Kennedy's AP Macro Ch 2 Test

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of a command system? A. Private ownership of all capital. B. Central planning. C. Heavy reliance on markets. D. Widespread dispersion of economic power.

B. central planning.

The dollar votes of consumers ultimately determine the composition of output and the allocation of resources in a market economy. This statement best describes the concept of: A. derived demand. B. consumer sovereignty. C. the invisible hand. D. market failure.

B. consumer sovereignty.

In terms of the circular flow diagram, households make expenditures in the _____ market and receive income through the _____ market. A. product; financial B. resource; product C. product; resource D. capital; product

C. product; resource

The market system's answer to the fundamental question "What will be produced?" is essentially: A. "Goods and services that are profitable." B. "Low-cost goods and services." C. "Goods and services that can be produced using large amounts of capital." D. "Goods and services that possess lasting value."

A. "Goods and services that are profitable."

The market system's answer to the fundamental question "Who will get the goods and services?" is essentially: A. "Those willing and able to pay for them." B. "Those who physically produced them." C. "Those who most need them." D. "Those who get utility from them."

A. "Those willing and able to pay for them."

Of the following countries, which one best exhibits the characteristics of a market economy? A. Canada. B. Cuba. C. North Korea. D. Belarus.

A. Canada

Which of the following statements is true about risk management in market systems versus command systems? A. Market systems manage risk better because entrepreneurs taking risks bear the costs of poor decisions, where in command systems government decision makers don't bear those costs. B. Neither system is better than the other in terms of risk management; both systems are equally susceptible to natural disasters and changes in consumer preferences. C. Command systems manage risk better because the government controls most economic activity and can therefore eliminate risk. D. Market systems face risk because of the possibility of profits and losses; command systems don't face risk because they are not profit driven.

A. Market systems manage risk better because entrepreneurs taking risks bear the costs of poor decisions, where in command systems government decision makers don't bear those costs.

Which of the following best describes the invisible-hand concept? A. The desires of resource suppliers and producers to further their own self-interest will automatically further the public interest. B. The nonsubstitutability of resources creates a conflict between private and public interests and calls for government intervention. C. The market system is the best system for overcoming the scarce resources-unlimited wants problem. D. Central direction by the government will improve resource allocation in a capitalistic economy.

A. The desires of resource suppliers and producers to further their own self-interest will automatically further the public interest.

(MICHIGAN: has surplus autos, wants lettuce)(WASHINGTON: has surplus apples, wants autos) (TEXAS: has surplus lettuce, wants apples). On the basis of the information and assuming trade occurs between the three states, we can expect: A. Washington to exchange apples with Texas and receive money in return. B. Washington to exchange apples with Michigan and receive money in return. C. Texas to exchange lettuce with Michigan and receive autos in return. D. Texas to trade lettuce directly for Washington apples.

A. Washington to exchange apples with Texas and receive money in return.

Which of the following is not one of the five fundamental questions? A. What prices will be charged for goods and services? B. Who will get the goods and services? C. What goods and services will be produced? D. How will the system promote progress?

A. What prices will be charged for goods and services?

Economic systems differ according to which two main characteristics? A. Who owns the factors of production and the methods used to coordinate economic activity. B. The technology used in production and the quantity and quality of natural resources. C. How goods are produced and who gets them. D. The political system in place and the degree of scarcity facing the economy.

A. Who owns the factors of production, and the methods used to coordinate economic activity.

Two major virtues of the market system are that it: A. allocates resources efficiently and allows economic freedom. B. results in an equitable personal distribution of income and always maintains full employment. C. results in price level stability and a fair personal distribution of income. D. eliminates discrimination and minimizes environmental pollution.

A. allocates resources efficiently and allows economic freedom.

In a market system, employees and suppliers: A. are usually shielded from risk, but at the cost of not sharing in the profits of the firm. B. are usually shielded from risk and share in the profits of the firm. C. are generally subject to as much risk as firm owners but get to share in the profits. D. bear as much risk as firm owners but don't get to share in the profits.

A. are usually shielded from risk, but at the cost of not sharing in the profits of the firm.

The advent of DVDs has virtually demolished the market for videocassettes. This is an example of: A. creative destruction. B. derived demand. C. capital accumulation. D. the difference between normal and economic profits.

A. creative destruction.

The "coincidence of wants" problem associated with barter refers to the fact th at: A. for exchange to occur, each seller must have a product that some buyer wants. B. money must be used as a medium of exchange or trade will never occur. C. specialization is restricted by the size or scope of a market. D. buyers in resource markets and sellers in product markets can never engage in exchange.

A. for exchange to occur, each seller must have a product that some buyer wants.

An increase in consumer desire for strawberries is most likely to: A. increase the number of strawberry pickers needed by farmers. B. reduce the supply of strawberries. C. reduce the number of people willing to pick strawberries. D. reduce the need for strawberry pickers.

A. increase the number of strawberry pickers needed by farmers.

The invisible hand promotes society's interests because: A. individuals pursuing their self-interest will try to produce goods and services that people in society want and are willing to purchase. B. individuals will produce goods for others out of concern for their fellow human beings. C. it makes sure that everyone wins from competition in the market. D. government regulation pushes business into producing the right mix of goods and services.

