June 2012 LE Regents Questions

1) simple, single-celled organisms

Many scientists suggest that billions of years ago, life on Earth began with 1) simple, single-celled organisms 2) simple, multicellular organisms 3) complex, single-celled organisms 4) complex, multicellular organisms

amount of fertex

A chemical known as fertex affects external fertilization of sea urchin eggs. An experiment was set up using three tanks to investigate the effect of fertex. Each tank had a different concentration of fertex: 1%, 2%, and 3%. Ten sea urchin eggs and 2 mL of sea urchin sperm were added to each of the three tanks. A fourth tank was set up as a control. Identify the independent variable in the experiment

There are many possible answers like the: amount of water, temperature of water, salinity of water, amount of light, time sperm and eggs remain in water, size of tanks, amount of sperm, the number of eggs

A chemical known as fertex affects external fertilization of sea urchin eggs. An experiment was set up using three tanks to investigate the effect of fertex. Each tank had a different concentration of fertex: 1%, 2%, and 3%. Ten sea urchin eggs and 2 mL of sea urchin sperm were added to each of the three tanks. A fourth tank was set up as a control. Identify two factors that must be kept the same in all four tanks.

number of eggs fertilized at the end of the experiment

A chemical known as fertex affects external fertilization of sea urchin eggs. An experiment was set up using three tanks to investigate the effect of fertex. Each tank had a different concentration of fertex: 1%, 2%, and 3%. Ten sea urchin eggs and 2 mL of sea urchin sperm were added to each of the three tanks. A fourth tank was set up as a control. State one example of the type of data that should be collected during the experiment.

The control tank would not contain any fertex, while the experimental tank would contain fertex.

A chemical known as fertex affects external fertilization of sea urchin eggs. An experiment was set up using three tanks to investigate the effect of fertex. Each tank had a different concentration of fertex: 1%, 2%, and 3%. Ten sea urchin eggs and 2 mL of sea urchin sperm were added to each of the three tanks. A fourth tank was set up as a control. State one way the contents of the control tank would differ from the contents of the three experimental tanks.

Possible answers: increase the sample size, repeat the experiment, have more tanks for each concentration

A chemical known as fertex affects external fertilization of sea urchin eggs. An experiment was set up using three tanks to investigate the effect of fertex. Each tank had a different concentration of fertex: 1%, 2%, and 3%. Ten sea urchin eggs and 2 mL of sea urchin sperm were added to each of the three tanks. A fourth tank was set up as a control. State one way to improve the validity of the experimental results

3 - enzymes

A laboratory technique is represented in the diagram. Letter A represents a process. Which specific chemicals are needed to successfully carry out the process shown at A? 1 - receptor molecules 2 - carbohydrates 3 - enzymes 4 - starch molecules

1) ribosomes

A pesticide that kills an insect by interfering with the production of proteins in the insect would most directly affect the activity of 1) ribosomes 2) minerals 3) chloroplasts 4) mitochondria

4) 4

A sample of body cells and samples of sex cells received from four members of a species are screened for the presence of a specific gene mutation. The results of the gene-testing procedure conducted on the cells are shown in the table below. Which species member would be unlikely to pass the gene mutation on to its offspring? 1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4

1) lung - because it helps transport oxygen to the cells like the cell membrane.

A single-celled organism is represented in the diagram. Structure X carries out a function most similar to which structure in a human? 1) lung 2) brain 3) ovary 4) heart

2) renewable and does minimal damage to the atmosphere

A ski resort installed a wind turbine similar to those represented below to supply some of its energy needs. This turbine was most likely installed because wind power is 1) renewable and does substantial damage to the atmosphere 2) renewable and does minimal damage to the atmosphere 3) nonrenewable and does substantial damage to the atmosphere 4) nonrenewable and does minimal damage to the atmosphere

Both inside and outside the cell.

