Jour 1210 Exam #2 Chapters 7-11
The Future of Movies: Two Views
"... a losing wicket"—Ridley Scott "... something big about to happen"—Mark Cousins
Television always under fire
"There's nothing on it worthwhile." -Philo T. Farnsworth, TV inventor TV is a "vast wasteland" -Newton, Minnow, FCC chairman, 1961
David Sarnoff
15 year old Russian immigrant who need to help his family -Worked for the Commercial Cable Company as a journalist -1915 Came up with the idea of the Radio Box Memo -"Radio could be more than a point-to-point medium, a one-on-one form of communication" -Invented radio as a social aspect
Network
A company that provides common programming to a large group of broadcast stations -Thus making a wider selection of programming available to smaller stations
Streaming Radio
Audio programing transmitted over the Internet -Pandora -Spotify -124 million people listen to an online radio station or other streaming audio service a monthly basis -Music Long Tail
Who developed the earliest portable movie cameras?
Auguste-Marie and Louis-Jean Lumiere
Actors and directors rebelled against the
controls placed on them by the studio system. -they had to make the movie the studios told them to make -they joined forces to create their own company, The United Artists -a model for the modern film studio -indie films
United Fruit Company
created Tropical Radio and Telegraph Co., hence why they were in the RCA monopoly
Steven Spielberg
credited with creating the blockbuster era -1975 "Jaws" -1st movie to gross more than $200 million -acompanied by a giant advertising campaign that began 3 days before the movie's release -set the stage for big summer movies
TV Rates
determined bu how many people are viewing a show at a given time
Advertising messages designed to get consumers to go to a particular place to do something specific, such as purchasing a product, obtaining a service, or engaging in a behavior are called what?
direct action message
Growth of Advertising in newspapers
display ads become more common in late 19th centuries, such as in Ladies Home Journal, 1987.
Radio Act of 1927
established FRC -Stations must act in public interest
Traditional Radio is..
facing stiff competition.
Edwin S. Porter
Expanded on Melies ideas to create one of the 1st hit movies in the US -Made movies for Edison -1903 film The Great Train Robbery -helped establish stories could be told through film
Which of the following is the federal agency charged with regulating telecommunications, including radio and television broadcasting?
FCC
War on Terror
Fahrenheit 9/11 Dear John United 93, World Trade Center The Hurt Locker Jarhead Home of the Brave Stop-Loss Act of Valor Flags of Our Fathers Zero Dark Thirty Letters from Iwo Jima Lone Survivor The Kingdom American Sniper An American Carol Syriana The Dark Knight
Shock Jocks
Radio representatives, such as Howard Stern, who attract listeners by making outrageous and offensive comments on the air -Opie & Anthony
Satelight Radio
Radio service provided by digital signal broadcast from a communication satellite -Supported by subscribers -Covers a wider area than terrestrial radio and offers programming that is different from corporate-owned terrestrial stations -Costly and doesn't provide local coverage, such as traffic and weather reports -Sirius & XM (SiriusXM) -Suscription radio -Ended 2013 with 24 million subscribers
Legacy of fear..
fear that the movies and other media could have undesirable effects in unsuspecting audience members -led to research and controls on the movie industry
On a Web site, cookies are which of the following?
files used to identify and track visitors at a Web sites
Growth of Advertising in radio
first ad was like an infomercial, 1922. Industry gradually developed advertising techniques, by 1931, more ad revenue than
Industrialization
going from work done by hand in small shops to mass production of goods in factories. beginning of consumer culture.
Criticism on advertising
increases cost of products, persuades people to buy what they don't need, limits entry into market, debases culture, controls media content.
The long tail in the movie industry
is going to have a bigger and bigger effect years to come -iTunes movies are $1.99 -Netflix
Wireless develops gradually..
1860s Henry Ward and Mahlon Loomis, USA -aerial telegraphic tower 1887, Heinrich Hertz, Germany -created a radio transmitter 1890s, Nathan Stubblefield, USA -broadcast speech and music around Murray, Ky. 1890s, Guglielmo Marconi, Italy -wireless telegraph 1906, Reginald Aubrey Fessenden, Canada -started to send voice signals over a radio in his lab 1907, Lee De Forest, USA -radio tube
CNN "Cable News Network"
24 hours news channel -"Chicken Noodle Network" paid employees poorly & ran amateurishly -but provided breaking news -"Window on the world"
What's a good example of ads in pop culture?
The Geico caveman. It was created in 2004 to drive traffic to the website, USP - simplicity. it developed memorable characters with a story arc. It had a sitcom, superbowl appearances, vlog, and website (cavemanscrib.com). Co-winner of the top icon in 2008 (with Selta Sheep)
Number of Radios in U.S
600,000 1923 14 million in 1930 44 million in 1945
According to your textbook, what percentage of advertising dollars is spent on Internet advertising?
7%
What is significant about the Absolut vodka company?
They were the first company to employ targeted advertising, specifically to gay publications like Out and Advocate.
