Kahneman 2.0

What type of actions does System 2 is "drive"?

-Active in deliberate memory researach, complex computations, comparisons, planning, and choice. -Can resist the suggestions of System 1, slow things down and impose logical analysis. -Self-criticism. -However, it supports System 1 in searching for information and arguments mostly constrained to information that is consistent with existing beliefs.

What are some examples of automatic activities attributed the system two?

-Brace for the starter gun of a race -Focus attention on the clowns at the circus -Focus on the voice of a particular person in a crowded and noisy room -Look for a woman with white hair -Search memory to identify a surprising sound -Maintain a faster walking speed than is natural for you -Monitor the appropriateness of your behavior in a social situation -Count the occurrences of the letter A in a page of text -Tell someone your phone number -Park in a narrow space -Compare two washing machines for overall value -Fill out a tax form -Check the validity of a complex logical argument

What is the "affect heuristic"? (p. 103)

-People let their likes and dislikes determine their beliefs about the world. -Ex. your emotional attitude to such things as irradiated food, red meat, nuclearpower, etc drive your beliefs about their benefits and risks.

What can System 2 do that 1 cannot?

-Use logic, do complex tasks, pull information from memory

When is system 2 activated?

-When a question arises that system 1 cannot answer. -When an event detected violates the model of the world that system 1 maintains. -Mobilized to increase effort when it detects that an error is about to be made

Confidence individuals have in their beliefs depends mostly on what?

-depends (not on evidence) mostly on the quality of the story they can tell about what they see, even if they see very little. -Furthermore, our associative system tends to settle on a coherent pattern of activation and suppresses doubt and ambiguity.

What does it mean when Kahneman states that "predictable illusions inevitable occur if a judgement is based on an impression of cognitive ease or strain"?

-familiarity feels like truth -having been primed makes something feel truer - anything that reduces cognitive strain (like being given the message in your own accent) feels truer

What are the limitations of system 1?

-has systematic errors that it is prone to make in specified circumstances -sometimes answers easier questions than its asked -little understanding of logic and statistics

What is the end result of the operating dynamic between system 1 and 2?

-it is highly efficient -minimizes effort and optimizes performance

How does this separation into two systems compare to the deductive / probabilistic divide that we have been reading about?

-not divisible along the same lines -one is neural, one is not

Describe both the independent and joint roles systems 1 and 2 play during normal everyday activities.

-system 1 runs automatically, continuously generating impressions, intuitions, intentions, feelings; can not be turned off -system 2 runs in a low-effort mode using a minimum amount of its available resources as minor stimuli out of the ordinary gets it's attention takes over when things get difficult and normally has the last word

What does system 2 do with items generated by system 1?

-turns impressions and intuitions into beliefs and impulses into voluntary actions

How does system 2 run?

-uses lowest amount of effort to complete task when at all possible

What is slow thinking?

A deliberate and effortful form of thinking (System 2)

What is The Invisible Gorilla?

A demonstration of selective attention: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJG698U2Mvo

What does an increase in pupil size represent?

An increase in interest / pleasant sensation / indicator of mental effort

What is fast thinking?

An intuitive and effortless form of thinking (includes expert and heuristic as well as the automatic activities of perception and memory) (System 1)

How do S1 and S2 "create" our beliefs?

Based on repeated exposure, experiences system 1 comes to "believe" something; we will use that belief unquestioningly until, for some reason, S2 calls the belief into question. S2 will either "pass judgment" and we retain the belief or S2 will cause us to "un-believe."

What does system 1 do when it runs into difficulty?

Calls on system 2 to support more detailed than specific processing to try to solve the problem.

What type of measurement on the "dashboard" is likely to move you from System 1 to System 2?

Cognitive ease (from easy to strained)

What draws on a partly shared pool of mental energy?

Cognitive, emotional and physical effort

What are framing effects?

Different ways of presenting the same information influence how the statement lands. 20% failed vs. 80% pass

It is reported that mood affects System 1. In what way and how was this shown?

Happiness makes system 1 more effective. This was shown in an experiment on page 68 where happy people could predict a connection between three shown words before being able to figure out what the connection was while sad people could not. These emotions were brought on simply by asking the participants to think about happy or sad periods in their lives.