A. individuals pursuing their self-interest will try to produce goods and services that people in society want and are willing to purchase.

On the basis of the information, it can be said that: A. no coincidence of wants exists between any two states. B. a coincidence of wants exists between Michigan and Washington. C. a coincidence of wants exists between Texas and Washington. D. a coincidence of wants exists between Michigan and Texas. (MICHIGAN: has surplus autos, wants lettuce)(WASHINGTON: has surplus apples, wants autos) (TEXAS: has surplus lettuce, wants apples)

A. no coincidence of wants exists between any two states.

The coordination problem in the centrally planned economies refers to the idea that: A. planners had to direct required inputs to each enterprise. B. the price level and the level of employment were inversely related. C. the immediate effect of more investment was less consumption. D. exports had to be equal to imports for a central plan to work.

A. planners had to direct required inputs to each enterprise.

The fact that the major indicator of enterprise success in the Soviet Union and pre -reform China was the quantity of output implied that: A. product quality was neglected. B. production costs were minimized. C. product-mix met consumer needs. D. technological advance was too rapid.

A. product quality was neglected.

Enterprise managers and workers in the Soviet Union often resisted innovations in production methods because: A. production targets were often increased when innovation occurred. B. there was a chronic shortage of computers. C. workers could not be reallocated geographically. D. innovations ordinarily increased dependence on world markets.

A. production targets were often increased when innovation occurred.

Which of the following is a fundamental characteristic of the market system? A. Property rights. B. Central planning by government. C. Unselfish behavior. D. Government-set wages and prices.

A. property rights

Answer the question using the following data, which show all available techniques for producing 20 units of a particular commodity: Refer to the data. Assuming that the firm is motivated by self-interest and that the 20 units that can be produced with each technique can be sold for $2 per unit, the firm will: A. realize an economic profit of $10. B. realize an economic profit of $4. C. not earn any economic profit. D. shut down rather than incur a loss by producing. See #47

A. realize an economic profit of $10.

Specialization in production is important primarily because it: A. results in greater total output. B. allows society to avoid the coincidence-of-wants problem. C. allows society to trade by barter. D. allows society to have fewer capital goods.

A. results in greater total output.

A fundamental difference between the command system and laissez-faire capitalism is that, in command systems: A. the division of output is decided by central planning rather than by individuals operating freely through markets. B. all economic decisions are made by the government, whereas there is no government in laissez-faire capitalism. C. scarcity does not exist, whereas it does in laissez-faire capitalism. D. money is not used, whereas it is in laissez-faire capitalism.

A. the division of output is decided by central planning rather than by individuals operating freely through markets.

Refer to flow chart #83 Refer to the diagram. Flow 1 represents: A. wage, rent, interest, and profit income. B. land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurial ability. C. goods and services. D. consumer expenditures.

A. wage, rent, interest, and profit income.

The market system's answer to the fundamental question "How will the system accommodate change?" is essentially: A. "Through government leadership and direction." B. "Through the guiding function of prices and the incentive function of profits." C. "Through training and retraining programs." D. "Through trial and error."

B. "Through the guiding function of prices and the incentive function of profits."

The French term "laissez-faire" means: A. "there is no free lunch." B. "let it be." C. "circular flow." D. "public ownership."

B. "let it be."

Answer the question using the following data, which show all available techniques for producing 20 units of a particular commodity: Refer to the data. In view of the indicated resource prices, the economically most efficient production technique(s) is (are) technique(s): A. #1. B. #2 and #4. C. #3. D. #1 and #3. See #46

B. #2 and #4.

In what type of business do the owners bear no personal financial responsibility for the company's debts and obligations? A. Partnerships. B. Corporations. C. Sole proprietorships. D. In all of the businesses listed in the other answers.

B. Corporations.

A market system tends to restrict business risk to owners and investors. This results in which of the following benefits? A. A more stable macroeconomy with fewer recessions. B. Firms are better able to attract inputs, as these inputs do not have to share t he risk. C. Government agencies are better prepared to help when businesses fail. D. Consistently lower prices for consumers.

B. Firms are better able to attract inputs, as these inputs do not have to share t he risk.

In a market system: A. firm owners and employees share business risk more or less equally. B. a firm's employees and suppliers are largely shielded from risk. C. employees and suppliers face the greatest risks because firms can shut down without notice and leave them unpaid. D. a firm's owners are largely shielded from risk because they can walk away from the business at any time.

B. a firm's employees and suppliers are largely shielded from risk.

Answer the question on the basis of the following information: Suppose 30 units of product A can be produced by employing just labor and capital in the four ways shown below. Assume the prices of labor and capital are $2 and $3 respectively. Refer to the information. If the price of product A is $0.50, the firm will realize: A. an economic profit of $4. B. an economic profit of $2. C. an economic profit of $6. D. a loss of $3. See #50

B. an economic profit of $2.

Economic profits and losses: A. are both considered by economists to be a part of production costs. B. are essential to the reallocation of resources from less desired to more desired goods. C. have no influence on the composition of domestic output. D. equalize the distribution of income in the long run.

