JUST301 DomViolence Midterm
Physical Aggression/Violence Scale
"During an argument, how many times have you thrown something at your partner; pushed, shoved or grabbed your partner; hit or tried to hit
Verbal Aggression Scale
"During arguments, how many times have you yelled, sulked, stomped out or thrown something?"
No-Drop Prosecution
**Does not rely on victim testimony, but on photographs, 911 calls, etc. -There is an issue of uncooperative and reluctant victims (don't have chance to drop charges anymore) -There is an issue with holding perpetrators accountable for their actions
3 Experimental Treatments of the SARP
-"Warning" -Short arrest, roughly 2 hours -Full arrest with a $250 bail (DIDNT HAVE FOLLOW-UPS ON THIS)
Pressure on Police
-14th Amendment--Equal Protection Issues -Women's Movement, DV movement -Needed an evidence-based policy--"What Works?"
1990's Shift
-1994 Violence Against Women Act (77-80 bk) -A lot more research!: National Violence Against Women Survey >Recognized domestic violence of women a national occurrence and is very serious >Enacted mandatory or pro-arrest policies -More specific studies
Feminist Argument Statistics
-90-95% are Female victims -1 in 4 or 1 in 5 women will be victims in their lifetimes -NVAWS: Not within the context of "crime" or "conflict"-->Range of coercive tactics used to CONTROL -Violence is qualitatively different--men & women tactics are different
1980's Shift
-A LOT of research -Politicians turned to academics to adopt policies -A lot was preliminary sometimes pioneering -National Family Violence Survey (Straus and Gelles) *In order to generalize DV data -Policing Experiments (Sherman and Burke, 1984) -Qualitative Research (context and depth)
Women Who Kill
-Almost always in self-defense or retaliation -Websdales' Research (1999) Typologies: >DISTAL-PRECIPITATING VIOLENCE: No immediate threat to the women but there is a real threat there still >PROXIMAL-PRECIPITATING VIOLENCE: There is an immediate threat -Far less likely to have history with police, courts or shelters previously
Demographics of SARP
-Arrest backfires in the long-run by those socially marginalized (unemployed, uneducated, poor and minorities) -"Stakes in conformity" (E.g. social bonds--Hirschi '69) -Prior arrest rate for any crime/age: increased reoffending by 50-330% -Should consider arrests of population it serves -Deterrence is low for younger criminals (have less stakes in conformity)
2005 Shift
-Better prevention programs -Services for victims with disabilities -Children and Teenage victims recognized
What does the Decline Say?
-DV Movement: Shelter movement, policing strategies, policy changes -The services could possibly be geared more towards men -Decrease in crime in the 90's (Decrease in murder because of increase in quality of hospitals) -Services have benefited men -Shift in demographics (baby boomers)
Coercive Control (3rd Typology)
-Dekeseredy changes Patriarchal terrorism to coercive control; Stark believes that women don't have enough power to overbear men in situations -Women's subordination in larger society limits their power in relationships -DV is a violation of Women's Civil rights (pp. 97 book) -Is probably not a hate crime because he "hates all women" -However a violent man could originally be violent -Why do we have to incorporate DV into a category? Already have DV statuses (need to increase)
Weaknesses of Surveys for Narrow Definition
-Different wording of survey questions can lead to underreporting if the survivor of violence does not see act as a crime
Emergency Protective Order vs. Protection Order
-EPO's are short-term -Protection/Restraining Order provisions: >No-contact provision >Peaceful contact provision >Stay away provision (100 yards) >Move out provision >Firearms provision >Counseling provision
2000's Shift
-Focus on "The System" -Evaluation of Courts, law, police and rehabilitation -2000 Reauthorization of Violence Against Women Act >Included now that crossing state lines for stalking purposes is illegal; also more funds to training personnel in the police force and the courts -I.D. dating violence and stalking; legal assistance for victims of DV
Major Findings/Conclusions of NFVS
-Gender Symmetry: 12.1% of men battered 11.3% women battered -Hidden populations of "battered husbands" -"Marriage license is a hitting license" -Violence in the U.S. families due to VIOLENT AMERICAN culture -Associated with poverty and unemployment -Why do so few men come forward?
Narrow Definition of Physical Abuse
-Gender-neutral -Sees problems as a problem with an individual -Legal Definitions are gender-neutral
Gender Symmetry Arguments
-Hidden population of men -Critique feminist research as not generalizable -Feminist research is anti-scientific and/or biased -Need to cut funding to DV shelters and other programs that are women-centered
Gender-Symmetry Counter-Argument
-Hidden population of men, Really? (don't believe) -Feminist Research is not generalizable-->typologies (HA) -Feminist research is anti-scientific and/or biased (quantitative v. qualitative research) -Need to cut funding from women-centered shelters-->being-biased! Go out and fight for male centers too!