An artificial cell filled with a glucose solution was placed in a beaker of water, as represented. The beaker was left undisturbed for 20 minutes. In what location would you expect to find the glucose molecules after 20 minutes.

(4) Students who rest before squeezing a clothespin will squeeze it fewer times in 1 minute than students who exercise beforehand.

An experiment was designed to test whether students could squeeze a clothespin more times in 1 minute after resting or after exercising. What would be a hypothesis for the experiment? (1) Do students squeeze clothespins more often in 1 minute after exercising? (2) Can most students squeeze a clothespin more times after they rest? (3) Ten students who exercise before squeezing a clothespin squeezed it more times in 1 minute than ten students who rested first. (4) Students who rest before squeezing a clothespin will squeeze it fewer times in 1 minute than students who exercise beforehand.

4) cause an increase in the rate of certain mutations

An increase in the amount of ultraviolet light entering the atmosphere through holes in the ozone layer will most likely 1) reduce the rate of photosynthesis in fungi 2) result in rapid recycling of finite resources 3) prevent animal migration 4) cause an increase in the rate of certain mutations

2) a common ancestor

Certain chemicals, such as cytochrome C, are found within cells of all living organisms. The biochemical structure of cytochrome C in ground finches and in tree finches is very similar. This suggests that tree finches and ground finches have 1) identical DNA 2) a common ancestor 3) evolved at the same time 4) the same nesting site

2) sequence of building blocks of a protein found in a cell

Changing one base in a gene could have the most direct effect on the 1) function of the membrane of a cell 2) sequence of building blocks of a protein found in a cell 3) number of mitochondria in a cell 4) type of carbohydrates synthesized by a cell

2) electrophoresis

DNA samples can be separated according to size using the technique of 1) chromatography 2) electrophoresis 3) replication 4) dissection

2) near extinction of wallabies

Dingos are an introduced species in Australia that are outcompeting many native species. Which of the current environmental problems most likely resulted directly from the introduction of dingos to Australia? 1) vanishing of kangaroo grasses 2) near extinction of wallabies 3) forests overrun with koalas 4) increase in the kookaburra population

3) a decrease in the stability of the oceans

Due to overfishing, the number of fish in the ocean could drastically decrease. This will cause 1) an increase in the stability of the oceans 2) an increase in the salt content of the oceans 3) a decrease in the stability of the oceans 4) a decrease in the oxygen available in the oceans

Different species occupy different niches.

Explain how an ecosystem can have three different carrying capacities.

Species two because it is above its carrying capacity, the ecosystem cannot supply enough food for survival, so members of the species compete for limited food.

Identify which species population would most likely have the greatest competition among its members. Support your answer using information from the graph.

The starch would remain inside the cell because it is to big to fit through the pores in the artificial cell.

If both glucose and starch were added to the artificial cell, where would the starch be located after 20 minutes?

It causes an immune response, so that your body can respond quicker next time you are exposed to the same pathogen/organism.

In order to enroll in most schools, students must be vaccinated against certain viral diseases, such as mumps. Even with these vaccinations, many students still suffer from other diseases. Discuss how a vaccination works and why some students still become infected with other diseases. In your answer, be sure to: describe how a vaccine protects against disease

dead/weakened virus/germ

In order to enroll in most schools, students must be vaccinated against certain viral diseases, such as mumps. Even with these vaccinations, many students still suffer from other diseases. Discuss how a vaccination works and why some students still become infected with other diseases. In your answer, be sure to: identify what is present in a vaccine that stimulates an immune response

Vaccines protect only against specific diseases or Antibodies are specific.

In order to enroll in most schools, students must be vaccinated against certain viral diseases, such as mumps. Even with these vaccinations, many students still suffer from other diseases. Discuss how a vaccination works and why some students still become infected with other diseases. In your answer, be sure to: state why a student vaccinated against mumps can still be infected by the pathogens that cause other diseases, such as chicken pox

Level A

In what trophic level do organisms obtain their energy by capturing energy from the sun to make sugars?

