Juv Justice & Delinquency- Mindtap & Slido

What is the upper age of jurisdiction for most states in the United States?

18

What could change over time to account for variation in a child's delinquency, according to the GTC?

A child is granted more freedom from her parents when she becomes a teenager.

How do boys' experiences with sexuality compare with that of girls?

An earlier onset of puberty in girls leads to a greater increase in delinquency than it does with boys.

Declan had several youthful experiences with the criminal justice system, but he has grown into a position of community leadership as an adult. According to age-graded life-course theory, what likely happened to make the change?

Declan got married.

Which Supreme Court case established that juveniles have constitutional rights?

In re Gault

Who wrote A General Theory of Crime?

Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi

Why are gangs more prevalent in areas like the barrios of California?

Social controls in these neighborhoods are too disorganized to limit gang activity.

Which theory is supported by evidence that kids who have delinquent friends are more likely to commit delinquent acts?

Sutherland's differential association theory

What is the significance of Fare v. Michael C?

The case established that a juvenile's waiver of the privilege against self-incrimination can be valid, depending on the circumstances.

Which statement about families today is true?

The number of two-parent households is declining.

What is the main reason globalization has increased the spread of gangs?

Urbanization concentrates large numbers of the disadvantaged in neighborhoods that lack effective social control.

Which of the following would be an example of state dependence?

a child whose experiences with the thrill of shoplifting lead inexorably to a life of crime

Student _______ has been identified as a link between school failure and delinquency.

alienation

Experts that believe gender differences have a biological origin claim that boys _______.

are better at math

The changes in enforcement against delinquent girls _________.

are connected to the change in domestic disturbance laws

Which of the following could be considered a status offense?

chewing tobacco

What method of data collection best describes that of the NCVS?

computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI)

The gender-similarities hypothesis suggests _______.

girls are socialized out of performing well in math as they get older

Two drugs that come from the same plant are ________.

hash and weed

If all drug importation were ended, what would likely become the drugs of choice for Americans?

lab-made drugs and homegrown marijuana

Social reaction theory is also commonly called ______________.

labeling theory

What does social disorganization theory identify as the main cause of disorganized neighborhoods?

long-term poverty

According to social structure theories, the chances that teenagers will become delinquent are most strongly influenced by their _____.

place in a society with stratified classes

Which model provides the best assurance that police power will be used fairly?

procedural justice model

According to the developmental perspective of classifying delinquency, a wonderful preschool teacher is a _________.

protective factor

Estimates that put the total monetary burden of crime at $3 trillion do not include ________.

psychological treatment for victims

From 2000 to 2013 in America, incarceration of youth has _______, while juvenile crime has ________.

risen; fallen

Symbolic labels, based on groups people belong to or on social status, help define not just one trait but the _________________.

whole person

Social disorganization theory focuses on the conditions that affect delinquency rates ____.

within the urban environment

Social disorganization theory focuses on the conditions that affect delinquency rates _____.

within the urban environment

What percentage of U.S. children live in poverty?

20-25 percent

Where would a juvenile crime most likely be committed?

Atlanta, Georgia

Police officers have taken Jeanine into custody for truancy, and report that she was also exhibiting signs of intoxication. Conversations with Jeanine reveal an intelligent, if troubled, young woman. One of your responsibilities as a case worker is to make recommendations to the juvenile court judge about what should be done with Jeanine. The judge wants to know if you think Jeanine appears responsible enough to return to school under her aunt's supervision, or if she should be charged with a status offense. What do you decide?

Based on your experiences with the system, you decide to recommend that Jeanine should be charged with a status offense, even though you have concerns that Jeanine might have a harsh time in the short run.

Why does general deterrence theory support putting more police officers on the street?

Teens who believe they will be caught are less likely to commit crimes.

How do twin studies support biological trait theory?

They show a previously unsuspected link between diet and delinquency.

The mayor isn't interested in empty arrests. She wants you to give her a full picture of youth crime trends in the area, which means collecting data. How to do so? One of your deputies has relied heavily on the UCR, and argues that a law-enforcement based approach is the only trustworthy way. But the recent NCVS survey of victims has been released, and a well-respected sociologist friend of yours suggests the details of victim self-reports will give you a more subtle picture. Budget constraints mean you have to choose one method. What do you do?

You decide to base your research on the UCR, because you believe police reporting is the most reliable source of data, despite the drawbacks that police sometimes misreport, serious crimes are privileged, and crimes are not always reported to police.

You are the judge who presided over Riva's trial in adult court. After he is found guilty, you must decide what punishment is most appropriate for his crime.

You impose a 10-year prison sentence because of Riva's history of petty theft and violence, hoping a severe punishment will keep him from committing further crimes.

Early drug use among teens is more likely for those who have had what kind of health issue?

an major depressive episode

What category of youthful offenders most often become criminals as adults?

chronic delinquent offenders

According to psychologist Erik Erikson, what is formed when youths develop a full sense of themselves based on a combination of their own self-perception and how they fit in with others?

ego identity

What were the Poor Laws?

english statutes that allowed the courts to appoint overseers over destitute and neglected children

What do experts believe will be the most effective way to limit persistent delinquency?

identifying offenders at the beginning of their careers

Why did Shaw and McKay find the highest rates of delinquency in transitional neighborhoods?

if a neighborhood becomes disorganized, its residents cannot exercise social control

In what month would a juvenile crime most likely be committed?

july

What does social disorganization theory identify as the main cause of disorganization neighborhoods?

long-term poverty

When can a 17-year-old be tried as an adult? Some states allow offenders as young as 13 to be tried in adult court for serious crimes. Others require youths accused of certain crimes such as homicide to be tried as adults. Often, however, the prosecutor decides whether a case should be moved to criminal court. When Adam Riva was 16, he took a six-pack of beer from a refrigerator in a neighbor's garage. After he was caught, he managed to escape from a patrol car. At the time, Riva had a record of petty theft. He also had a history of violent outbursts caused by bipolar disorder. Because of this record, the prosecutor has chosen to try Riva as an adult. Your view of the best way to handle his case is likely to depend on whether you accept choice theory or trait theory. Let's review a few concepts before you make a decision about this scene. According to choice theory, what is the best way to deter Riva from offending again?

provide consequences that make the pain of getting caught outweigh the benefits of the crime

According to psychologist Erik Erikson, what is formed when youths spread themselves too thin, and place themselves at the mercy of people who promise to give them a sense of identity they cannot mold for themselves?

role diffusion

Status offenses are an area of particular interest among advocates for at-risk youth. Some offenders are processed to the social service system, while others are kept in the jurisdiction of juvenile courts. The question asked by many advocates for these kids is whether risk the stigmatization that results from institutionalization negates the benefits of state involvement and protection. You are a caseworker in the Illinois Juvenile Justice System, assigned to a 16-year old girl, Jeanine. Her mother died a year ago, and her father is in prison. Other than an elderly aunt, no other family life is available to her, and she has admitted to living rough for the past year. Let's review a few concepts before you make a decision about this scene. What is the purpose of creating separate status offender categories?

to signify that offenders are troubled youths who have special needs and problems

During the first trial, Riva's attorney presented evidence that Riva engaged in delinquent behavior only when he was not taking medication for his bipolar disorder. During the appeal, he plans to argue that the judge did not take Riva's mental illness into account when imposing an unnecessarily harsh sentence. Which theory supports the idea that mental illness mitigates the seriousness of a delinquent's offense?

trait theory

According to the routine activities theory, which strategy is most likely to decrease the motivation to commit a crime?

a campaign to encourage residents to join a neighborhood watch

In the Gleuck studies of persistent delinquency, what kind of child was most at risk for a life of crime?

a child with an unstable family life

An effective policy of harm reduction would result in _______.

a decrease in reported cases of hepatitis C

According to power-control theory, what kind of family will lead to a higher rate of girl delinquency?

a family in the suburbs where both parents work full-time jobs

Which offender is most likely to be deterred by a strict punishment?

a teenager who was caught after his first offense

The life-course approach believes that adult behavior and relationship patterns first form when the adult is______.

a toddler

Of the following, which is most likely to deliver community treatment services?

a victim restitution program

You have been discussing whether to use your department's new hires to increase saturation patrols or to experiment with problem-solving policing in areas with high levels of weapons offenses.

you decide to apply a gang suppression strategy, assigning more officers to conduct foot patrols in hot spots and enforce weapons laws aggressively.

According to routine activities theory, the three variables that control the incidence of predatory crime are the availability of suitable targets, the presence of motivated offenders, and the lack of

capable guardians

According to routine activities theory, the three variables that control the incidence of predatory crime are the availability of suitable targets, the presence of motivated offenders, and the lack of _____.

capable guardians

Researchers have found that both males and females increase their involvement in antisocial activities after they suffer a romantic breakup. Which theory does this evidence support?

Agnew's general strain theory

If discretion creates the possibility of bias, why are police allowed such broad latitude in dealing with juveniles?

One goal of the juvenile justice system is to provide individualized justice.

Which statement could be used as evidence that genes influence delinquent behavior?

Parents of delinquent youths have been found to suffer neurological conditions linked to antisocial behaviors.

What is one reason that alienation from extended family increases the risk of abuse?

Parents who are not in contact with their extended families have fewer people who can help them deal with stressful events.

Why is child abuse sometimes described as a cyclical pattern of violence?

Parents who suffered abuse tend to abuse their own children.

Which statement best describes the influence of peers on delinquency?

Peers who talk positively about deviant acts or commit crimes encourage their friends to commit similar acts.

Which belief is characteristic of social control theorists?

People obey the law because of their attachment and commitment to conventional institutions, individuals, and processes.

Which of these is an example of problem-oriented policing (POP)?

Police find that most deals occur in a poorly lit area of the park and install better lighting there.

If a juvenile is arrested while driving, what limits apply to the search of a suspect's vehicle according to Arizona v. Gant?

