joint? >A >B >E >F
>F (joint past the knuckle)
Synchondroses
A bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones at this junction. Most of these are not movable. (epiphyseal plates on the long bone of young children)
Gliding movements
Simplest joint movements - when one flat bone surface glides or slips over another back and forth or side to side without appreciable angulation or rotation. (ie. intercarpal joints)
Despite having an actual articulation with the humerus, the hinge-like action at the elbow is NOT dependent on the radius.
True
Insertion
Where a muscle is attached to a movable bone.
Origin
Where a muscle is attached to the immovable (or less movable) bone.
The ligaments that protect the alignment of the femoral and tibial condyles and limit the movement of the femur anteriorly and posteriorly are called ________. A) cruciate ligaments B) patellar ligaments C) anterior ligaments D) tibial collateral ligaments
a
Structures C and D collectively form which of the following?
articular capsule
Extracapsular ligaments stabilizing the knee include ________. A) the patellar ligament extending from femur to patella B) lateral and medial collateral ligaments preventing lateral or medial angular movements C) cruciate ligaments, which help secure the articulating bones together D) the oblique popliteal crossing the knee anteriorly
b
In the classification of joints, which of the following is true? A) Immovable joints are called amphiarthroses. B) All synovial joints are freely movable. C) Synarthrotic joints are slightly movable. D) In cartilaginous joints, a joint cavity is present.
b
Articular cartilage found at the ends of the long bones serves to ________. A) attach tendons B) produce red blood cells (hemopoiesis) C) provide a smooth surface at the ends of synovial joints D) form the synovial membrane
c
Menisci refer to ________. A) cavities lined with cartilage B) small sacs containing synovial fluid C) semilunar cartilage pads D) tendon sheaths
c
A joint held together by fibrocartilage would be classified as a __________ joint
cartilaginous
bursae
connective tissue sacs lined with synovial membranes that act as cushions in places where friction develops
Football players often sustain lateral blows to the extended knee. Which of the ligaments is/are damaged as a result? A) oblique popliteal and extracapsular ligament B) suprapatellar C) arcuate popliteal and the posterior cruciate D) medial collateral, medial meniscus, and anterior cruciate
d
Saddle joints have concave and convex surfaces. Name the two bones of the hand that articulate to form a saddle joint. A) The scaphoid of the index finger and the triquetral of the middle finger. B) The trapezium of the ring finger and the capitate of the fourth finger. C) The scaphoid of the middle finger and lunate of the index finger. D) The trapezium of the carpal bone and the thumbʹs metacarpal.
d
symphyses are synarthtroctic joints designed for strength with flexibility
false
the ligamentum teres represents a very important stabilizing ligament for the hip joint
false
the only movement allowed between the first two cervical vertebrae is flexion.
false
the wrist joint can exhibit adduction and eversion movements.
false
What joint's actions may take place at the elbow from its current position? >extension only >flex and pronate >circumduct and pronate >pronate only
flex and pronate (anatomical position). The elbow may flex or pronate from its current anatomical position.
Which movement decreases the angle between articulating bones?
flexion
Which type of movement does NOT occur at the shoulder joint?
gliding
presence of a synovial cavity, articular cartilage, synovial membrane, and ligaments are characteristics of what type of joint
hinge joint
multiaxial joints of the body include
hip and shoulder
Which type of movement is unique to the forearm?
pronation
compared to the shoulder, displacements of the hip joints are
rare because of the ligament reinforcement
which of the following is NOT strictly a part of a synovial joint?
tendon sheath
synovial fluid is a viscous material that is derived by filtration from blood
true
synovial fluid is a viscous material that is derived by filtration from blood.
true
the articular surfaces of synovial joints play a minimal role in joint stability
true
the major role of ligaments at synovial joints is to unite bones undesirable movement.
true
what are menisci (articular discs)?
wedges of fibrocartilage that partically or completely divide the synovial cavity
Item 22 Which joint does NOT belong with the others? ankle wrist interphalangeal (toes) elbow
wrist
Which of the following refers to a joint that is slightly movable? >synarthrosis >diarthrosis >synovial >amphiarthrosis
>amphiarthrosis
Which type of movement is unique to the forearm? >adduction >extension >opposition >pronation
>pronation. Supination and pronation are unique to the forearm because of the arrangement of the radius and ulna. This allows rotation of our hand in space.
Which of the following are correctly paired? >suture; bones connected exclusively by ligaments >synchondrosis; a plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones >syndesmosis; bony edges interlock >gomphosis; articulating bones are separated by a fluid- containing cavity
>synchondrosis; a plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones. A synchondrosis is a plate of hyaline cartilage that unites the bones. Epiphyseal plates are examples of synchondroses.
Using the structural classification, what type of joint is a suture? >cartilaginous joint >amphiarthrotic joint >synarthrotic joint >fibrous joint
>Fibrous Joint. Sutures are fibrous, synarthrotic joints.
Synovial joints are classified into six main categories based on __________. >size >shape of articular surfaces >type of synovial fluid >location
>Shape of articular surfaces. Based on the shape of their articular surfaces, which in turn determines the movements allowed, synovial joints can be classified into six major categories: plane, hinge, pivot, condylar (or ellipsoid), saddle, and ball-and-socket joints.
Which of the following is NOT an example of a fibrous joint? >a symphysis >a suture >a syndesmosis >a gomphosis
>a symphysis. A symphysis is a cartilaginous joint, not a fibrous joint.
Item 53 Synovial fluid is a viscous material that is derived by filtration from blood. True False
True p. 254: "synovial fluid... is derived largely by filtration from blood flowing through the capillaries in the synovial membrane"