What is the halo effect? (p. 82)

If you like something about a person, you're likely to like more about them. Ex. If you like the president's politics, you're likely to like her voice, her personality, etc.

What does System 1 do when it sees the words "banana" and "vomit".

It causes us to have a physical response as if those things were real, it evokes memory and emotion, and it evokes a causal relationship between the two. The last is referred to as "association of ideas".

Story of judges and mealtimes

Judges were more like to give parole after lunch then before. Felt hangry before lunch and were less likely to grant parole. Judges were tracked in regard to their denial of parole (spending on average 6 minutes per case) and it was found that after eating, judges were more lenient but as their last meal was further in the past, they became more harsh until they once again ate.

What makes some cognitive operations more demanding and effortful than others?

Maintaining multiple ideas simultaneously, time pressure, change of task,

What is priming?

Preparation for something else. In this case, showing a particular word such as 'bottle' makes related words such as 'water' or 'wine' more accessible for a short time. This also worked in an experiment described on page 53 where people discussing Florida (which they associated with the elderly) then walked more slowly than usual.

The author gave an example of "priming" that was related to voting. What was it?

School initiatives were more likely to be voted for where voting took place inside a school.

What does heuristic mean?

Simple procedure adequate though sometimes inaccurate answers to problems;, efficient rules for thinking. Practical, but not guaranteed to be right (common sense)

Which system does priming involve?

System 1

A bat and ball cost $1.10. The bat costs one dollar more than the ball. How much does the ball cost?

System 1 answers 10 cents but system 2, if used, corrects to 5 cents. (p. 44)

Which System asks and receives questions?

System 2

Which system is being used in periods of "flow"?

System 2

What is the main difference between the tasks carried out between system 1 and system 2?

System 2 tasks require us to pay attention; system 1 task happen without our being aware.

Watch youtube: Heider & Simmel.

The objects are not actually touching, but we imply causality.

What is "question substitution"? (p. 97-98)

The operation of answering one question in place of another

Talk about "our" reality vs. actual reality.

The world makes much less sense than you think. The coherence comes mostly from the way your mind works.

What is the goal of part 1 of the book?

To introduce a language for thinking and talking about the mind

What is the main function/goal of System 1?

To maintain and update a model of your personal world which represent what is normal in it.

System 1 carries out many computations at the same time. True or False?

True

System 2 adopts suggestions of system 1 with little or no modification. True or False?

True

What is the exposure effect?

We like things better which are familiar to us. (Words in Turkish paper - p.66) Note that here, System 2 is completely unaware of the stimuli.

How did the psychologist Paul Bloom link this need for causality to religion? (p. 77)

We perceive that an immaterial divinity is the ultimate cause of the physical world and that immortal souls temporarily control our bodies while we live and leave them as we die. The two conecpts of causality were shaped by evolutionary forces, building the origins of religion into the structure of System 1.

What is WYSIATI?

What you see is all there is. It makes the point that System 1 is radically insensitive to both the quality and quantity of information that gives rise to impressions and intuitions.

Are both systems active when awake?

Yes

If people were ranked by their self-control and their cognitive aptitude, would individuals have similar positions in the two rankings? (p. 47)

Yes -Oreo challenge children with more self-control scored higher on IQ tests

What outcomes must we purchase in the currency of attention?

attention (self-control here) and System 2 (deliberate thought here) draw upon the same limited budget of effort

Interesting thing about System 1 in relation to choices:

it does not keep track of alternatives that it rejects, or even the fact that there were alternatives

What are people who are cognitively busy likely to do?

likely to make selfish choices, use sexist language and make superficial judgements in social situations

Which system has more influence over behavior?

system 1 has more influence on behavior when system 2 is busy (ex. of choosing between fruit salad and chocolate cake when under heavy cognitive load)

What are some examples of automatic activities attributed the system one?

• detect that one object is more distant and another • orient to the source of a sudden sound • complete the phrase "bread and... " • make the face of disgust when shown a horrible picture • detect hostility in a voice • answer two plus two equals? • read words on large billboards • drive a car on an empty road • find a strong movie in chess if you are a chess master • understand simple sentences • recognize that a "neat and tidy soul with a passion for detail" resembles an occupational stereotype