45-rpm Disk
This record format was developed in the late 1940s by RCA. -It had high-quality sound but only held about 2 min of music per side. -It was the ideal format for marketing popular hit songs to teenagers, though.
Developed the American motion picture industry
Thomas Edison
What is the internet?
Thousands of interlinked diverse networks that has the appearance of one single, uniform network. No one owns it. It's a different type of mass medium because it's interpersonal communication, group communication, and mass comm. It's shaped by it's users.
According to Tim Berners-Lee, which of the following is a principle upon which the Web is based?
Users should be able to link to any document at anywhere in the world
Home Video (VCRs)
VCRs started becoming an important source for movies in the 1980s -in 1994 over 85% of all US homes had one - but by 2005 DVDs and Blue-ray replaced VCRs -as of 2006 81% of households have one
Smoking Smarties
Video of a kid smoking smarties degraded the smarties brand. Videos live in the interweb forever, the video was made in 2007 but went viral in 2009. Ce De Candy had a good wrap and Smarties were about 60 years old, difficult to combat neg. publicity.
Everybody has a radio..
Virtually 100% reach -2.2 radios per person in the industrialized world -Worldwide, 4 billion radios in 1.43 billion households
Frank Conrad
Westinghouse engineer who, with the support of Sarnoff, broadcasted music on Sunday afternoons in the 1920's. -Pittsburgh KDKA (1st commercial radio station)
Will H. Hays
When the studios were facing accusations of immorality, they looked him to improve their image -named president of the Motion Picture Producers & Distributers of America -developed the production code
FCC tries to get into newsrooms, 2014
Would send people to "observe" -Plan shelved after public complaints
Greenfield: TV is "unifying bond"
Yes -We all watch TV -We get much of our information from TV -Culture and News -We are used to the formats -Situation comedies -Talk shows -Reality No -We watch different shows -Satellite, Cable and technology are fragmenting the audience -You can even create your own content -"Mommy Blogs" replace Today
Pop Contemporary Hits format radio..
is what used to be known as Top 40 -Range of current hits -1/2 audience is older than 25 -8.2% of radio audience
Why is Google making us stupid?
it can be an addiction, video games, infomania, nomophobia, phantom phone vibration syndrome. removes inhibitions - SEXTING. promotes "slacktivism". cyberbullying. hurts traditional communication. reduces original research.
Because "new media is always scary" especially within music..
it has led to: -Product liability trials -Congressional hearings -Movements to label and/or ban certain albums for objectionable content
What did FCC Chairman Newton Minow say about television?
it is a vast wasteland
Before big summer movies..
it was believed that a movie had to be released during the Christmas season to be a major success
Merits of advertising
makes products available, lowers prices, meets consumers needs, promotes culture, gives power to consumer.
Invention of the record...
meant that recordings of professional musicians became the standard way to listen to music
Why is Google making us smarter?
more research. more revenue streams for meida. more fun. more power for audience. more communication. more reading.
Avatar is the..
most commercially successful movie in history
What was the original medium for advertisements?
newspapers
Alfred Hitchcock's "Dial M for Murder"
only serious 3D movie
Paul Baran's idea of cutting messages into small pieces and sending them on the easiest route was known as which of the following?
packet switching
In the 1950s..
people began turning to TV rather than movies for routine entertainment -movement of families to the suburbs -both professional and college sports -decline of movie audiences -by 1953 ticket sales had dropped by almost half, to 46 million a week
The best-known way to make money in the movies is to...
produce a big-budget blockbuster with big stars and a big-name director -have a giant domestic and international box office -sell lots of licensed products -sell millions of DVDs
Television displaced..
radion and transformed it into a companion medium -People listened to in the background rather than something that dominated their attention -in the late 1940s & early 1950s
Consumer financed media
rare in the US (even books, movies, video games have some ads), higher (direct) cost for consumer, in general an elite smaller audience.
In 1946 movie audiences..
reached their peak -80 million tickets were sold every week
Broadcast tv is based on
the idea that programing should be available to all viewers -should be paid for through advertising
Philo T. Farnsworth
the man who invented electronic tv when he was 14 -by the age of 21 he had developed an all electric system for transmitting an image using radio waves successfully in 1927 -a line -RCA had to pay royalties to him -bitter about his invention -"There's nothing it worth while.."
The movie industry is a..
tough business. -Only about 2 of 10 make money -Promotion is crucial -Oscars are more PR than awards -Ancillary rights -Videos and DVDs -Network and Pay TV -Airline, base, campus rights -Soundtrack albums -Books -Toys -Product Placement
Music sets a mood rather than...
transmit a specific message.
Early Advertising
travel brochures brought settlers, exaggerated claims made about American environment. First newspaper ads were short notices, most revenue came from subscriptions. Penny press made it easier to advertise.
The networks started to experience color
tv as early as 1954 -but by 1959 there were only 3 shows in color -wasn't till 1965 that all 3 of the original tv networks were broadcasting in color -color tv was expensive
1st significant broadcast
using all-electronic systems occurred in 1939 when NBC started sending out TV broadcasts from New York -World War 2 stopped the manufacture of tv sets in 1942 and most stations went of the air -went back on market in 1946 RCA had them back on market
government supported media
very rare in the US, not dependent on the market, danger of government control of news.