Who is most likely to use a narrow definition of Physical Abuse?
-Individuals being politically correct -Anti-feminists -The Criminal Justice System
Policing DV and Race History
-Issues with police and african americans -Stereotypes of black women related to arrest (Jezebel and Mammie stereotypes)
Argument against Feminist Perspective (by Individualists)
-Men and women are both likely to experience unmet attachments -Rely on CTS/NFVS data -"Patriarchy causes domestic violence"--feminist view
Goals of Asking about Physical Aggression
-Minor violence and severe violence -ASSUME POTENTIAL injury
Domestic Violence Statistics
-Most likely to happen to females -Males that know them -Females are 5x more likely to be a victim of DV than males -Black females more likely than white females -Black females twice as likely to be victims of intimate partner violence homicide than whites
2010 Shift
-Much more research -Specific journals devoted to DV topics
Historical Roots of DV
-Myth of matriarchy (Eller,2000) -Matriarchy is not as powerful as patriarchy -In ancient Greece, fathers could sell their daughters if they lost their virginity before marriage -19th Century "Rule of Thumb" -1968: Women and men could not be prosecuted for sexually assaulting their wives
Which Survey Would Employ Narrow Definitions of Physical Abuse?
-National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) -National Violence Against Women Survey (NVAWS)
Spouse Assault Replication Program (SARP)
-Omaha, Charlotte, Milwaukee, Meto-Dade (Miami), Colorado Springs, Atlanta -Replica Milwaukee Study
Research Methods of the NFVS (4 Scales)
-Phone surveys: Asks either husband or wife (measured by Conflict Tactics Scale--CTS) -Reasoning Scale -Verbal Aggression Scale (*psychological abuse) -Physical Aggression/Violence Scale
Narrow Definition has an overwhelming focus on:
-Physical assault -To a lesser extent of sexual assault -Almost completely neglect emotionally and psychological abuse
Are black women more or less likely to seek help?
-Pride; dynamic resistance (dual-arrest) -Less dependent on husbands -Lack of faith in the system -Further marginalization of the perpetrator
Types of Violence Used in Fem Argument
-Rape -Injury -Stalking -Emotional Abuse -Psychological Abuse
2013 Shift
-Reauthorization of VAWA -Expanded protections: American Indians, gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and trandgendered
Policy Recommendations of SARP
-Reconsider arrest, and releasing perps in short periods -Labeling theory--sanctions are bad (does not hold a lot of weight for criminal cases)
Critiques of Minneapolis DV Experiment
-Representativeness >Under jurisdictions, less than 1/2 were officers -Follow-up period -Seriousness: What do victims want the most?-->Just want violence to stop, not arrest -Charged and prosecuted? -Displacement of Violence? >If the perp stopped with spouse, what about the children?
Major Finding of the Spouse Assault Replication Program
-Roughly 7-9 months after initial arrest, arrest group had higher rates of recidivism than non-arrest -Before this, lower recidivism ...why? >Could be a product of the experiment; it was displaced on another partner... -Arrest works in a general sense -Less effective in urban/socially disproportional populations
Attachment as part of the Individualistic Approach
-Secure attachments are a necessity for human beings -Unmet attachment=anger -Rage comes out later in intimate relationships
Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment
-Sherman and Berk--1984 -Tries to figure out "what works" in terms of preventing DV -Had an experimental research design--responded to misdemeanor DV calls -DOES ARREST DETER FUTURE DV OCCURRENCES? -Con: Reactive rather than proactive
What changed as a result of Minn DV Exp?
-States adopted mandatory arrest or pro-arrest policies (arrest the primary aggressor) -Actual policy suggestion, "Police should be encouraged to make arrests"
Men Who Kill Characteristics
-Ultimate form of control -History of Men who kill: >Broad definition of domestic violence >Alcohol and drug abuse >Extreme jealousy >Firearm possession >KILLING THE COMPETITION (with old partners or male friends)
Feminist Argument
-VAW is rooted in patriarchy >Women's power is limited in all social institutions, including the family >The family is not isolated-->"separate spheres"=myth -Gender-symmetry researchers frame feminist arguments as: PATRIARCHY-->INDIVIDUAL DV (wrong)
Significant of Domestic Violence Homicide Data
-Very few cases end in homicide (<1%!) -Downward trend for both genders and female is still more -The gap between men and women deaths has gotten wider, despite the decline on both -Men have different resources to get out of the abusive relationship than women -1995 on DV homicide has flatlined in the U.S.