Row Three: Industrialization and increased global temperatures

In which row in the chart is a human action correctly paired with its environmental impact?

3) maintain internal stability

One characteristic of all living things is that they 1) develop organ systems 2) produce identical offspring 3) maintain internal stability 4) synthesize only inorganic matter

1) woodpecker finch

One finch that would most likely compete with the warbler finch for food is the 1) woodpecker finch 2) cactus finch 3) sharp-billed ground finch 4) vegetarian finch

2) B - D - C - A

Over a long period of time, the stages represented in the diagram below were each present in a particular ecosystem. After a forest fire, what is the most likely order in which these stages appeared? 1) D → C → A → B 2) B → D → C → A 3) A → B → C → D 4) B → C → D → A

Possible answers: — It helps recycle molecules from the organic wastes. — They prevent the buildup of human sewage. — It prevents contamination of the water supply.

People who live in rural areas often use septic tanks for the storage of sewage. These people often flush a product containing harmless bacteria down the toilet once a month. These bacteria break down the sewage before it enters the environment. State one ecologically sound reason for this action.

Possible answers: — The young and old bison are more likely to perish during a harsh winter. — More energy is used by the bison to keep warm. — Less food is available.

Recently, the bison population in Yellowstone National Park declined significantly. This was due in part to a particularly harsh winter. State one reason why a harsh winter would have this negative effect on the bison population.

A stain makes some organelles more visible.

State one advantage of using a stain to study frog skin cells with a microscope.

Seven months later, there is a higher frequency in the population of the gene for resistance to the insecticide.

State one way that the population of mosquitoes present 7 months after spraying differs genetically from the population of mosquitoes present before the spraying began.

2) ATP

The diagram below represents a series of events that occur in living cells. Which molecule is indicated by X? 1) glucose 2) ATP 3) carbon dioxide 4) protein

Annelida is most closely related to the Arthropoda

The diagram below shows a branching "tree" representing the evolution of ten different groups of organisms alive today. Identify the group of organisms that is most closely related to the Arthropoda group.

1) A - the enzyme

The diagram represents a model of a biological process that occurs in humans at normal body temperature, 37°C. Increasing body temperature to 40°C would interfere most directly with the rate of function of structure 1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D

3) get nutrition from the grasses and sedges

The diagram represents an energy pyramid for an ecosystem in the Australian outback. Wombats are classified as herbivores because they can 1) get energy from the Sun 2) provide energy for the kookaburras 3) get nutrition from the grasses and sedges 4) provide nutrition for the kangaroos

Three: the environment

The diagram represents genetic material. The expression of the section labeled X may be modified by 1 - temperature, only 2 - asexual reproduction 3 - the environment 4 - pH, only

2) 40 chromosomes

The diagram represents the reproductive cycle of a squirrel species with 40 chromosomes in each zygote. A liver cell in this species of squirrel would have 1) 20 chromosomes 2) 40 chromosomes 3) 60 chromosomes 4) 80 chromosomes

3) mitosis

The diagram represents the reproductive cycle of a squirrel species with 40 chromosomes in each zygote. A process that could be represented by A is 1) fertilization 2) meiosis 3) mitosis 4) mutation

1) separate molecules in a liquid mixture

The diagram represents the results of a laboratory procedure. This procedure is used to 1) separate molecules in a liquid mixture 2) determine the rate of photosynthesis in plants 3) detect glucose in a solution 4) examine the gene sequences of organisms

2) receptors

The failure of a cell to react in a normal manner to insulin is most likely the result of a problem with 1) vacuoles 2) receptors 3) mitochondria 4) sugars

The small tree finch because the small tree finch eats animals, whereas the other two birds are plant eaters.

The large ground finch, sharp-billed ground finch, and small tree finch inhabit the same island. If the insect population decreases, which finch would most likely be affected? Support your answer.