61% of people have
video on demand -made DVRs decline
in 2009 analog tv broadcasts
were shut off
Director Kerry Conran
wrote his 1st software to create computer-generated backgrounds that would meld with live-action footage of the actors before a blue screen -made the only real thing actors -he believed his technology would allow filmmakers more freedom to pursue their visions
Movies appeal most strongly to..
young adults, who are perceived vulnerable to media influences
Adults often read metaphorical meanings into a song while...
young people see only the literal meaning of the lyrics.
PeopleMeter
An electronic box used by the ratings company Nielsen Media Research to record which tv shows people watch
How does advertising appeal to peoples needs?
- attention grabbing (True Blood) - need for guidance (Dos Equis) - need for attention (Cooper Mini)
How Advertising Works
- repetition - a specific style: plain talk and tall talk, image vs. reason why - ubiquity (it's everywhere) - attention grabbing - appeal to customers needs (ex: sex, success, attention, safety, guidance).
Movie Eras
-1900s silent-film -1930s & 40s studio era -1970s to now blockbuster
Movies v. Television
-1950s Television boom -4000 theaters closed -Wide-Screen and 3-D Movies -Technological superiority -More graphic content -Sex and violence increased -Blockbusters -The Sound of Music -Jaws
% of cable service
-50% of American households subscribed to cable service -2010 65%
Popular Radio Formats in 2012
-Country 14% -News/talk 11.4% -Pop 8.2% -AC 8.1%
Samuel Morse
-Invented the telegraph
Digital Audiences 2014
-Listen to AM/FM radio in car 86% -Podcast 30% -Pandora 31% -Smartphone 61%
TV got its start with 3 networks that dominated the radio industry in the 1940s
-NBC -CBS -ABC
Many movies are based on tired premises
-Old TV shows -Sequels -Cartoons -Broad, crude comedy -Home TV screens are becoming more like a theater experience
Reasons for lack of growth in movie box office attendance
-Poor Movies -Over hyped advertising -Price (including popcorn, babysitter for those with kids) -Commercials -Rude people -Technology
New Digital Technology and Movies
-Production -3D films + ticket sales -Developments in camera technology -Distribution -Satellite technology -Projectors -Indie films -VOD and Netflix -Exhibition -Grandiose experience mimicking the 1940s -Stadium seating -Modern luxury -Dine-in experience -Drive-ins -Home theater
Mirroring Culture: War Movies
-World War II -They Died with Their Boots On, 1941 -Korea -The Bridges at Toko-Ri, 1954 -Vietnam -During war -MASH, 1970 -Immediate post-war -The Deer Hunter; Coming Home, 1978 -1980s -Missing in Action, 1984 -Rambo, 1985 -Platoon, 1986
TV has in effect become 2 media:
1. broadcast 2. cable/satellite
DVRs
2013 were in 47% of households
% of drivers who said they use their phones to stream music in their cars
11
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
The Federal agency charged with regulating telecommunications, including radio and TV broadcasting
The Golden Age of Movies
1920s-1950s -Movies demonstrate influence -It Happened One Night—1934 -The peak—1939 -MGM makes classics that reflect era -The Wizard of Oz -Critics call one of best films in history -Gone with the Wind -Top grossing film of all time
Tv was developed in the
1930s -used to be free to viewers -could only watch the programs offered by the major networks -at only at the times when those programs were being broadcast
Movie attendance peaked in the
1940s
Movie attendance peaked in which year?
1946
The power of the major studios wasn't really dismantled until...
1948 when the US Supreme Court ruled that the studios must sell their theaters -led to the system the movie industry uses today -studios primarily finance and distribute films produced by independent companies, rather than make movies themselves with their own staff
"I Love Lucy"
1951 sitcom that had the most and longest impact on the entertainment industry -had 2 problems 1. they had to convince CBS to play her husband Ball because he was Hispanic 2. most tv shows at the time were being broadcast live from New York studios, they wanted to stay in California -solution was to film the show before a studio audience -edit the program like a movie -and ship it to New York to be broadcast
VCR ownership peaked in
1999, with nearly 89% of households owning a VCR -by 2006 it fell 10 points -they were replaced by DVDs 79%
"The Moon is Blue"
1st major American movie to be released without code approval
Amos 'n' Andy
1st nationally broadcast daily drama in 1926 in Chicago -Witten by Morrell & Gosden
Jules Marey
1st person in the 1870-80s to work on portraying and capturing motion -Trained in medicine -sought out to measure and transcribe motion -starting with blood and the heart then to how animals move -Never projected moving pictures -but did help develop systems of taking repeated photos of people and animals in motion
Home Box Office (HBO)
1st service to make the leap from merely providing access to providing programming -in 1975 it requested permission from the FCC to start sending out its programing nationwide by satellite
The Jazz Singer & Don Juan
1st talking films released in 1926 & 1927
TV dominates leisure time
2.8 hours per day -2nd place: Socializing, 43 minutes a day -1/3 of population watching TV at any given time -50 percent in winter -TV viewing including all platforms is up -Live watching down slightly, time-shifting up 15%
Eadweard Muybridge
2nd major motion influence, British photographer who wanted to capture the motion of animals on film -Established that all 4 of a horse's hooves do leave the ground when galloping by seeing up 24 cameras -Photographed both animals and people on a black & white grid -Animal Locomotion
Number of Stations in U.S.