Police may search only the area under the suspect's immediate control unless probable cause exists

On what grounds may police take a child who has not committed a crime into custody?

Police may take a runaway or a child in danger into protective custody.

Which statement best summarizes the difference between delinquency prevention programs and intervention measures?

Prevention programs aim to stop delinquency before it occurs; intervention programs aim to stop delinquency from growing worse.

Which critical view of prevention programs is based on actual evidence?

Prevention programs do not work as well on the large scale

Which statement accurately reflects an argument in favor of juvenile probation?

Probation is appropriate for nondangerous youths who can be supervised.

In general, how does reentry compare to aftercare in the juvenile justice system?

Reentry includes prerelease planning, but excludes aftercare services

Which researchers or agency first made Americans aware of the extent of child abuse?

Richard Gelles and Murray Straus, in a 1980 survey on physical abuse

Which of the following is not an argument used by those who want to remove the category of status offense from the juvenile justice system?

Society has the primary responsibility to care for at-risk children.

Which statement about the effectiveness of prevention and treatment programs is true?

Some effective prevention and treatment programs can pay for themselves.

Statistics show that the rate of child abuse has declined to approximately 9 per 1,000 children. How do the authors interpret these statistics?

They caution that budget cuts may have made it impossible to document the full extent of abuse.

How have teenage gangs changed over time?

They have become more flexible and less formalized

Why have Shaw and McKay had a lasting influence on criminology?

They proved the link between social disorganization and delinquency.

What is one thing that social structure theories have in common?

They use socioeconomic conditions and cultural values to explain delinquency.

What is one major trend in juvenile justice that advocates of getting tough on crime support?

They want juveniles accused of serious crimes tried and sentenced in adult court

Jessica and Robert are brother and sister, but only Jessica is a delinquent. What life situation would a socialization theorist say was connected to her delinquency and his law-abiding behavior?

They were both abused as children, but it affected Jessica more.

When working- and middle-class families move to the suburbs, what is the effect on the inner city?

Those who leave take their resources with them, so poverty becomes concentrated in the inner city.

What is the approximate distribution of public and private facilities in the United States for institutional treatment (incarceration) in juvenile corrections, as of 2013 data?

about 68 percent in public facilities, 32 percent in private facilities

According to self-control theory, a mother who is addicted to crack cocaine might have children who _______.

act out inappropriately in class

If a case cannot be decided during the pretrial stage, it is brought forth for a trial in the juvenile court, and a(n) _______________ is held to determine the merits of the petition, claiming that a child is either a delinquent youth or in need of court supervision.

adjudication hearing

Who is most likely to commit violent acts?

adolescents acting alone

Which trait is not more characteristic of delinquent adolescents than of the general population?

a higher level of hormone activity than at other ages

According to classical criminology, what is the cause of delinquent behavior?

a juvenile's decision about whether the costs of committing a crime outweigh the benefits

According to trait theory, what is the cause of delinquent behavior?

a juvenile's unique characteristics, which influence choices about behavior

Which characteristic would be true of an adolescent-limited offender but not a life-course persister?

a kid at age 14 who starts getting better grades in high school, but steals a car with a group of friends

Murray and Cox identified what they termed a "suppression effect" in juvenile corrections. What does this term describe?

a long-term deterrent for recidivism after a punitive treatment

What kind of kid would most likely have problem behavior syndrome (PBS)?

a pregnant, drug-addicted 13-year-old who has tried to kill herself

What would limit the effectiveness of a school-based delinquency program?

a program that remained consistent and unchanging

Which of the following is an example of a place used for institutional treatment in juvenile corrections?

a reception center

Rather than plea bargaining used in adult court, in juvenile justice a discussion takes place between the child's attorney and the prosecutor, in which the child agrees to plead guilty to obtain ______________.

a reduced charge or a lenient sentence

What does general crime theory posit is most likely to prevent delinquency in a child who has a propensity for crime?

a school that maintains an aggressive and consistent relationship with parents to enforce discipline

An expensive watch is an example of _______________ that communicates the owner is successful, wealthy, and confident.

a status symbol

What type of woman did Cesare Lombroso write would be more likely to commit crime?

a woman with a moustache

The drug that juvenile detainees have used much more widely than reported in the MTF and PRIDE surveys is _______.

cocaine

Studying the behavior patterns over 10 years of a group of Latino boys born in the same San Diego block would be an example of collecting ______.

cohort data

According to studies, what makes for positive mentoring situations?

combination with other interventions

Restorative justice approaches, like Balanced and Restorative Justice (BARJ), view the victim, community, and offender as _____________ who will receive fair and balanced attention, therefore reducing recidivism.

equal clients

Which reform of the juvenile courts would be favored by those who want the juvenile justice system to emphasize treatment?

establishing restorative justice programs

As addressed in the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution, the Supreme Court _______________ due process rules and procedures to the juvenile court.

extended

What experience would a life-course theorist believe to be a deterrent to delinquency?

falling in love

Recent studies of public opinion on delinquency prevention and control have found more support _______.

for at-home nurse visits to pregnant mothers than for the building of new prisons

Frederick Thrasher became the first sociologist to research gangs when he studied the _____.

gangs in Chicago in the 1920s

What does meta-analysis involve?

gathering data from a number of previous studies

The ____________ is a court-appointed attorney who protects the interests of the child in cases involving the child's welfare.

guardian ad litem

A majority of drug users _______.

had unhappy childhoods

A clean needle program is an example of _______.

harm reduction

Most teens admit they use drugs to _________.

have an experience with their friends

Social conflict theorists view the law and the justice system as vehicles for controlling the ______________ of society.

have-not members

According to social process theory, what protects kids from becoming delinquent?

having strong ties to family, peers, schools, and community

Restorative justice, an alternative framework to the juvenile justice system, uses ___________________.

humanistic, nonpunitive strategies to right wrongs and restore social harmony

According to trajectory theory, what kind of childhood behavior leads to a tendency to rob houses?

lying

Your summer program is off to a good start, but your work reveals some larger trends within the community. Teen gang violence is on the rise, and younger kids seem to be emulating them with minor offenses like shoplifting and vandalism. Let's review a few concepts before you make another decision about this scene. What is the likely chronology of an age-based, life-course sequence of delinquency?

lying, arson, burglary

What is the most important source of influence on young people living in high-crime areas?

parents who are warm and supportive

Aftercare in the juvenile justice system is analogous to _______ in the adult criminal justice system.

parole

Robbery is a ________.

part I crime

Which policing strategy best avoids stigmatizing troubled youths?

partnering with community-based services

A social system in which men are dominant in family, government, and business is called _____.

patriarchal

The federal mandate of using the least restrictive alternative for juvenile corrections has resulted in which trend since the 1970s in the United States?

placing non-criminal youths in community programs instead of in secure facilities

During which stage of the court process do juvenile probation officers help judges decide how to dispose of a case?

postadjudication

John Hagan's claim that gender differences in the delinquency rate are connected to class differences is known as _______.

power-control theory

A method of delinquency prevention would be ________.

preschool

Which kind of school program has had the greatest influence on cognitive development?

preschool

What type of costs are associated with delinquency prevention?

preschools

Juvenile court hearings that are closed to the public, and the press restrict information, in the interest of protecting the ______________ of the juvenile.

privacy

To detain a juvenile, there must be clear evidence of _____________ that the child has committed the offense and that he or she will flee if not detained.

probable cause

What sentence is most commonly given at the disposition stage?

probation

The developmental view that delinquent behavior is a type of problem that clusters around other antisocial behaviors is known as ______.

problem behavior syndrome

Of the various approaches to reducing serious juvenile crime, which is considered the most successful?

problem-oriented policing

How much money is lost due to drunk driving every year?

$185 billion

The concept of the chronic offender was first developed in the ______.

1970s

There was a significant increase in the use of illicit drugs among adolescents in the _______.

1990s

How much is the total cost of a single murder?

5 million

Roughly, how many serious, Part I violent crime arrests are juveniles responsible for today?

50,000

Which of the following does not increase the harmful effects of divorce?

A father who leaves the home stays involved in the lives of his children.

A behavioral psychologist might argue that children who watch violence on television are likely to commit violent crimes. What evidence could be used to dispute this claim?

Areas with the highest levels of violent TV viewing have not been shown to have higher than average rates of violent crime.

According to Hirschi, why are youths who are strongly attached to their parents less likely to commit criminal acts?

Attachment to parents is one of the most important elements of the social bond.

On what grounds might parents be punished for their children's failure to attend school?

Attendance problems are often caused by inadequate supervision.

The black tar heroin is being sold by teens working in a loose gang structure, and all of the overdoses happened in the poorest areas of Detroit. The commissioner's other advisers are split on the best approach, and you are the deciding voice. Should you pursue an aggressive enforcement strategy, or a more nuanced, treatment-oriented approach? A series of arrests will tax the already clogged juvenile facilities in your city, but treatment-oriented approach might not be enough to address the underlying issues that lead to drug use. What do you decide?

Based on your understanding that a drug problem is a symptom of larger social and psychological issues, you advocate for a treatment-oriented approach.

How does the way delinquent youths relate to their romantic partners differ from the way nondelinquent youth do?

Delinquents argue more with their romantic partners than nondelinquents do.

What is the most important reason that a social ecologist would expect to find high rates of delinquency in a neighborhood that has many houses needing repair?

Disorder is a sign that a neighborhood has lost collective efficacy.

Which early view of delinquency still holds today?

Girls and boys both commit status offenses.

What is true of cognitive differences between girls and boys?

Girls can access long-term memory with greater ease than boys.

How does the behavior of girls compare to that of boys in the juvenile justice system?

Girls try to commit suicide more often than boys.

Which statement best explains the difference between the way girls are treated as members of a gang auxiliary, rather than as members of the gang itself?