Individualistic (Psychological Approach)
-Very similar to the Family Violence School -Donald G. Dutton (feminist): >DV is rooted in biological/psychological malfunctioning >DV is related to personality disorders (1970's Domestic Violence was isolated)
Terminology for Broad Definition
-Violence against women -Wife assualt/abuse -Woman abuse -Patriarchal terrorism -Coercive control
Historical Shifts: 1970's
-Women's Movement---> "Get a job" -Domestic Violence Movement
Common Myths
-Women's rights have been achieved (FALSE) -DV still associated and isolated among lower-class -Most claims of DV are false reports
Demographics Of DV Homicide
-Younger individuals are more likely to be the perpetrator and the victim -Frequency increases as age between victim and perp increases -Older people are more traditional -African American rate=8 times higher than whites (not more violent but less likely to call police)
Minneapolis DV Experiment
1 of 3 treatments used for those studied: 1. Arrest 2. Separation (8 hours) 3. Mediation
The 3 Solid Areas of Explanation of DV
1. Family Violence School (Under Gender-Symm) 2. Individualistic Approaches (Under Gender-Symm) 3. Feminist Perspective
Dekeseredy Book: What contributes most to victimization?
1. Patriarchal Control 2. Male Peer Support 3. Male Consumption of Pornoography
Critiques of Family Violence School
1. Refusal to respond rates (40%) 2. Men's Reporting Was not very high 3. Self-defense (no-context) >Small amount of women use weapons annually 4. Current Partner's Violence only (not all respond) 5. Sexual Assault (men and women not equal) 6. INJURY (What happened afterward...no measure) 7. Violence within the context of arguments (no repeats of random attacks) 8. Hidden population of "battered husbands"
Johnson's Domestic Violence Typologies!
1. Situational Couple Violence (SCV) -The only gender-symmetric type of DV 2. "Mutual Violence" (pp. 56-7 Dek) 3. Coercive Control (Patriarchal terrorism)-->Stark -Evan Stark 2005 (Entrapment of Women)
Myths with Orders of Protection
1. Women use DV as an excuse to gain custody of her children 2. Women rarely follow through with the hearings and waste the court's time 3. When in court, judicial officers award women unfair benefits 4. Orders of Protection are not effective and cause more problems with offender
4 Historical Beliefs
1. Women were considered property of men 2. Women were considered "naturally" subordinate and childlike (economic dependence; rationality) 3. Men had absolute authority in the home 4. Woman's place is the home
Results of Minneapolis DV Experiment
ARREST WORKS (Results after 6 months; Official records and victim follow-up interviews)
Earliest Legal System to Address Violence Against Women
Code of Hammurabi
Policing Domestic Violence Response Prior to 1970's
DV was a private matter
Gender-Neutral School
Family Violence School; Psychological Perspective
Terminology of Narrow Definition of Physical Abuse
Family violence, intimate partner abuse, spouse abuse, spousal abuse, spousal assault, domestic violence/assault
External Validity Questions
How generalizable is DV?
Male vs. Female
Male is masculine, powerful, strong, rational Female is weak, submissive, gentle/fragile (Nurturing is a control mechanism)
Internal Validity Issues?
Minn DV Exp failed to report on: -Trial outcomes -How may of the couples are still together (no control over this) -Did perpetrators know about the follow-up interviews? -Deterrence? What is the major assumption behind deterrence theory?--> Stakes in conformity & fear of sanction (i.e. rationality)
Broad Definition
Multiple types of Violence Against Women: physical abuse, psychological, emotional, spiritual, economic, sexual
Family Violence School
National Family Violence Survey (NFVS): -1975: n=2,143 -1985: n=6,002
Modern-Day Beliefs
Now worse because of Romantic Love: 1. Emotional extremes 2. Possessiveness 3. Psychological Suffering 4. Isolation
Micro-perspective of Minn DV Exp
Positive effect of arrest: 1. Victim self-blame 2. Husband might learn his behavior is illegal/unacceptable 3. Victim empowerment
Sex vs. Gender
Sex is biological; Gender is social
Lenore Walker Cycle of Domestic Violence
Tension-->Violence-->Honeymoon Phase (Threats are more than just physical)
School associated Broad Definition
The Feminist School
Broad Definition
Violence is contextualized within the realm of patriarchy meaning gender and power are central