30 in 1921 600 in 1923 1,400 in 1925
Growth of Radio Stations in US
30 stations in 1921 600 in 1923 1,400 in 1925 600,000 in 1923 14 mil in 1930 44 mil in 1945
People find new music on the radio
35% radio 21% family and friends 10% YouTube 9% Pandora 4% each Facebook, music TV and Sirius 3% iTunes 10% other sources
Nielsen Media Research says the average American spends ____ hours a day watching television.
4
Movie attendance peaked in 1946
4 billion
Sweeps
4 times during the year that Nielsen Media Research measures the size of an individual tv station audiences
Radio audience is everywhere
44% of audience is in car 29% of audience is at home 15% of audience is at work 12% of audience is at other locations
Format Radio
A style of radio programming designed to appeal to a narrow, specific audience. -Popular formats are: -Country -Contemporary hits -All talk -All sports -Oldies
High Fidelity (hi-fi)
A combinations of technologies that allowed recordings to reproduce music more accurately, with higher high notes and deeper bass, than was possible with previous technologies -1935 -Electric Phonograph (amplifier and loudspeakers) -Replaced all-mechanical gramophone -1949 -Magnetic Tape Recorders -Musicians no longer had to record directly onto discs
Race Records
A term used by the recording industry prior to 1949 to refer to recordings by popular black artists. -Replaced by R&B, soul, and urban contemporary
Television Network
A company that provides programs to local stations around the country -the local affiliate stations choose which programs to carry -FCC requires a license, equipment, and local staff -makes its money from the national commercials during the show -individual station can make more money by showing a local event -pays for the program, keeps ads revenue -must please the network owner
House Un-American Activities Committee
A congressional committee chaired by Parnell Thomas that held hearings on the influence of communism on Hollywood in 1947. -These activities mirrored a wider effort to root out suspected communists in all walks of American life. -The Black List
Hip-Hop
A cultural movement that originated in the 1970s and 1980s that features 4 main elements: 1. MCing, or rapping over music 2. DJing, or playing recorded music from multiple sources 3. B-boying, a style of dancing 4. Graffiti art -Started when DJs began name-checking where they're from
CDs
A digital recording medium that came into common use in the early 1980s. -CDs can hold approximately 70 min of digital recorded music. -Started by Philips Electronics physicist Klaas Compaan
Studio system
A factory-like way of producing films that involved having all of the talent, including the actors and directors, working directly for the movie studios. -The studios also had almost total control of the distribution system
The Hollywood Ten
A group of 10 writers and directors who refused to testify before the House Un-American Activities Committee about their political activities. -challenged the constitutionality of the hearings -jailed for connect of Congress, and the movie industry instituted a blacklist that banned anyone from working in Hollywood who was a known communist, a suspected communist, or a communist sympathizer -They were among the 1st people in Hollywood to be blacklisted
Multiplex
A group of movie theaters with anywhere from 3 to 20 screens that share a common box office and concession stand. -Largely a suburban phenomenon at first, they replaced the old urban Art Deco movie palaces. -The number of screens declined in 2000 & 2001 to around 25,000 but has grown to 39,000
Blacklist
A group of people banned from working in the movie industry in the late 1940s and 1950s because they were suspected of being communists or communist sympathizers. -Some of them, such as a few screenwriters, were able to work under assumed names, but others never worked again in the industry.
Videocassete recorder (VCR)
A home videotape machine that allows viewers to make permanent copies of tv shows -1970s choose when they want to watch the programs -1985 2/10 had one -1991 7/10
Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS)
A low-earth-orbit satellite that provides tv programing via a small, pizza-sized satellite antenna -DBS is a competitor to cable -2011 29% of US households have satellite tv
Gramophone
A machine that could play prerecorded sound on flat discs rather than cylinders -1888 - Invented by *Emile Berliner*
Digital Recording
A method of recording sound -Ex. used to create CDs -Involves storing music in a computer-readable format known as binary information
Talkie
A movie with synchronized sound -these quickly replaced silent films -singing as much as talking -could have been the slang center in the US
Girl Groups
A musical group composed of several women singers who harmonized together. -Groups such as the Shirelles and the Ronettes featuring female harmonies and high production values, were especially popular in the late 1950s and early 1960s.
Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)
A non-profit broadcast network that provides a wide range of public service and educational programs -funded by government appropriations, private industry underwriting and viewer support
Golden Age of Radio
A period from the late 1920's until the 1940's during which radio was the dominant medium for home entertainment -Live music -Dramas -Action Programs
Blockbuster Era
A period from the late 1970s to now in which movie studios make relatively expensive movies that have a large predefined audience. -These movies, usually full of special effects are packaged with cable deals and marketing tie-ins, and they can be extremely lucrative if they're able to attract large repeat audience -McDonalds Happy Meal Toys
War of the Worlds
A radio broadcast that proved how powerful radio was, people listening thought aliens were really attacking the world.
Long-Playing Record
A record format introduced by Columbia Records in 1948 -The more durable LP could reproduce 23 min of high-quality music on each of 2 sides and was a technological improvement over the 78-rpm.
"Tithe"
A specified percentage, of revenues from sales of radios by all manufactures
Rock 'n' Roll
A style of music popularized on radio that combined elements of white hillbilly music and black rhythm and blues in the 1940's -World war 2 spurred the development of the genre as a cross-cultural phenomenon because blacks and whites mixed socially during the war more often than they had before because the Armed Forces Radio played a range of white and black music styles
Terrestrial Radio
AM and FM broadcast radio stations -93% of Americans from age 12 or older listen every week
Radio started with..
AM broadcasting as the primary medium for news and entertainment
"You could use some baseball"
Advertising pitch for the Rangers. The team hadn't been to playoffs since 1991, Rangers targeted affluent dallas residents in 2007, the residents problem was time not money so the pitch was for fans to reduce their stress.
Telecommunications Act 1996
Although most of the law dealt with the cable TV and telephone industries, the law lifted the restrictions on overall broadcast ownership -A single company could own unlimited numbers of radio stations -Less diverse -The number of radio stations went up but the number of owners fell
Concept Album
An album by a solo artist or group that contains related songs on a common theme or even a story, rather than a collection of unrelated hits or covers. -Beatles Sgt. Pepper Album
Podcast
An audio program produced as an MP3 compressed music file that can be listened to online at the listener's convenience or downloaded to a computer or an MP3 player. -Podcasts sometimes contain video content as well -Music Long Tail
Community antenna television (CATV)
An early form of cable tv used to distribute broadcast channels in communities with poor tv reception -expensive $100-200 -in the 1970s cable was used to get good tv reception not additional programming
Kinetoscope
An early peep shoe-like move projection system developed by Thomas Edison that could be used only by an individual viewer -1893 Blacksmith Scene -Replaced by screen movies
Phonograph
An early sound-recording machine -The recorded material was played back on a cylinder -Changed the face of music in 1877 -Provided a revolutionary way to storing the actual music, not just music symbols -Invented by *Thomas Edison*
Analog Recording
An electromechanical method of recording in which a sound is translated into analogous electrical signals that are then applied to a recording medium. -Analog recording media included acetate or final discs and magnetic tape -Most popular broadcasting
What is the first (most crucial) component of advertising?
the client
Elvis Presley
Became the "king" of Rock 'n' Roll by combining elements of hillbilly and R&B music
Attendance (U.S. & Canada) between 2001-2013 flat
Between 1.38 billion and 1.57 billion -1.34 billion in 2013
Howard Stern
Biggest name on satellite radio -Moved to Sirius after fight with Viacom -FCC fined him $2.5 million -Thriving on sat. radio with no corporate or FCC censors - Thought that terrestrial radio was watered down, and he wanted to talk about things that couldn't be talked about
TV Huge Social Impact
Blamed for -Decline in literacy -Poor health -Rise in crime -Destruction of culture -Trivialization of politics Praised for -Reinforcing cultural norms -Window to the world -Sense of unity in time of crisis -Entertaining -Uplifting
Who developed TCP/IP, the original specification for the Internet's protocols?
Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf
Elvis Presley & Chuck Berry
Both played "Louisiana" in different states -Illustraits a key feature in the birth of rock 'n' roll: 2 previously segregated types of music were coming together and becoming a new musical form -one that teens couldn't get enough of
WEAF
Broadcasted in New York City, was the 1st station to sell airtime to advertisers
Streaming Movies
By 2012, more people were streaming movies over the Internet -Netflix -Hulu
Which of the following was one of the earliest rebellions against the controls of the studio system?