Girls who belong to a gang auxiliary take part only in the activities they are permitted to by males.

What is the reason there are no recent federal statistics on drug use and delinquency?

Government spending was cut.

Which statement about the deterrent effect of harsh sentences is true?

Harsh sentences that are felt to be unfair may encourage young offenders to defy the system.

Why was classical criminologist Cesare Beccaria opposed to sentencing convicted rapists to death?

He believed the death penalty gave rapists an incentive to kill their victims.

Why are some historians critical of the child savers?

They established a system that did not protect children's constitutional rights

What is true of the War on Drugs?

Violence has increased as law enforcement crackdowns on dealers have increased.

How would the criminal experts of the early 20th century explain the comparatively lower population of women's prisons?

Women use their wiles and charms to fool police and judges.

If the child does not admit to any of the facts in the petition, a date is set for a ____________ on the petition.

hearing

During the _____________, cases are screened by the juvenile court system, and a decision is made to file a petition in juvenile court to release the juvenile, place the juvenile under supervision, or refer the juvenile elsewhere.

intake process

Which innovation in probation have researchers found to be less cost-effective than the others?

intensive supervision

A gang is classified as an ____ group that fills a crack in the social fabric

intersitital

The Nurse-Family Partnership _________.

is a home-visitation program

What is another term for "propensity"?

latent trait

Sociologist Howard S. Becker refers to people who create rules as ______________________.

moral entrepreneurs

Labeling people as disgraceful or disreputable can negatively impact self-image, making them __________________.

more prone to engage in delinquent behavior

Even in serious cases, the use of ______________ has grown in recent years and is most often chosen for disposition.

probation

A questionnaire that asks subjects to reveal their own misconduct is called a _________.

self-report survey

What is the main reason gangs move to new areas?

to relocate with their families

In the first few years of life, girls are socialized to repress _______.

aggression

The most common gateway drug is _______.

alcohol

What is the drug that teens most frequently admit to using?

alcohol

Which of the following is an example of neglect?

allowing a child to remain in danger

What crime trend that occurred after the dawn of the women's movement could liberal feminists cite as proof they are correct in their view?

an increase in the number of car thefts perpetrated by women

Two views of gang formation that hold that young people who feel like outsiders are more likely to join gangs are the sociocultural and the _____.

anomie/alienation

Which view of gang formation holds that gang rituals help members bridge the gap between childhood and adulthood?

anthropological view

Sociologist Kai Erickson argued, "Deviance is not a property inherent in certain forms of behavior, it is a property conferred upon those forms by the _____________ which directly or indirectly witnesses them."

audience

Which factor has not been shown to increase the chances that having a deviant sibling will influence a brother or sister to become delinquent?

being far apart in age

What is the main reason the cost of violence committed against juveniles is almost double the cost of violence perpetrated by juveniles?

Adults rape children

Where does most of the heroin in the world come from?

Afghanistan

Which group has not seen a decline in serious violent crime perpetrated against them in recent years?

black youth

Which technology best supports procedural justice?

body-worn cameras

Which model of policing is least likely to cause a juvenile officer to experience role conflicts?

community

The developmental perspective of delinquency prevention does not generally focus on _______.

community outreach

What is a common criticism of the D.A.R.E. program?

It is not an evidence-based program.

A consultant has advised members of the task force to work to make neighborhoods more cohesive. How would greater neighborhood cohesion help reduce gang violence?

It would encourage neighbors to act together to exercise more effective informal social control.

How are recent trends regarding juvenile probation best characterized?

Its use has decreased, but it is still a popular option with judges.

All of the following are volunteer-based prevention programs that focus on the individual except _______.

Job Corps

Victims of crime are personally studied via the ______.

NCVS

h decision determined how the Fourth Amendment applies to school searches?

New Jersey v. T.L.O.

How does the number of black boys under 18 arrested for delinquency compare to that of white boys under 18?

Roughly 1 out of 3 black boys are arrested before they turn 18, compared to roughly 1 in 5 white boys.

After 90 days of saturation patrolling, you review your preliminary results, which are consistent with what researchers have found in larger studies. Let's review a few concepts before you make another decision about this scene. What have researchers learned about how well aggressive enforcement strategies prevent delinquency?

Saturation patrols make citizens less willing to cooperate with the police.

You must decide whether to send the bill to the entire senate for consideration. You have two choices.

Send the bill back to the subcommittee, asking the drafters to include a broader range of responses to truancy, including school-based interventions and sanctions for parents that include community service and mandatory parenting classes.

What organization compiles the Uniform Crime Report (UCR)?

FBI

What is the cost-benefit ratio of home visit programs to high- risk families?

For every dollar spent on home visit programs, $4 are saved in juvenile and criminal justice costs.

Which program has been shown to be effective in reducing juvenile involvement in gangs?

G.R.E.A.T.

How is social ecology theory related to the earlier work of Shaw and McKay?

Social ecologists are more interested in studying how disorganized neighborhoods disrupt interpersonal relationships.

Which of these youths would be the best candidate for a prevention program?

4-year-old who needs to develop cognitive skills

At what stage of a juvenile court proceeding does a juvenile have the right to confront witnesses?

adjudicatory hearing

Which view of why youths join gangs is least likely to explain how a gang in a small town could attract new members?

social disorganization view

In which type of gang are members typically not personally involved in heavy drug use?

social gang

The concepts of interaction and interpretation in social reaction theory can lead to negative labels that can define people and rob them of _________________.

social opportunities

_________________, a branch of sociology, is the root of social reaction and labeling theories.

symbolic ineraction theory

Boston's Operation Ceasefire is an example of pulling levers policing because it _____.

targeted several factors contributing to gun violence

What set the federal guidelines for state agencies that protect children?

the passage of the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) in 1974

What is parens patriae?

the power of the state to act on behalf of the child and provide care and protection equivalent to that of a parent

The child is represented in the juvenile courtroom in all stages of the proceedings by the _______________.

defense attorney

An important principle in social reaction theory, ________________, benefits those who hold economic and social power and penalizes the powerless.

differential labeling

If video cameras that are installed to prevent theft also reduce vandalism, this is an example of ______.

diffusion of benefits

Differential labeling takes place because _________________ controls every level of operation of the American justice system.

discretionary decision making

What is the most commonly used narcotic in the United States?

heroin

According to trait theory, which of these contributed to Riva's delinquency?

his bipolar disorder

The key to the effectiveness of problem-oriented policing (POP) is that it ____.

is proactive

Delinquency prevention measures are consistently less expensive, more effective, and less traumatic to society than delinquency control. Still, these programs are comparatively underfunded and politically unpopular. You are an advisor to the mayor of Miami, specializing in delinquency prevention and control. The city has recently been given a grant that must be used on delinquency prevention, and the mayor has charged you with figuring out where the money should be spent. Let's review a few concepts before you make a decision about this scene. What is a method of delinquency prevention?

job training

According to propensity theory, a teenager who has had on-and-off trouble with impulse control ever since he was a boy is demonstrating a _____.

latent trait

According to propensity theory, a teenager who has had on-and-off trouble with impulse control ever since he was a boy is demonstrating a _______.

latent trait

Crime and delinquency can be subjectively defined and interpreted, changing from illegal to ______________ over time or from place to place.

legal

What types of people do not engage in delinquency control?

ministers

Compared to males, female juvenile offenders experience which of the following?

more restrictive institutions; less rehabilitation; fewer programs and services; more mental health problems

Symbolic interaction theory holds that people communicate via symbols—gestures, signs, words, or images—that stand for _______________.

something else

what does the Drug Enforcement Agency claim has led to the seizure of fewer meth labs in recent years?

new laws affecting retail pharmacies

Which type of family is considered stressful because it can create intense conflict between parents and children?

nuclear family

What group does recent research indicate would be most likely to self-report a drug offense?

occasional delinquents

Biological trait theorists might research all of the following as possible causes of delinquency except ______________.

physical measurements

Which crime was much more likely committed by a male?

physically hurting someone

When was the highest reported drug use for American adolescents?

1970s

Which decade saw a rapid growth in programs that enhanced police services for children?

1960s

What is the term for a pervasive pattern of disregard for the rights of others?

ASPD

After the guard responsible for the assault is disciplined, the media pressure eases somewhat, but your superior demands something be done about the drug problem. Two ideas are floated by your assistant: one is to recommend removal to a drug and psychological treatment facility instead of detention for older offenders; the other is the creation of a program within the community to reach out to families of younger girls and focus on emotional support and prevention. What do you decide?

Based on your understanding that early drug use in girls leads to delinquency, you advocate for the new program of prevention focusing on families and younger girls.

What is one disadvantage of using a civil gang injunction (CGI) to control gang activity?

CGIs have been criticized as a violation of civil rights.

What does Huh's research suggest about the relationship between family conflict and children's aggression?

Children who provoke conflict weaken parents' ability to control their behavior.

What conclusion did Shaw and McKay draw from data that showed levels of delinquency remained the same even as different ethnic groups moved into or out of the inner city?

Delinquency is tied to neighborhood characteristics rather than residents' culture.

Some courts have stated that bail provisions do not apply to juveniles, while others rely on the_________________, or on state constitutional provisions or statutes, and conclude that juveniles do have a right to bail.

Eighth Amendment against cruel and unusual punishment

A shopper who sees Raymond return to the store to make restitution approaches you after the incident. The shopper wonders why you didn't arrest the young thief. "Young people today think they can get away with anything," she says. "Putting that boy in handcuffs and taking him to jail would have scared him straight." How can you defend your decision to issue a warning? Let's review a few concepts before you make another decision about this scene. What intervention strategy did you apply when you issued a warning?

Graduated sanctions: A warning may be all that is needed to deter further theft by this first-time offender.

How did police chief August Vollmer influence juvenile justice in America?

He formed the first juvenile division in America

What is the significance of Kent v. United States?

