KAAP221 Mastering Ch 23

Compare catabolism and anabolism. (Module 23.1A) Catabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in the body, whereas anabolism is the sum of the chemical reactions in an individual cell. Catabolism uses ATP, whereas anabolism generate ATP. Catabolism is the sum of the chemical reactions in an individual cell, whereas anabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in the body. Catabolism is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones, whereas anabolism is buildup of large molecules from smaller building blocks. Catabolism is the buildup of large molecules from smaller building blocks, whereas anabolism is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones.

Catabolism is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones, whereas anabolism is buildup of large molecules from smaller building blocks.

What is the difference between a micelle and a chylomicron? (Module 23.10A) Micelles are also known as high-density lipoproteins, whereas chylomicrons are also known as low-density lipoproteins. Micelles are produced in the liver, whereas chylomicrons are produced in the intestinal lumen. Micelles are lipid-bile salt complexes, whereas chylomicrons are lipoproteins. Micelles are found only in adipocytes, whereas chylomicrons are found in the bloodstream. Micelles are lipoproteins, whereas chylomicrons are lipid-bile salt complexes.

Micelles are lipid-bile salt complexes, whereas chylomicrons are lipoproteins.

Briefly describe the citric acid cycle, and explain its role. (Module 23.4A) The breakdown of organic molecules to release hydrogen atoms bound to coenzymes that can enter the electron transport chain. The regeneration of ATP from ADP to provide high energy molecules to fuel cellular activities. To establish the proton gradient used to make ATP. The conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA to allow it to enter the mitochondrial matrix. The breakdown of glucose into pyruvate to provide ATP for the cell.

The breakdown of organic molecules to release hydrogen atoms bound to coenzymes that can enter the electron transport chain.

Define insensible perspiration. (Module 23.19A) The loss of water as cool air moves across the surface of the body. The loss of water by evaporation from sweat glands. The loss of water by evaporation from the skin and alveolar surfaces of the lungs. The loss of water by direct transfer of energy through physical contact. The loss of water by radiation.

The loss of water by evaporation from the skin and alveolar surfaces of the lungs.

During lipolysis, triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids. triglycerides are converted into molecules of acetyl-CoA. lipids are formed from excess carbohydrates. lipids are converted into glucose molecules. lipids are metabolized to yield ATP.

triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids.

Lipogenesis generally begins with glucose. fatty acids. succinyl-CoA. amino acids. acetyl-CoA.

acetyl-CoA.

The largest lipoproteins, ________, are produced by intestinal epithelial cells from the fats in food. high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs) low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) chylomicrons

chylomicrons

When and how do ketone bodies form? (Module 23.13B) during the absorptive state when carbohydrates are broken down by the liver during the postabsorptive state when carbohydrates are broken down by the liver during the absorptive state when lipids and amino acids are broken down by the liver during the postabsorptive state when lipids and amino acids are broken down by the liver during the postabsorptive state when glucose is being converted to glycerol and amino acids

during the postabsorptive state when lipids and amino acids are broken down by the liver

Define beta-oxidation. (Module 23.11A) glucose anabolism fatty acid anabolism glucose catabolism fatty acid catabolism glycogen catabolism

fatty acid catabolism

All of the following occur during the postabsorptive state except that lipid mobilization occurs. gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver. levels of blood glucose are elevated. glycogen is broken down into glucose in the liver. ketone bodies may be formed.

levels of blood glucose are elevated.

All of the following are true of beta-oxidation except that lipids are converted into glycogen molecules. it requires coenzyme A, NAD, and FAD. fatty acids break down into acetyl-CoA that enter the citric acid cycle. it ultimately yields large amounts of ATP. it occurs in the mitochondria.

lipids are converted into glycogen molecules.

In oxidative phosphorylation, energy for the synthesis of ATP is directly obtained from the splitting of oxygen molecules. oxidation of acetyl-CoA. movement of hydrogen ions through channels in the inner mitochondrial membrane. breaking of the covalent bonds in glucose. combination of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen to form water.

movement of hydrogen ions through channels in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Glycolysis breaks down glucose into what? pyruvate citric acid glutaraldehyde NAD•H phosphate

pyruvate

What heat transfer process accounts for about one-half of a person's heat loss when indoors? (Module 23.19B) radiation conduction convection sensible perspiration insensible perspiration

radiation

List the reactants required and products generated by mitochondria. (Module 23.2A) reactants: CO2, H2O, and ATP; products: 2 carbon substrates and O2 reactants: 2 carbon substrates, CO2, and H2O; products: 4 carbon substrates, O2, and ATP reactants: CO2 and H2O; products: 2 carbon substrates, O2, and ATP reactants: 2 carbon substrates and O2; products: CO2, H2O, and ATP reactants: 2 carbon substrates and O2, and ATP; products: CO2 and H2O

reactants: 2 carbon substrates and O2; products: CO2, H2O, and ATP

Resting energy expenditure is most directly determined by monitoring respiration. heart rate. blood pressure. body weight. body temperature.

respiration

In amino acid metabolism, identify the processes by which the amino group is removed. (Module 23.12B) amination or deamination transamination or deamination citric acid cycle or urea cycle urea cycle or amination proteolysis or beta-oxidation

transamination or deamination