the establishment of United Artists
Significance of radio
Companion Medium (the original social medium) -Niche Medium -Multi-tasking Medium -Crisis Medium
1 of the earliest films to tell a story rather than a record of everyday life
Created by Georges Melies -1902 A Trip to the Moon
French brothers Auguste-Marie & Louis-Jean Lumiere
Created cinematography in 1894 -portable movie camera that can also be used as a projector -set the standards for the speed at which film would be shot and for the format of the film -in 1895 they opened their 1st theater showed short movies portraying everyday life in families, at factories, and on the streets
D. W. Griffith
Created epic films that captured the entire nation's imagination -the birth of the blockbuster - produced films that ran for an hour or more -created the 1st modern feature-length film -1915 The Birth of the Nation -story of the rise of the Ku Klux Klan -most expensive movie to date $110,000 -cost the audience more to see it
Ted Turner
Created modern cable tv & CNN -after his fathers suicide he inherited his company that was in financial trouble -wasn't content with running a large business -1970 he bought unknown Channel 17 in Atlanta, renamed WTGG -bought the Braves baseball team and Hawks franchise -this giving him the exclusive rights to their sports shows (games) -motivated people to find the channel to watch the games -turned local stations into national powerhouses -Cartoon Network -TNT -Fulfilled "Global Village"
William Paley
Created the La Palina Smoker to advertise his cigar company on the UIB network -Featured an orchestra, a singer, and a comedian -Increased cigar sales -Bought UIB and named it the Columbia Broadcasting System "CBS"
Guglielmo Marconi
Created the wireless telegraph -Based his work off of Hertz's -Also developed a system to send and receive radio signals from his attic to the Atlantic Ocean
Public Broadcasting Act, 1967
Creates Corporation for Public Broadcasting -Frequent debates over government role in TV -provide funds for a ride range of noncommercial programs, including public service and educational programs
RCA Radio Monopoly (Radio Corporation of America)
During World War 1, the Navy has taken control off all radio technology and wanted it keep it that way after the war. -Civilian Government Officials rejected the idea of all-government control -To prevent anarchy in the new medium, the navy created a monopoly to control radio development -Formed a conglomerate between 4 major companies: 1. General Electric (made radio transmitters) 2. AT&T (world leader in wired communication) 3. Westinghouse (owned many critical patents) 4. United Fruit Company (used radios to connect its boats to wanna plantations in S. Africa, had improved technology) -Founded NBC
NBC "National Broadcast Company"
Established by the RCA in 1926 -Believed that its mission was to develop programs for the benefit of its listeners -USA's 1st major broadcasting network -"Red" & "Blue" -"Blue" became ABC because RCA was forced to sell it
FCC 1934
Established separate agency for broadcast regulation
Nickelodeons
Early theaters -grew out of penny arcades -tickets cost 5 cents -by 1900 it was a popular form of entertainment
Radio adapts to digital age..
Emphasis on music, talk, niche audiences -Still a huge overall audience -Steady revenue -Traditional radio is flat (not a bad thing) -Digital is growing -New intense competition -But radio has distinct advantages ....
Radio Box Memo
Engineer Sarnoff and American Marconi's 1915 plan that outlined how radio could be used as a popular mass medium -Suggested major uses for radio as mass communication tool including news, music, and sports. -More receivers than transmitters
Emile Berliner
German immigrant who made the phonograph produce sound -1888 he developed a method for recording sound on flat disks, not cylinder -Created the gramophone -Discs could be produced easily -Also helped developed the idea of the recording industry -Viewed the gramophone as not just a business, but for entertainment
Heinrich Hertz
German physicist who created a radio transmitter
Which of the following was the movie that sold the most tickets of all time?
Gone With The Wind
BBC "British Broadcasting Corporation"
Has been broadcasting news and culture worldwide on a shortwave radio band since the 1920's as a public service -During World war 2 it was the international voice of opposition to the Nazis, broadcasting in more than 40 languages -Now relies on webcasting, FM stations, and satellite services to reach the world
Chuck Berry
His music played on Rock 'n' Roll stations in the 1950-1960s -Appealed to African American and white listeners alike
Wireless Telegraph
In 1894, Guglielmo Marconi's name for his point-to-point communication tool that used radio waves to transit messages
Reginald Fessenden
In 1901 this physicist started to send voice signals over a radio in his lab -1905 he broadcasted poetry and Christmas carols -Because his voice could be received by the same equipment as Morse Code, wireless operators were able to hear him up and down the Atlantic Coast
National Board of Censorship
In 1909 theater owners formed this board to establish a national standard for movies -idea was that the board would ban offensive films, with the implication that approved films were suitable to be shown -Prostitution -Childbirth -Masturbation -Drug use -censorship was necessary -to protect theaters -question was whether the censor should be controlled by the industry or by the government
"All The President's Men"
In All The President's Men, the main characters Carl and Bob contributed the downfall of Richard Nixon. -Watergate Scandal -1st Amendment, Freedom of Press, and Future of our country
Akio Morita's "Personal Soundtrack"
Invented the Sony Walkman in 1979 -In a form of a tape player of FM radio -Only way to take music outside -Attributed to the "personal media" trend
Thomas Edison
Invented the phonograph
Why has the internet made self-control crucial?
It offers a cornucopia of distractions, affluence allows us to get whatever we want, relative privacy of internet removes social stigma, many actions no longer widely considered moral problems.
How did radio become a powerful force?
It was a new kind of national experience; cultural and political force; sponsored programming of comedy, music, serials, drama, and news.
Radio Act of 1912
Limited frequencies
Deregulation in 1996
More ownership by groups, format radio dominated, more "cookie-cutter" music, less vital community news. (For instance, North Dakota had railroad fumes and ammonia, radio didn't broadcast warning over clear channel but just kept playing music and got in trouble.)