It determined that a child has due process rights

Which statement is true?

Once arrested, an underage offender is more likely than not to be referred to juvenile court.

Why are unmarried couples with children considered fragile families?

Only about one-third of the couples are still together after five years.

Within a few months, Raymond appears in your courtroom for a dispositional hearing on his second shoplifting offense. He is now 16 years old. He has admitted to stealing a sweatshirt from a sporting goods store. The officer who issued the warnings tell you that in his judgment applying graduated sanctions would be an effective way to rehabilitate Raymond. Which graduated sanction would be most appropriate in this case?

Raymond is a nonviolent offender who should be ordered to complete a theft reduction class.

How can a self-fulfilling prophecy occur?

Responses to earlier labeling experiences lead to deviant behavior patterns.

What theorists first integrated the concepts of cumulative disadvantage, social capital, and turning points into an understanding of delinquency over the course of a life?

Robert Sampson and John Laub

Which statement best summarizes the way transfer to adult court is used in a comprehensive juvenile justice system?

Transfer to adult court is used only for the most violent underage offenders

How does the percentage of children in poverty compare to that of adults in poverty?

Twenty percent of children live in poverty, compared to 12 percent of adults aged 18-65.

A crime that has no purpose except to accomplish the behavior at hand is called a(n) ________.

expressive crime

In the juvenile court, the judge's ____________ is the verdict, not the prelude to a verdict as in adult criminal court, and the case is resolved.

finding

In addition to informal labels, _________________from the juvenile justice system can have a devastating effect on adolescents' self-image.

official labels

In Colonial America, letting children witness severe acts of public violence was

often compulsory

The most effective individual treatment programs in juvenile institutions typically combine which of these?

psychotherapy, reality therapy, behavior modification

Which of these is not a social structure theory?

rational choice theory

What is an example of delinquency control?

secure confinement

What is an example of a drug that is legal in prescription form?

thorazine

Where does life-course view place most of its focus?

transitions

Which of the following does not pose a significant problem to the validity of the UCR?

unreliable trends and patterns in crime data

Your decision draws some criticism from people who think a treatment approach is soft on crime. Some members of the town council believe your officers should use aggressive tactics to suppress gang activity before it can become established in your town. Let's review a few concepts before you make another decision about this scene. When can a civil gang injunction be an effective way to keep a gang from becoming a public nuisance?

when it targets a multigenerational, turf-based, criminal street gang

At what stage in the process of prosecuting an abuse or neglect petition is an attorney appointed for the child?

when parents contest the charges and a case is continued for trial

What was the first organized police force?

"bobbies" in London, 1829

How long has the War on Drugs lasted?

40 years

What percentage of male delinquents tested positive for marijuana in the most recent government study?

60%

According to Messner and Rosenfeld's institutional anomie theory, how does pursuit of the American Dream contribute to anomie?

Americans are frustrated because they find difficult to have both a successful career and a fulfilling personal life.

You only have enough resources to focus on one group of kids. The teenage gangs are an immediate, violent problem, but your work with younger kids can have a more lasting impact in your community. What do you decide?

Based on the immediacy of the violence problem, you decide to pour your remaining resources into an intense program of discipline and monitoring of teenagers, in an effort to reduce their opportunities to commit crimes.

Your advisers are evenly split on the two best uses for the block grant. One program would set up an accountability system to focus on strengthening the relationships between parents, juvenile officers, and students; the other would be the creation of an ambitious summer athletics and activities program. What do you decide?

Based on your understanding that crime declines when opportunities to commit crime are fewer, and that summer months present particular challenges, you decide to fund the athletics and activities program.

You see two possibilities to deal with the problem of teen pregnancy: create a parallel program to counsel and educate girls about their sexuality, or lobby enforcement to target those who sexually abuse or prey on girls. What do you decide?

Based on your understanding that girls are often manipulated and oppressed through their sexuality, you opt to expand your outreach program to include sexual education and counseling.

The police commissioner notices the pattern of more violent offenses and is concerned that a "get tough on crime" approach is needed. Your understanding of trends in drug use and sales makes you worry such an approach will only move the crime elsewhere, but the mandated stay in rehabilitation facilities seems to be making things worse. The commissioner wants a new plan on his desk by end of day. What do you decide?

Based on your understanding that group homes are not as effective as alternative kinds of treatment, you advocate for a program that includes multisystemic therapy and outdoor programs.

The new grant you are asked to administer is targeted toward children in secondary education, and again there are two competing programs on the table. One is a mentoring program, which will connect volunteers in the community with at-risk teens, and the other is a job training program, which will build and restore houses in poorer areas of Miami.

Based on your understanding that mentoring programs can reduce aggression and delinquency, and can create bonds with adults that are protective factors into adulthood, you advocate for the mentoring program.

The terms of the grant stipulate that prevention be focused in one area. The two programs the mayor is interested in funding reach two different segments of the population: a home-visitation program targeting at-risk pregnant mothers and their young infants, and a universal preschool program targeting poor neighborhoods. The mayor has asked that you choose one. What do you decide?

Based on your understanding that the bonds of family are an enormous protective factor against delinquency, and that education of parents of the dangers of alcohol and drug use can help with the biological development of children's brains, you decide to fund the family-based program.

Which of these statements about international gangs is not true?

Because of globalization, international gangs now have almost identical cultures.

Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay founded one of the earliest juvenile delinquency prevention programs in what city?

Chicago

An estimated $1 trillion has been spent on the four-decade-long War on Drugs, but drug use and drug abuse continue to be predictors of delinquency and a plague on the entire criminal justice system. Enforcement, prevention and treatment strategies must be integrated in order to have any kind of lasting effect. You are an advisor to the police commissioner of Detroit, specializing in delinquency. The commissioner has charged you with coming up with a plan for the next year to get the drugs off the streets. The problem has escalated severely: in the last six months, 13 high school kids across the city have overdosed on black tar heroin. Let's review a few concepts before you make a decision about this scene. How do U.S. border seizures of cocaine and heroin compare to border seizures worldwide?

Cocaine and heroin are both seized at lower rates at the U.S. border.

Which cultural deviance theory explains how lower-class youths choose to become corner boys, college boys, or delinquent boys?

Cohen's theory of delinquent gangs

Recently, your small town has been experiencing an increase in drive-by shootings. Law enforcement believes that gang members from a nearby major city have moved into the area because their families wanted a safer environment to raise their children. These new arrivals are starting to recruit young people into a new teen gang. Although gang activity tends to be concentrated in larger cities, it does occur in small towns and rural areas. You know that gang activity in less populated areas tends to go in spurts. According to the National Gang Center, "gang activity in smaller cities and rural counties . . . may emerge and dissipate in just a few years' time." You want to be sure that youth gangs do not become established in your town. Let's review a few concepts before you make a decision about this scene. Which statement about the distribution of gang activity is true?

Fierce competition is driving gangs in urban areas to seek and claim new territories.

Which statement best describes Nye's findings about the relationship between family conflict and delinquency?

In a broken home, the structure of the family is more important than the quality of the relationship between the parents.

The Supreme Court decision in _________________ was significant because of the procedural reforms it initiated and its far-reaching development of due process standards at the pretrial, trial, and posttrial stages of the juvenile process.

In re Gault

Contrast the way this incident would be handled by the juvenile and the adult justice systems.

In the juvenile system, Raymond would not be charged as a criminal.

Which of the following is NOT a recommendation of the National Research Council and Institute of Medicine's Panel on Juvenile Crime?

Increase the use of secure detention and secure confinement.

What might be an unintended negative effect of saturation patrolling in minority neighborhoods?

Increased scrutiny might contribute to a perception that the police are biased against people living in those neighborhoods.

What changes in the juvenile justice system led the Supreme Court to protect children's right to due process?

Increasing numbers of children who had not committed crimes were coming into the system

Which statement about law enforcement strategies used to control gangs is true?

Intelligence-gathering is a gang control tactic commonly used by law enforcement.

Which of the following is a weakness of the GTC?

It doesn't address the effect of self-control on criminal behavior.

How does the presence of an unrelated adult in the home affect the likelihood that abuse will occur?

It increases the risk, because stepchildren are at greater risk of abuse than biological children.

If a juvenile officer reports to a department captain who reports to a chief of criminal investigations, what can you conclude about the police force that employs the officer?

It is a large force in a major city.

What is the effect of romantic love on delinquent behavior?

It reduces it by strengthening the social bond.

Contrast the views of social process theorists with those of social disorganization theorists.

Social process theorists discount the influence of the American Dream.

Which of these statements is supported by evidence?

Kids with strong social bonds are less likely to become delinquent.

One reason for your recommendation is that you aren't convinced that court-driven consequences are the best way to discourage chronic truancy. You wonder whether other, less punitive approaches might not be more effective. Let's review a few concepts before you make another decision about this scene. Which statement is not an explanation of why truancy laws have been criticized as being unfair to the poor?

Low-income families have fewer resources to deal with problems like finding transportation to school.

How does drug use among male delinquents compare with that of female delinquents?

Male delinquents use more marijuana but less methamphetamine than female delinquents.

_____________ for serious juvenile offenders usually mean that they are institutionalized for the full sentence and are not eligible for early parole.

Mandatory sentences

Who is responsible for the development of cohort research that eventually branched into contemporary developmental theories?

Marvin Wolfgang

The earliest use of a randomly selected control group to study delinquency took place in ________.

Massachusetts

Juvenile probation in the United States was initiated by _______ in _____.

Massachusetts; 1869

According to Malcolm Klein, what is one element all teen gangs have in common in addition to their commitment to criminal activity?

Members consider themselves a gang and are proud to belong to it.

Why is Robert Merton's theory of anomie classified as a strain theory?

Merton attributed the cause of anomie to the clash of culturally defined goals and socially approved means.