3) E the testicles

The letters in the diagram indicate structures present in a human male. Which structure produces the male hormone responsible for characteristics such as muscle development, deep voice, and gamete production? 1) A 2) B 3) E 4) D

2) exchange food, oxygen, and waste between mother and fetus

The major function of the placenta is to 1) cushion the fetus so it won't be hurt when the mother moves 2) exchange food, oxygen, and waste between mother and fetus 3) store food for the fetus 4) support the egg for the process of fertilization

2 - natural selection

The table shows adaptations in two organisms. The presence of these adaptations is most likely the result of 1 - reproductive technology 2 - natural selection 3 - asexual reproduction 4 - human interference

Homeostasis

This diagram best illustrates what concept?

3) Gametes would no longer be transported to structure C.

What change would occur immediately if both structures labeled B were damaged or blocked? (1) Structure A would decrease in size. (2) The blood supply to structure E would decrease. (3) Gametes would no longer be transported to structure C. (4) Structure D would be able to deliver more gametes.

Universal Genetic Code Chart. If you missed this you need to read everything carefully. The answer was in the title of the chart.

What is show in the image?

A deletion

What type of deletion is shown in the diagram?

4) compete with one another

When two different bird species temporarily occupy the same niche, they would most likely 1) change their nesting behaviors 2) not affect one another 3) interbreed to form a new species 4) compete with one another

4) clearing a large area and planting one species of hardwood tree that can be used for lumber

Which activity would reduce biodiversity in a forest ecosystem? 1) adding plants that are naturally resistant to insects 2) protecting wildflowers from logging activities 3) replacing harvested trees with young trees that are naturally found in the forest 4) clearing a large area and planting one species of hardwood tree that can be used for lumber

4) climatic conditions

Which characteristic of a geographic region would have the greatest influence on the type of ecosystem that forms in that region? 1) ratio of autotrophs to heterotrophs 2) concentration of atmospheric oxygen 3) number of food chains 4) climatic conditions

1) biotic factors

Which group would most likely be represented in a food chain? 1) biotic factors 2) abiotic factors 3) inorganic compounds 4) finite resources

3) X = carbon dioxide and Y = oxygen

Which row in the chart shows the substances represented by X and Y?

3) A gene is inserted into a bacterium, allowing the organism to produce insulin.

Which situation results in a characteristic that is inheritable? 1) A limb is lost when two marine organisms fight. 2) A puppy learns to beg for food by watching an older dog perform tricks. 3) A gene is inserted into a bacterium, allowing the organism to produce insulin. 4) A random mutation causes the immediate death of a microbe.

1) cactus finch

Which species of finch has an edge-crushing bill that can also probe into plants for food? 1) cactus finch 2) sharp-billed ground finch 3) warbler finch 4) large ground finch

1) They are held in check by environmental factors.

Which statement best describes bat populations in a stable ecosystem? 1) They are held in check by environmental factors. 2) They are producers that rely indirectly on other producers. 3) They are not limited by natural predators. 4) They are not dependent on other species.

1) Their chemical structure is critical to their ability to function.

Which statement describes a similarity between all enzymes, antibodies, and hormones? 1) Their chemical structure is critical to their ability to function. 2) Their ability to replicate identical copies ensures continuation of the species. 3) They work better at 100°C than 37°C. 4) They are made by and carried by the blood.

1) water

Which substance can enter a cell by diffusion without having to be digested? 1) water 2) protein 3) starch 4) fat

1) decomposer

Which term refers to the ecological niche of many bacteria and fungi in an ecosystem? 1) decomposer 2) herbivore 3) producer 4) scavenger

4) wedge-tailed eagles and wombats

Which two organisms could have a predator-prey relationship? 1) kookaburras and gum trees 2) kangaroos and silky mice 3) dingos and kangaroo grasses 4) wedge-tailed eagles and wombats