Motown
Most important record label that brought R&B to the masses -founded by Berry Gordy Jr. -Most successful black-owned businesses -Took black music and sensibilities and made them more important for the public at large -No longer published songs by black artists for white artists to cover -African artists themselves turned out the hits "Everything from the margin moves to the center"
Ancillary, or secondary, markets
Movie revenue sources other then the domestic box office. -these include foreign box office, video rights, and tv rights, as well as tie-ins and product placements
"Our national family album"
Movies are a unique medium -Re-create our past -Reflect our current interests -Create strong emotional experience -Inspire us -Bigger than TV -Bigger than Internet
Non-Noted Music
Music such as a folk song or jazz solo that doesn't exist in written form
Social Music
Music that people play and sing for one another in the home or other social settings. -In the absence of radio, recordings, and, later, TV, this was the means of hearing music most readily available to the largest number of people.
KDKA Pittsburgh, 1920
Nation's first commercial radio station -1 hour each night
Radio Becomes Powerful Force..
New kind of national experience -Cultural, political force -Sponsored programming -Comedy -Music -Serials -Drama -News -Formats migrated to television later
Who exemplifies new media economics?
OK Go - their youtube video promoted their band. The views were their advertising, and the views led to concert attendance, downloads, cd sales, etc. They broke with record label over video usage & lack of promotion through them.
What is not advertising?
PR is not advertising, but "controlled communication"...but PR campaigns sometimes use advertising. Marketing is not advertising, but the planning of a mix of activities.
What is advertising?
Paid communication, non-personal presentation, promotion of organization/product or service, identified sponsor, controlled communication.
HD radio
Provides listeners with CD-quality sound and the choice of multiple channels or programming, but its not yet commonly available in mass-market outlets or as a standard equipment in cars
What terms describes the measure of consumer psychology as it relates to lifestyle, relationship to a product, and personality traits?
Psychographics
Which of the following created the Public Broadcasting System?
Public Broadcasting Act of 1967
1967 Public Broadcasting Act
Public radio was authorized -Designed primarily to create educational TV The Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 set up public broadcasting in the United States, establishing the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) and, eventually, the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), and National Public Radio (NPR).
Which federal act resulted in the establishment of the Federal Radio Commission?
Radio Act of 1927
CBS "Columbia Broadcasting System"
Realized its clients were the advertisers who sponsored the programs -Programs were designed and produced specifically to attract the kind of audience a particular advertiser was looking for -The "product" was the audience its programs attracted -President was *William Paley*
Wynonie Harris
Recorded "Good Rockin' Tonight" -1st Rock 'n' Roll song? -Covered by Elvis
Block booking
Requiring theater owner to take a whole series of movies in order to get a few desirable, headliner films. -This system was eventually found to violate antitrust laws
What is critical for advertising?
Research - demographics, geographics, psychographics.
Digital Production and Projection
Revolution that started with desktop publishing -enabled people to produce books, newspapers, and magazines on their computers and laser printers -begun transforming the production of movies -"Star Wars" -Director Lucas used a computerized camera to shoot the space battle scenes
Fox Network
Rupert Murdoch started the broadcast network after buying 20th Century Fox and incorporating it into his global media empire -put the it on air in 1986 by buying stations in 6 of the top 10 tv markets -attracted independent stations because it was offering them free programing rather than making them rely on network ruins -The Simpsons -Stole NFL Football from Big 3
Reason for radio optimism..
Scale -Thousands of stations Live and local -Personal connection to community Mobile -Radio pioneered this technology -Americans spend 70% of waking hours outside of home "Radio is the center of the mobile consumer," Bob Pittman, Clear Channel CEO. -Tablets, phones are gateway to radio
Soap Operas
Serialized daytime dramas targeted primarily at women -Got the name from the commercials for soap and cleaning products that ran during the shows -1st program that was targeted at women (key audience for advertisers)
MP3
Short for Moving Picture Experts Group audio layer 3 -A standard for compressing music form CDs or other digital recordings into computer files that can be easily exchanged on the internet.
Covers
Songs recorded (or covered) by someone other than the original artist. -In the 1950s, it was common for white musicians to cover songs originally played by black artists, but now commonly cover all genres of music.
What are telenovelas?
Spanish-language television soap operas
Dewey Phillips & Alan Freed
Started a show on WHBQ in Memphis called Red, Hot & Blue -Played R&B records & rock 'n' roll
Synergy (Media Convergence)
Synergy (Media Convergence) making better products. Reverse synergy - making things worse.
Movie competition consist of
TV & home video
Which of the following was the major effect of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 on radio?
That today more than 50 percent of the radio stations are owned by major media corporations.
British Invasion
The British take on classic American rock 'n' roll, blues, and R&B transformed rock 'n' roll and became internationally popular in the 1960s with groups such as the Beatles and, later, the Rolling Stones and the Who.
Which of the following is an argument against the "unifying bond" theory describing TV culture?
The audiences are fragmented due to differences in accessibility and technology
Big Four Networks
The broadcast landscape we know today -Big 3 networks plus Fox
Telegraph
The first system for using wires to send messages at a distance -Allowed messages to be sent electronically, so that they didn't have to be carried from place to place -No limits on communication by transportation -Invented by *Samuel Morse* in 1844
Rap Music
The genre arose out of the hip-hope culture in New York City in 1970s & 1980s. -It emerged from clubs where DJs played and remixed different records and sounds and then smoked (or rapped) over the top.