How does money spent on prevention compare to money spent on offenders?

Money spent on all prevention programs is a fraction of the money spent on delinquents.

Your program for families is successful beyond expectations: Within five years, the children of families in the experimental group are more school-ready than those in the control group, and the parenting strategies learned by the participants have led to an unexpected benefit--less drug and alcohol use. The success of the program has led to the creation of another grant, for which you are asked to serve on the advisory committee. Let's review a few concepts before you make another decision about this scene. How has the focus of prevention programs changed in the past four decades?

More emphasis has been placed on the family and individual.

Which statement is supported by evidence?

Most out-of-control kids receive inconsistent discipline from detached parents.

The next day, you and two backup officers jump from behind a hallway corner and surround the two surprised suspects near the men's locker room door. One suspect is a slender, middle-aged woman, apparent once the hood is off her head. She is screaming, "Don't hurt me!" The young man is clearly shaken and upset, crying, "That's my mom!" Several teachers and students at the end of the hall witness this scene, with fear and concern on their faces. One young-looking student yells, "Mom! Danny!" One officer goes into the men's locker room and finds an older janitor mopping the floor, with his school ID clearly visible. However, without explanation, he is shoved into the hallway and handcuffed with the two suspects. Then, all are marched into the principal's office, the woman crying all the way, and visible from open classroom doors where students have returned from lunch. The staff in the office are alarmed, and some run down the hall while others listen in. After discussion, it turns out the two "suspects" are groundskeepers (hence the hoodies)--a mother and her son, who is also a student at the school, who live in the immediate neighborhood. Each had an ID on their person, but were not wearing them visibly due to the physical nature of their jobs. However, to be on the safe side, you search both persons and find nothing other than a plastic bag with a candy bar in it. The janitor is an old family friend to whom they bring candy each day to help with his low blood sugar. You take a good look at the candy in the plastic bag; it has not been tampered with and is still in its original wrapper. You next learn that after the principal saw the surveillance video, and without informing you she arranged increased security of two more uniformed SROs and metal detectors at all entrances, starting the next day. The principal wants the groundskeepers prosecuted for disobeying the zero-tolerance policy. This prosecution will cost them their jobs. It is up to you and the backup officers to take the mother and son immediately to jail for booking, a request to which you and the other officers comply. Let's review a few concepts before you make another decision about this scene. In ________, the Supreme Court ruled that school searches must be reasonable and, considering the circumstances of the case, not overly intrusive.

Safford Unified School District v. Redding (2009)

Margot stabbed Alicia and took her jewelry. What life situation would a contemporary trait theorist say was connected to the crime?

She is in a sexual relationship with an older boy.

Who followed the careers of known young offenders to determine the characteristics that predicted persistent delinquency?

Sheldon and Eleanor Gleuck

Which of these is a reason offered by a criminology researcher for the great variation among U.S. states in their rates of juvenile incarceration?

States with higher juvenile custody rates have higher adult custody rates as well.

______________ automatically exclude(s) certain offenses from juvenile court, resulting in juveniles being tried as adults

Statutory exclusion policies

When New York City decided not to use aggressive policing to control gang violence in the 1970s, what were the long-term effects?

Street gang violence was no longer a serious problem by the 1980s.

You believe that the task force's decisions should be data-driven. You identify several stakeholders that you believe should be involved in collecting data about young people in your community, including churches, health providers, law enforcement, employers, and the school system. You are particularly interested in data about dropouts. Let's review a few concepts before you make another decision about this scene. According to social control theory, why would helping students succeed in school be an effective way to reduce delinquency?

Students who do well in school and develop bonds with their teachers are less likely to become delinquent.

Who argues that most young offenders can be divided into adolescent-limited offenders and life-course persisters?

Terrie Moffitt

How did the philosophy of parens patriae shape the work of the child savers?

The child savers believed juvenile offenders should be educated and protected, not given the same punishment as adults.

What is true of the differences between the delinquency rates of males and females?

The illegal acts most common for girls are also most common for boys.

Which statement about peer relationships is true?

The influence of peers may outweigh the influence of parents in producing a delinquent way of life.

Why does the community policing model increase officers' ability to use their discretion with juveniles?

The model is decentralized.

Which statement best describes the link between family breakup and delinquency?

The more often children go through family breakups, the more likely they are to become delinquent.

What drawback does the Seattle Social Development Project and the Montreal Longitudinal-Experimental Study share?

The positive effect of each program was not as pronounced as the children became adults.

Which of the following is an example of the difference between a trial in adult court and an adjudication in juvenile court?

The proceedings are criminal.

Which statement best describes current public opinion about the juvenile justice system?

The public supports delinquency prevention programs enough to be willing to pay extra taxes to fund them

According to research, how does a father's criminal behavior influence his children?

The sons of fathers with a criminal history tend to get arrested themselves.

Which statement could be cited as evidence that teen courts are effective in reducing delinquency?

The teen court movement is one of the fastest growing delinquency intervention programs in the country

How has the national focus on prevention of delinquency changed in the past 40 years?

There has been more of an emphasis on the individual and the family.

How has the trait theory changed in its explanation of female delinquency?

There is less of an emphasis on physical appearance and more of an emphasis on brain chemistry.

Since 1994, the U.S. Department of Justice has invested more than $14 billion to develop programs through the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS Office). Grants are available to all levels of law enforcement. Your department has received funding to hire six new officers through the COPS hiring program. The grant requires that officers devote most of their time to preventing delinquency. Some of your fellow juvenile officers think the new officers should be assigned to saturation patrols in the areas with the most gang activities. Others also want to target hot spots, but they want to add the new hires to teams that apply problem-oriented policing in hot spots. Let's review a few concepts before you make a decision about this scene. According to researchers, what are the results of gang suppression tactics like saturation patrols?

These tactics do little to reduce crime and violence but do increase tensions between law enforcement and the community.

Like this one kid who was falsely accused and then committed a crime under pressure from a local gang of peers, with the additional problem of labeling from his father, many other kids in the same part of the city face similar challenges of labeling at home, at school, and in the workplace. They are also gang targets. Eradicating an established, global-based gang will be difficult because it becomes part of the community's interactions and business relationships. You decide that some education about negative labeling in the neighborhood, aimed at parents and guardians—and alternatives to gang membership—will be key to stop people from repeating the same delinquent behaviors and exhibiting the same low expectations that were faced by that one kid. You decide that law enforcement can take a leadership role in the community to help create an atmosphere where safety, positive labels for youth, and relationship-building between organizations and local youth can thrive. What can you do to create new alternatives for youth in a neighborhood with a history of poverty and gangs?

To provide alternatives to labeling from sources close to the child, and alternatives to gang membership, a teen support center is created in conjunction with the city and law enforcement where youth can hang out during the day or night. Social workers in rotating shifts are available when called. There is also an anonymous phone "tip line" that anyone can call 24/7 and leave a message about gang activity or pressure from gangs. Adding this resource goes beyond the reactionary 911 emergency call to report violence or damage to property after it occurs by anticipating problems or addressing them before they get larger. Follow-up meetings based on topics that arise on the phone tip line take place each month, where law enforcement is present but do not make arrests, so that rumors are dispelled and the air is cleared from retaliatory or accusatory beliefs that can lead to gang violence and recruitment. The local neighborhood decides if any action should be taken, or if actions plans should be created to solve local problems.

The MS-13 gang was transported to America by Salvadorans fleeing civil war. What is another way this group illustrates how a gang becomes global?

When the U.S. government deported members to El Salvador, the deportees spread the gang throughout the country.

You are a member of the task force. The community is relying on you to find an effective solution. But where do you start?

You believe that you cannot solve a problem unless you understand how big it is and what causes it. You start by gathering data and researching what experts think about the causes of youth violence.

Next day, as the suspects come down the hall, you and the principal are stationed outside of the men's locker room. In New Jersey v. T.L.O. (1984), the Supreme Court stated that, outside of school, police need "probable cause" before they can conduct a search, but educators can legally search students when there are reasonable grounds to believe students have violated the law or broken school rules. So, you asked the principal to accompany you to the hallway to greet and search the suspects, in case they turn out to be students. You notice one of them is a slender, middle-aged woman, and the other is a young man. You politely say "Good afternoon, may I check your school IDs, please?"

You decide that a restorative justice approach could be beneficial, and could be taken by the school and the court, particularly in how to appropriately use the zero-tolerance policy for minor and major infractions. A dialog with the community would also be a good idea, seeing as many of the school staff live in the surrounding neighborhood of the school. If there are expulsions or arrests, no one wants crimes to move from the school and into the neighborhood. Restorative action could be turned into something positive for victims, offenders, and the community, and could be a good solution for zero tolerance policy infractions.

According to trajectory theory, a contract killer will have started out as what kind of child?

a bully

Since it might be awhile until you get a chance to talk with this youth again, you decide to get straight to the point and ask, "Has someone been calling you those names?" The young man looks at the ground and says, "Yes, my father calls me 'stupid' and 'loser' all the time, every day. I don't think he wants me to go to college, much less finish high school." As the youth pays for groceries, you ask say, "I assume that these labels made you feel bad about yourself. Is that the reason you started to spray paint buildings?" The young man yells, "No! That wasn't me. It was the kid who wanted me to join his gang of friends. He did it. He said he would beat me up if I didn't confess to doing it." You are relieved, and say, "Would you be willing to tell the authorities who did the graffiti?" The young man looks doubtful, and says, "Maybe. I have to go now and get the groceries home to my dad." "OK, but can I mention your information to someone in authority? And, can you stop doing any graffiti until your court appearance?" The youth nods and heads out the door. Should you take the chance of violating the child's right to privacy and report his father's negative labeling to authorities?

You decide to wait until the appointed court date to testify in regard to the allegations against the kid and plan to testify on behalf of his good character. Due to a backlog of cases, primarily consisting of minority youth from the same community, the court date is about four months away. You realize a lot can happen in four months, but the youth will just have to avoid falling into the trap of self-prophecy from the negative labeling from his father, and he will have to defend himself from the gang leader and his friends, until then. You decide to focus on criminal activity in the neighborhood in order to catch the taggers and gang members, about whom your department is getting increasing reports and complaints.

You meet with the principal and find out that there are no students or staff who should be in that hall during lunchtime each day. You review the surveillance video of the hallway with the principal, and notice that one of the men hands off a small plastic packet to someone who is not visible behind the door that leads to the men's locker room. This activity looks suspicious not only because of its routine nature (same time each day), but also because the packet looks like the same size as a packet of cocaine, heroin, or methadone. You decide to inquire about this activity by catching up with the two suspicious persons the next day, as you had planned.

You determine that keeping in touch with the principal about the suspected intruders, and knowing the school's policies, are important and necessary, so you and school administration can act as a team under the same sets of policies and criminal law. During your meeting, you asked how the principal thought you should approach the two men in the hallway, and she responded with the zero-tolerance policy, citing minor infractions that require action. She recommended that you arrest them on the spot and bring them to the principal's office in handcuffs before being booked at the jail. You don't want to try to handle them both alone, so you call for two backup officers and a squad car to meet you at the front door of the school right before lunch to help apprehend and arrest the two men.

You are a police chief who has noted an upsurge in delinquent activity after gang members moved to your small town. The mayor and town council want to know what you're going to do to control the problem. You have a small force with a limited budget, so you want to use your resources as effectively as possible.

You form community partnerships to provide young people with alternative ways to meet the needs filled by a gang.

After witnessing Raymond's theft, you follow him out of the store. As you talk to him, you learn that he has never been in trouble with the law. He stole the candy bars on impulse and agrees to return to the store and pay for them. As a police officer, you have discretion in how you handle this case.

You issue a warning to Raymond, letting him know that he will probably be referred to a theft reduction program if he is caught stealing again.

After reviewing the evidence, you decide that you cannot approve the proposed attendance law as it currently stands.

You recommend that the committee review evidence-based interventions that have proved effective in reducing truancy and use them as models for your state's attendance law.

After reviewing the data, you identify what you consider to be the most important cause of youth violence in your community.

You recommend that the school district implement a program to help students stay in school. This will help at-risk students resist pressures to become delinquent and make it easier for them to find jobs after they graduate.

You understand residents' desire to keep gangs from getting established in your town. You study how other towns have controlled gang activity, and you present your conclusions to the town council.

You tell the council about evidence-based intervention programs your town could use as models, and propose that your department partner with other community agencies to control gangs.

According to cultural deviance theory, why are young people living in disorganized neighborhoods attracted to gangs?

Young people who see no hope of achieving economic success through conventional routes develop innovative ways to reach their goals.

How would a social learning theorist explain why having a delinquent sibling makes a child more likely to become delinquent?

Younger siblings tend to imitate the behavior of older siblings.

Which program has shown a direct economic benefit to both its recipients and society?

YouthBuild U.S.A.

Which profile is most typical of incarcerated juveniles in America today?

a 15 to 16-year-old African American male

Your program of intervention with young girls and families has a remarkable effect on drug prevention, but a new problem rushes in to take its place: teen pregnancy. One in five girls in your facility have been impregnated in the last year. Let's review a few concepts before you make another decision about this scene. Compared to boys, girl delinquents are more likely to _______.

be affected by child abuse

When a gang is part of a global organization, it is hard to prevent it from operating, even if some young members receive help early and are supported in not joining by parents, schools, and the community. Once involved in a crime, however, the juvenile justice system has been known to apply differential labeling, where the law is not equally applied. The probability of being brought under the control of legal authority is a function of a person's race, wealth, gender, and social standing. For example, while wealthy white delinquents are frequently let off with a warning, poor teens and children of color who commit similar acts are much more likely to face arrest and incarceration. Statistics show that once a case reaches the court system, racial bias influences the application of punishment. Let's review a few concepts before you make another decision about this scene. In social reaction theory, what is an example of a degradation ceremony for a juvenile?

being found delinquent after a trial

In the case of Ralston v. Robinson, how was the juvenile's right to treatment limited?

by denying treatment during adult imprisonment for crimes committed in a juvenile institution

You decide to enter a guilty plea, which the teen understands is in his best interest because it might lead to a more lenient sentence. You are then informed that the prosecutor will request a waiver to adult court due to the presence of a weapon. You oppose this waiver request. You plan to present evidence from the complaint that the gun had no bullets, and that the teens were motivated to rob the store because of poverty and hunger. What other evidence or circumstances can you present to the court in the best interests of the child, to prevent his being sent to an adult detention facility? Let's review a few concepts before you make another decision about this scene. A petition is filed once an agency receives the ______________, a report made by police or another agency, and makes a decision that judicial disposition is required.

complaint

A ___________ is an order of the court that authorizes disposition of the case without a formal label of delinquency.

consent decree

One branch of the social process approach is social learning theory; the other is social _____.

control

The view that female delinquency can be traced back to the onset of male supremacy is _______?

critical feminism

According to social conflict theory, also called __________________, those who hold economic power in society get to set the rules, control the law, and decide who is a deviant, delinquent, and/or criminal.

critical theory

According to age-graded life-course theory, a teen who was abused as a child will likely have _______.

cumulative disadvantage

Family courts have broad jurisdiction over a range of personal and household problems, including ______________.

delinquency, paternity, child support, and custody issues

Social reaction theory explains how sustained ______________ stems from destructive social interactions and encounters.

delinquent behavior

Of the following types of correctional treatments, which one is free of restrictions?

delivering restitution rather than restorative justice

Persistent juvenile drug offenders who also commit other crimes into adulthood are often _______.

denied the opportunity to have positive adult experiences as adolescents

After a child is taken into custody and a decision is made to treat the case formally (that is, with a juvenile court hearing), a decision is made either to release the child into the custody of parents or to ______________ the child in the temporary care of the state.

detain

The view that delinquency is a dynamic process influenced by social experiences as well as individual character is ________.

developmental theory

Parental labeling is extremely damaging because it may cause adolescents to seek _______________ whose behavior amplifies the effect of the labeling.

deviant peers

Once an adjudicatory hearing has been completed and a judgment has been entered, the juvenile court can begin its determination of possible ________________.

dispositions

After official halting or suspension of a formal criminal or juvenile justice proceeding, _____________ encourages an individual to participate in some specific program or activity to avoid further prosecution.

diversion

______________ encourages an individual to participate in a specific program or activity to avoid further prosecution; it can be initiated by the juvenile court judge after an initial hearing.

diversion

Although there are many theories and approaches to the understanding of gender differences, girls are indisputably at a disadvantage in several key social areas. The way girls are treated in the juvenile justice system sometimes reinforces rather than attenuates the oppression they are subjected to by society at large. You are an administrator who is responsible for advising policy and enforcement decisions for a juvenile detention center for girls. A media exposé of conditions in the center you are responsible for has created enormous pressure to reform within the community. The report revealed drug use is rampant, and several girls have accused a guard of assault. Let's review a few concepts before you make a decision about this scene. According to critical feminist theory, girls use drugs because they _______.

dont have power

What is the process of social typing that transforms an offender's identity from a doer of evil to an evil person?

dramatization of evil

The Supreme Court decision in Kent v. United States (1966) said that juvenile court waiver hearings need to measure up to the essentials of ___________ and, furthermore, set up criteria for waiver of the jurisdictions.

due process and fair treatment

Understanding the complicated social, psychological, and emotional factors that make up a child's personality is necessary to the prevention of delinquency. An essential part of that process is knowing what signs to look for and what theories can aid in understanding the behavior patterns of kids. Although there are several approaches to developmental theories of delinquency, they all share the basic concept that life circumstances and events can influence behavior. Whether traits are stable or mutable, early intervention seems key to limiting antisocial behavior over the course of a life. You are an administrator in the juvenile justice system who is assigned to a large public school district in the Bronx with responsibility for kids from K-12. This summer, there has been a flare-up of violence in the neighborhood: a 14-year old girl was raped by a boy in the grade above her. You need to address this problem systemically, and your district has just received a block grant that you are partially in charge of administering. Let's review a few concepts before you make a decision about this scene. According to the general crime theory, most delinquents exhibit problems with_______.

impulse control

When does a comprehensive juvenile justice strategy take effect?

in early childhood

The Good Behavior Game is a form of prevention targeted towards children_______.

in first grade

The concept of the right to treatment, as applied to the juvenile justice system, means that a juvenile offender has a right to treatment services promoting rehabilitation _________.

including while the juvenile offender is incarcerated

Which parenting behavior is most frequently associated with having children who are out of control?

inconsistency

To what can the recent decline in teen birthrates be attributed?

increased use of contraception

Which of Merton's five social adaptations is most closely linked to delinquent behavior?

innovation

You are a new school resource officer (SRO) hired by a large suburban high school to protect students and staff, observe and report student behavioral problems, and ensure a safe learning environment. Each day, you patrol the school's hallways in an effort to increase school security. The school has a zero-tolerance policy. You are aware that critics of this policy say it breeds contempt for the rule of law, irreparably harms students' notions of fairness and justice, and contributes to the creation of the same divisions between students and teachers that exist between citizens and law enforcement; their weight falls disproportionately on minority students. You are trying to get familiar with the academic calendar, and sports, music, and adult volunteer schedules, to know who is expected to go where during the day and after school. You are determined to serve all students, staff, and the community, regardless of minority status or economic background. As the SRO, you are getting to know the people and layout of this large high school and its many long, interconnecting hallways. It gets very crowded in the hallways between classes, and students walk quickly in small groups or race to get to their next class. Anyone in the hallway during class periods must have a hall pass, even to use the restroom. Similarly, all staff and students wear or carry a school ID badge at all times. There is to be no pushing or shoving in the hall between classes. This school attempts to restrict entry of dangerous persons by having visitors sign in before entering, and closes the campus for lunch. The principal, teachers, and staff smile and wave from office and classroom doors, glad to see you during school hours and at dismissal time. When school lets out, buses and parents arrive to take kids home, and other kids go to extracurricular activities. Being familiar with schedules should help you notice what is "out of the ordinary." It does not take long to notice two males walking the hallways during lunchtime each day, without a visible identification badge and wearing hoodies over their heads. You decide to say hello and meet these persons the next day in the hallway. You stop by the principal's office to see who they might be ahead of this informal meeting. Let's review a few concepts before you make a decision about this scene. A zero-tolerance policy _______.