Production Code
The industry-imposeed rules that controlled the content of movies from the 1930s until the current movie ratings system came into us in 1968 -purpose way stop convince people that Hollywood was doing something about the morality in the movies -developed by Will H. Hays
"The Don'ts and Be Carefuls"
The motion picture industry formalized its morality rules with this set of guidelines passed in 1927
Disco
The name of the heavily produced techno club dance music of the 1970s, which grew out of the urban gay subculture, with significant black and Latino influences. -In many ways, disco defined the look and feel of the 1970s pup culture, fashion, and film -Primarily means of getting people to dance -Led to the movement of splitting pop music into a range of genres
American Society of Composers, Authors and Publisher (ASCAP)
The original organization that collected royalties on musical recordings, performances, publications, and airplay.
Big Three Networks
The original television broadcast networks: -NBC -CBS -ABC
Producers
The person who puts together the right mis of songs, songwriters, technicians, and performers to create an album -Some observers argue that the producer is the key catalyst for a hit album
How music sellers got over the digital music problem
They learned that they could earn revenue from licensing the music to the radio stations and from promoting their records by having them played on the radio
Which of the following tends to be true of user-written encyclopedias such as Wikipedia?
They tend to have articles on a wide range of topics.
The blacklist of the 1940s and 1950s was driven by which of the following?
a fear of communism
Orange Is The New Black is..
a landmark achievement in TV industry -Netflix -Diversity of cast -Success
Talk radio is..
a major source of political info for 44% of Americans -Largely conservative
Although a blockbuster movie can be enormously profitable...
a relatively low percentage (20-30%) of movies actually make money -it depends on how much the movie cost to produce and promote
Standard digital television
a standard for digital broadcasting that allows 6 channels to fit in the broadcast frequency space occupied by a single analog signal
HGTV
a standard for high-quality digital broadcasting that features a high-resolution picture, wide-screen format, and enhanced sound
Clear Channel Radio
all media undergoing consolidation, does not control local content, does not dominate industry, does not provide local news, does use local talent, promotes new artists
The movie business is facing..
an uncertain future. -2005 the box office was down by 6% -due to the increasing popularity of TV in the 1940s-50s -fighting back by -building up their big-release summer movies as major brands -using the Internet to promote their products -finding new ways to distribute small movies to a dispersed audience
Up to 38% of Americans listen to
audio on digital devices every week.
FM broadcasting..
became popular in the 1970s -brought stereo and high fidelity to broadcasting
The statement that radio became a companion medium, means which of the following?
became the medium listened to while doing something else.
The balance of power between audience and broadcasters
began to change in the 1980s -a range of -broadcast -cable -satellite channels -allowed viewers a wider choice of what programs to watch
By 1975, the face of cable tv was
beginning to change -FCC was loosening the rules on cable companies -new channels were being distributed via satellite
Movies are rated by
being assigned by a panel of 10-13 parents who live in the Los Angeles area -1999 the panel consisted of 7 women & 5 men ranging from 28-54 in age
Until the the 1920's tv and movies were
black & white until color was introduced -introduced by tv then to movies -"Gone With the Wind" & "The Wizard of Oz" -came out about the same time as sound -it was expensive -competition with tv forced the movie industry to take color in all film in the 1950s -studios were more focussed on sound -b&w film was easier
United States v. Paramount
broke the studios' control over the movie industry -tv was ready to take over the entertainment industry
modernization
changing from a society in which people's identities (were important as individuals and then became just worker bees)
Media Convergence in the Internet
combining traditional legacy media with online media, moving from media outlets to brands - most newspapers are now news companies.
Radio is a..
companion medium. -We don't consciously notice it
Hollywood Antitrust Case
required studios to show theater owners films before booking them -limit block bookings to 5 movies at a time -and no longer force theaters to book short films
The Agency
research and planning, media planning, creative activity
Why is digital technology changing the way media works?
robot journalists are writing stories - statsmonkey, quakebot, homocidebot. robot editors select stories, demand media. The internet is also demanding transparency - audience demands more info about journalists/journalism process
Art Deco Theater
seated 2000 people -as people moved from the cities to suburbs seats no were no longer being filled -megatheater -replaced by smaller ones (multiplex)
Synchronized soundtrack
sound effects, music, and voices synchronized with the moving images in a movie
In 1938, the US Department of Justice was..
starting to view the movie studio system as a monopoly that need control. -Paramount and other major studios were charged with conspiring to settle terms for theaters renting their films -required them to to charge certain minimum prices and to accept book blocking -and discriminating in favor of certain theaters
Outside financing means
that directors are accountable to the people who control the purse strings -few have the right to a "final cut" or version of the movie -right goes to the people who control the money
Advertising supported media
the US model for most media, lower (direct) cost for consumer aka advertising which is paid for by the advertiser and not the consumer, in general a broader audience.