mandates that action be taken for the slightest infraction of a school or criminal code violation

The view that women who commit crimes have biological and psychological traits similar to those of men is the ________?

masculinity hypothesis

One neurological condition that has been identified as a possible cause of several traits linked to delinquency is

minimal brain dysfunction (MBD)

The treatment program is off to a good start, from the point of view of the detention centers: Instead of being incarcerated, juveniles are being mandated into group rehab facilities. After a few months, a troubling pattern emerges--there seems to be an increase in the use of hard drugs and violent crime among those released from the rehab facilities. Let's review a few concepts before you make another decision about this scene. What has been the long-term consequence of busting large-scale drug rings?

more teens selling drugs

Researchers have found that, over the long term, ____ of children who have experienced a family breakup do as well as children from intact families.

more than 75%

Young people who felt their parents were distant and unsupportive were later _____ likely to get involved in antisocial behaviors.

much more

How would a gang with a small core of committed members and a larger group of affiliated youths who participate in gang activity only when the mood suits them be categorized?

near-group

How many high school seniors admit to having tried drugs?

nearly 50 percent

How do social learning theorists describe the process in which youths master techniques that allow them to counterbalance normative values and drift back and forth between illegitimate and conventional behavior?

neutralization

Research by Bartollas and colleagues defines a juvenile inmate culture. Which of the following reflects a common rule of this cultural code in juvenile institutions?

not yielding to others' pressures or demands

There does not need to be a(n)____________________ indicating that a person is actually a troublemaker.

objective proof or measure

The classification of delinquency prevention into the categories of primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention is a method of the _______.

public helath approach

What was the first reform introduced in order to improve the way the justice system handled juveniles?

putting young offenders on probation

Which of the following characteristics is not a risk factor for persistent delinquency?

race

When Padilla studied the Diamonds, he found that the gang made collective business decisions. This observation could be used as evidence to support which theory of gang formation?

rational choice view

Contemporary trait theorists believe that girls are more likely to be delinquents if they _______.

reach puberty at an early age

What is the most likely reason gangs reemerged in the 1960s?

recruits wanted to make money by selling drugs

The process of negative labeling that alienates parents from their children, reduces children's self-image, and increases delinquency is referred to as __________________.

reflected apprasial

Which of the following lists historical developments in American juvenile corrections during the 20th century in the correct chronological sequence, from earliest to latest?

reform schools; the cottage system; conservation camps; reception center

The independent juvenile court is a specialized court for children, designed to promote ____________ of youths within a framework of procedural due process.

rehabilitation

A public defender or private defense attorney is assigned to a juvenile case to satisfy the ____________ that an indigent child be provided with counsel.

requirement

In the United States, which kind of restitution is most commonly assigned in sentencing juveniles?

requiring monetary reimbursements to victims

The evidence-based intervention program adopted by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Program is based on the _____.

research of gang expert Irving Spergel

What is one of the two crimes women are most often arrested for?

the severe beating of a rival gang member

One strategy recommended by the National Crime Prevention Council is holding parents accountable for their children's behavior. Every state has laws under which parents can be found liable when their child willfully damages or destroys property. Recently the scope of proposed parental responsibility laws has been expanding, with calls to hold parents accountable for school shootings and cyberbullying. Nearly one-third of states already have laws punishing parents for their children's truancy. Under these laws, parents of chronic truants can be fined or even imprisoned. You are a member of your state senate's judiciary committee. You are considering a bill that would fine parents whose children have more than five unexcused absences and refer students who skipped more than 20 days of school to juvenile court. Should you approve the bill? Let's review a few concepts before you make a decision about this scene. As you review the law, you must consider whether it balances three interests: the state's responsibility to educate its citizens, students' right to an education, and parents' _____.

right to make decisions about how to raise their child

___________________ occurs when a deviant event comes to the attention of significant others or social control agents who apply a negative label.

secondary deviance

Using Becker's Fourfold Model of Labeling, kids who continually break rules yet avoid labeling and are called __________________.

secret deviants

According to the general theory of crime (GTC), the propensity to commit antisocial acts is tied directly to _______.

self-control

The type of behavior most likely to get a girl into trouble with the juvenile justice system is usually connected to ______.

sexuality

According to research on girls from inner-city neighborhoods, how does a young girl's association with a gang typically begin?

she begins to associate with gang boys

Alternatives to restrictive detention centers that also house violent and dangerous youths, called _____________, have been developed to offer temporary care of status offenders and neglected or abused children.

shelter care

Juvenile delinquency today is seen as _______.

somewhere in between civil law and criminal law

Negative labels such as troublemaker, at risk, or stupid can _______________ the recipients of these labels and reduce their self-image.

stigmatize

Which situational factor increases the likelihood that a juvenile will be arrested

struggling during a confrontation with police

Social reaction theory holds that the decision to label behavior as deviant or delinquent is ______________, based on the attitudes, values, and morals of the decision maker.

subjective

What is not a type of delinquency prevention based on the developmental perspective?

substance abuse treatment

Research findings on institutional treatment programs for serious juvenile offenders can be sorted in order from those with the most consistent evidence of the most positive effects, to those with less consistent evidence of positive effects, to inconsistent evidence of mixed effects, to inconsistent evidence of weak/no effects, to those with the most consistent evidence of weak/no effects. Which choice correctly lists these programs in the above order?

teaching interpersonal skills, family-style group homes; behavioral, community residential, and multiple services programs; individual, guided group, and group counseling; employment-related, drug abstinence, and wilderness/challenge programs; milieu therapy

How would critics of teen courts respond to supporters who claim they are an effective way to hold young offenders accountable?

teen courts and drug courts are too soft on young offenders.

Project PATHE is designed for _______.

teens

What is an example of an androgen?

testosterone

In the United States, _______ currently uses juvenile custodial treatment the most, _______ the least.

the District of Columbia; Vermont

What kind of person do Gottfredson and Hirschi believe will most likely commit antisocial acts?

the child of an active heroin addict and an absent mother

Which factor might make an officer more likely to refer a young offender to juvenile court?

the conservative attitude of the community

In 1994, the Improving America's Schools Act allowed educational systems to disclose education records under certain circumstances; for example, if _________.

the disclosure is to a juvenile justice agency

The concept that children internalize and later act out gender scripts is called ______.

the gender-schema theory

Most states have based their sentencing efforts on the concept of _________________, and state courts usually insist that the purpose of disposition must be rehabilitation and not punishment for juveniles.

the least detrimental alternative

You are a community police officer who has been called into court to testify about a young person who you have known from the neighborhood for several years. He is a junior in high school, known as a serious student who is involved with several clubs, and the neighbors speak highly of him. When you have been on night patrol, you noticed that he has been getting home very late on some nights, being dropped off by cars that you know are not from near his home. If he sees you at a local store, he avoids making eye contact with you, hurrying by when you try to catch his attention to say hello like you are used to doing. Nowadays, he is always alone if walking home from school, and does not appear to have anywhere to go, like he did when involved with school clubs. As a community police officer, it is your responsibility to connect with local citizens to see if there are issues or illegal activities occurring that might create problems for them. Since the juvenile court has brought allegations of spray painting graffiti on some buildings against this same young person, you know that you will soon be required to testify about him. Graffiti is often associated with drug activity, and you are concerned that allegations against him in juvenile court might be related to gang involvement. During a visit to a local grocery store, you notice he is checking out some food items, so you walk up to him with a smile and ask, "How are you, this bright senior high school student, doing?" The student gives you an odd look, and says, "You mean stupid, no good loser, right?" Something is amiss with this type of response from this kid; it sounds like someone has been labeling him as "stupid," "no good," or "loser." In fact, the response sounds like reflected appraisal, and you want to find out where his negative labeling is coming from to understand what might cause him to begin to exhibit deviant behavior like painting graffiti on buildings. Let's review a few concepts before you make a decision about this scene. What is reflected appraisal?

the process whereby a person's awareness of how other people see them becomes the basis for self-perception

You are a public defender in an all-public-defender system, assigned to juvenile court. Most of the children you defend in court are accused of nonviolent crimes against property or drug violations. There are so many cases each week that your job is starting to get routine. You are familiar with the local sheriff, police, state prosecutors, and social service agencies that communicate with the court. You have a good track record of advocating for the best outcomes for the indigent children you represent. As a public defender in juvenile court, you have been requested by the court to represent a teen who used a handgun in a case of armed robbery. Along with three friends, who are all under age 17, he is accused of holding up a grocery store in his neighborhood, a high-crime area known for poverty, an underfunded education system, and dilapidated housing. The owner of the store, who was working at the time, was unhurt because of the quick response to the scene by police, and the gun was not fired. The accused teen is age 15 and has no prior criminal record, yet you are concerned about the seriousness of the charges. There is also evidence on the store's video camera of him holding the gun while two of his friends open the cash register and the other teen tries to steal some snacks, making your task of defending him more difficult than if he had merely stolen food. Will you want to request his release to parents or guardians, or request the court to treat his case formally and detain him pending a juvenile court hearing? Let's review a few concepts before you make a decision about this scene. The public defender program is a statewide program established by legislation and funded by ______________ to provide counsel to children at public expense.

the state government

Gang violence decreased in the early 2000s, but in 2005 it began trending upward again. Homicide is now the second leading cause of death for young Americans from 15 to 24 years old, according to the CDC. Recently two incidents of gang violence have shocked your community. An honor student was caught in the crossfire when two rival gangs had a gun battle near his school. A volunteer at a community center was killed when gang members targeted the teenager she was tutoring. The mayor has formed a task force to find ways to reduce youth violence. Let's review a few concepts before you make a decision about this scene. A map of the delinquency rates in your community would show it as a series of concentric zones. In which zone would you expect to find the most gang-related violence?

the transitional zone

What is the primary reason female gang members leave the gang?

they become pregnant or want to start a family

In addition to maintaining order, what special responsibility do police officers have to juvenile offenders?

to ensure that troubled offenders receive treatment

Why does Feld recommend that all police interrogations be recorded?

to guard against false confessions by young juveniles

Why does the language used in juvenile court proceedings differ from that used in adult criminal trials?

to prevent young people who go through juvenile court proceedings from being stigmatized

Which of the following is NOT a goal of a comprehensive juvenile justice strategy?

to provide more options for confining young offenders

Since 1992, virtually all states have made it easier to try juveniles accused of committing serious crimes in adult court. More than half of states exclude certain crimes, such as murder, from consideration by the juvenile system. At the same time, reformers are looking for ways to keep young offenders out of detention, arguing that prevention is more effective than a get-tough policy in preventing juvenile crime. You are an off-duty police officer who observes 15-year-old Raymond as he and his friends walk the aisles of a convenience store. As they laugh and joke, Raymond slips several candy bars into his pocket. He then serves himself a soft drink, says good-bye to his friends, and pays for his drink before leaving the store with the stolen candy bars. Let's review a few concepts before you make a decision about this scene. According to the principles of the Illinois court reformers, what is the main reason to have a separate justice system for juveniles?

to rehabilitate young offenders rather than punish them

The drug that has seen the greatest rate of decrease in students grades 6 to 12 over the past decade is _____.

tobacco

What is the theory that there are many paths to delinquency, and many kinds of offenders?

trajectory theory

The ____________, which involves transferring a juvenile from the juvenile court to adult criminal court, is allowed in virtually all state statutes.

transfer process

What social trend led the child savers to found houses of refuge?

urbanization

Which factor was most important in making people aware of the need for a modern police force?

urbanization caused by the industrial revolution

What is data mining?

using computational methods to analyze large data sets

Which common saying about parenting styles is supported by research?

violence begets violence

Which parenting style lowers the risk of delinquency?

warm and demanding

According to early biological explanations of delinquency, a girl would be more likely to commit crimes if she _______.

was menstruating

In Hirschi's view, what is the cause of delinquency?

weakening of the ties that bond people to society

When does a clique become a gang?

when a group commits delinquent acts together

When was parens patriae first applied to treating juveniles in the U.S.?

when social reformers opened schools for troubled youths in the early nineteenth century

After reviewing the preliminary results, which delinquency prevention policy do you think would be most effective for your department?

work with the community to develop problem-oriented-policing solutions

Who were the child savers?

19th-century reformers who developed programs for troubled youth and influenced legislation creating the juvenile justice system

Which of the following statements does not apply to black children in the United States?

Fewer than one-third of black public school students graduate from high school.

Why can the way a gang typically functions be used as supporting evidence for rational choice theory?

Gangs can operate like organized criminal businesses

Contrast what choice theorists and trait theorists believe about free will.

Choice theorists view delinquents as individuals who freely choose to commit a crime, while trait theorists view delinquents as members of a group.

How did treatment of children in the Enlightenment compare to that of the Middle Ages?

Classroom physical discipline decreased and family life became more affectionate in the Enlightenment.

What experience would a life-course theorist believe to be deterrent to delinquency?

falling in love

Which statement would be accepted as true by someone with a psychodynamic view of delinquency?

Failing to develop proper attachment may cause people to fall prey to a number of psychological disorders.

Based on your recommendation, Jeanine is charged with a status offense, and shows up to court obviously drunk. The judge finds her in contempt and she is put in temporary custody pending adjudication. Let's review a few concepts before you make another decision about this scene. What is a recent trend in the treatment status offenses?

Federal pressure has led to the removal of status offenders from forcible detention.

How did Cesare Lombroso influence the development of trait theory?

He proposed that delinquents have physical characteristics like those of our savage ancestors.

How has teen heroin and alcohol use changed in recent years?

Heroin use and alcohol use have both decreased

How does the arrest rate of juveniles today compare to that of 2005?

It is 50 percent lower today.

Which statement best summarizes the research on the effects of a strict incarceration policy?

Incarceration is expensive and usually comes too late in a teen's offending career to be a deterrent.

Which of the following statements is true about the NCVS?

The NCVS is a collaboration between the Justice Department and the Census Bureau.

How does the vulnerability model differ from the differential susceptibility model?

The first assumes that there is a direct link between individual traits and crime; the second holds that some people are more affected by their environment than are others.

What does "Let the punishment fit the crime" mean to choice theorists?

The penalty for a particular crime should be just severe enough to keep people from committing that crime in the future.

Which theory of crime prevention is based on the idea that punishing young offenders severely will stop them from committing future crimes?

specific deterrence

At the meeting, prosecutors argue that the temporary detention has helped scare Jeanine straight, and that further institutional care is the right option. Jeanine's aunt contacts you to tell you her niece is indeed scared of staying within the system, and wants to participate in a community-run detox program. What do you recommend to the judge?

You agree with the prosecutor that, despite Jeanine's concerns, a state-run shelter will give her the best chance for recovery.

The mayor is encouraged by the report that juvenile crime appears to have decreased, but has also heard repeatedly during her election campaign that the trust between the police force and the African American community is in tatters. She is willing to commit more funds to a long-term research project, but wants your input. The two plans on the table are an extensive, computer-based, data mining program, which will help isolate relevant crime statistics, and a more "boots on the ground" research project that will involve an extensive study of cohort research data. What do you decide?

You believe no computer knows what it's like to actually grow up in Baltimore, and a multiyear cohort study of segments of the community will be able to identify the personal factors that make juvenile crime more likely.

A white 15-year-old is robbed. Who is the likely perpetrator?

a white 17-year-old

What was the Colonial American attitude toward physical discipline of children?

anything short of maiming or permanently harming children was acceptable

What is one thing that the two individual-level theories of delinquency have in common?

both direct efforts to control delinquency at individuals rather than at social problems

When the concept of delinquency first emerged in the 20th century, _______.

children's crimes began to be seen in the larger context of their lives

What is defined as "willful and repeated harm inflicted through Internet social media sites or electronic communication methods such as Snapchat"?

cyberbullying

Conduct that is illegal only because the child is underage is called a _______.

status offense

More recent immigration into a community generally means that ______.

delinquency will decrease

What were the two financial arrangements made for marriages in the Middle Ages?

dowry and jointure

What kind of crime would be considered an instrumental crime?

drug dealing

What will give a poor child in America the greatest chance of not being poor as an adult?

graduating high school

A crucial part of any study of criminal justice is knowing how to collect data, and then, once the data are collected, how to understand and interpret the story behind the graphs, as well as emerging or persistent trends. Different approaches can yield widely different results, and understanding the strengths and drawbacks to each is vital to a nuanced understanding of the subject-- in this case juvenile justice. You are a police commissioner in Baltimore, appointed by a new mayor, who is elected on a reform platform. Local news media has been covering what they deem to be a "gang outbreak" in the city, and television and newspaper reports are filled with images of violent youth. The day after the inauguration, two fifteen-year old African American boys belonging to rival gangs are shot in separate incidents in the city. Let's review a few concepts before you make a decision about this scene. Gang members _______.

include over 800,000 members in the United States

Putting unbreakable glass on storefronts and steering locks on cars are examples of situational crime prevention because they ____________.

increase the effort required to commit delinquent acts

In Colonial America, letting children witness severe acts of public violence was _______.

often compulsory

According to social structure theories, the chances that teenagers will become delinquent are most strongly influenced by their...

place in a society with stratified classes

Riva appeals on the grounds that • The sentence greatly exceeded recommendations from corrections officials that Riva be placed under house arrest or serve time in a high-risk juvenile facility. • No explanation for failure to follow the recommendations was given, as required by state law. Let's review a few concepts before you make another decision about this scene. Which theory holds that the most severe punishments have the greatest effect on reducing crime?

proportion of young males in the population

The report from the UCR shows Baltimore has experienced a downturn in violent crime over the past five years, especially among adolescent youth, but anecdotal evidence from your own police chiefs tells you the previous commissioner's policy bordered on racial profiling and created mistrust within the African American community. You're not sure all the crimes committed are being reported to the police. Let's review a few concepts before you make another decision about this scene. What single demographic factor will most affect the crime rate?

proportion of young males in the population

What is the goal of situational crime prevention?

reducing the opportunities people have to commit particular crimes

according to psychologist Erik Erikson, what is formed when youths spread themselves too thin, and place themselves at the mercy of people who promise to give them a sense of identity they cannot mold for themselves

role diffusion

General deterrence theory holds that punishment will have a deterrent effect if it is swift, sure, and certain. With which offenders is this theory most likely to be effective?

teenagers who are capable of weighing risks and rewards rationally

Two black families move across the street from Mrs. DiGrigorio, a white woman. After one of the families has a barbecue, she calls the police to report suspicious activity. This is an example of _______.

the racial threat theory

What is primogeniture?

the right of firstborn sons to inherit lands and titles

What is the aging-out process?

the tendency for youths to reduce the frequency of their offending behavior as they age

When did the concept of childhood as a developmental stage begin in Western culture?

the turn of the 20th century