B. are essential to the reallocation of resources from less desired to more desired goods.

Answer the question using the following data, which show all available techniques for producing 20 units of a particular commodity: Refer to the data. If a new production technique is developed that enables a firm to produce 20 units of output with 3 units of land, 3 of labor, 1 of capital, and 2 of entrepreneurial ability, this technique would: A. not be adopted because, although it reduces production costs, it does not increase profit. B. be adopted because it would lower production costs and increase economic profit. C. not be adopted because it entails higher production costs than other available techniques. D. be adopted, even though economic profits would be reduced slightly. See #48

B. be adopted because it would lower production costs and increase economic profit.

In the simple circular flow model: A. households are buyers of resources. B. businesses are sellers of final products. C. households are sellers of final products. D. there are real flows of goods, services, and resources, but not money flows.

B. businesses are sellers of final products.

"Under central planning, some group has to decide how to get the necessary inputs produced in the right amounts and delivered to the right places at the right time. This is a nearly impossible task without markets and profits." This quotation best identifies the: A. incentive problem under central planning. B. coordination problem under central planning. C. self-sufficiency dilemma under communism. D. resource overcommitment problem under communism.

B. coordination problem under central planning.

If a competitive industry is neither expanding nor contracting, we would expect: A. total revenue to be zero. B. economic profits to be zero. C. total opportunity cost to be zero. D. more resources to flow to that industry.

B. economic profits to be zero.

The market system: A. produces considerable inefficiency in the use of scarce resources. B. effectively harnesses the incentives of workers and entrepreneurs. C. is not consistent with freedom of choice in the long run. D. has slowly lost ground to emerging command systems.

B. effectively harnesses the incentives of workers and entrepreneurs.

Property rights are important because they: A. ensure an equal distribution of income. B. encourage cooperation by improving the chances of mutually agreeable transactions. C. guarantee that any exchange will make all parties better off than prior to the exchange. D. allow the government to control how resources are allocated.

B. encourage cooperation by improving the chances of mutually agreeable transactions.

Refer to flow chart #91 Refer to the diagram. Arrows (3) and (4) represent: A. goods and services respectively. B. incomes and consumer expenditures respectively. C. resources and goods respectively. D. consumer expenditures and income respectively.

B. incomes and consumer expenditures respectively.

Broadly defined, competition involves: A. private property and freedom of expression. B. independently acting buyers and sellers and freedom to enter or leave markets. C. increasing opportunity costs and diminishing marginal utility. D. capital goods and division of labor.

B. independently acting buyers and sellers and freedom to enter or leave markets.

An economic system: A. requires a grouping of private markets linked to one another. B. is a particular set of institutional arrangements and a coordinating mechanism used to respond to the economizing problem. C. requires some sort of centralized authority (such as government) to coordinate economic activity. D. is a plan or scheme that allows a firm to make money at some other firm's expense.

B. is a particular set of institutional arrangements and a coordinating mechanism used to respond to the economizing problem

Refer to flow chart #84 Refer to the diagram. Flow 2 represents: A. wage, rent, interest, and profit income. B. land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurial ability. C. goods and services. D. consumer expenditures.

B. land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurial ability.

The most efficient combination of resources in producing a given output is the combination that: A. comes closest to using the same quantities of land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurial ability. B. minimize the cost per unit of output. C. uses the smallest total quantity of all resources. D. conserves most on the use of labor.

B. minimize the cost per unit of output.

The invisible hand refers to the: A. fact that the U.S. tax system redistributes income from rich to poor. B. notion that, under competition, decisions motivated by self-interest promote the social interest. C. tendency of monopolistic sellers to raise prices above competitive levels. D. fact that government controls the functioning of the market system.

B. notion that, under competition, decisions motivated by self-interest promote the social interest.

Specialization in production is economically beneficial primarily because it: A. allows everyone to have a job that he or she likes. B. permits the production of a larger output with fixed amounts of resources. C. facilitates trade by bartering. D. guarantees full employment.

B. permits the production of a larger output with fixed amounts of resources.

Economic profits in an industry suggest the industry: A. can earn more profits by increasing product price. B. should be larger to better satisfy consumers' desire for the product. C. has excess production capacity. D. is the size that consumers want it to be.

B. should be larger to better satisfy consumers' desire for the product.

The economic function of profits and losses is to: A. bring about a more equal distribution of income. B. signal that resources should be reallocated. C. eliminate small firms and reduce competition. D. tell government which industries need to be subsidized.

B. signal that resources should be reallocated.

In a market economy, the distribution of output will be determined primarily by: A. consumer needs and preferences. B. the quantities and prices of the resources that households supply. C. government regulations that provide a minimum income for all. D. a social consensus as to which distribution of income is most equitable.

B. the quantities and prices of the resources that households supply.

Flow chart #92 Refer to the diagram. Arrows (1) and (3) are associated with: A. the money market. B. the resource market. C. the product market. D. international trade.

B. the resource market.

Competition means that: A. sellers can manipulate market price by causing product scarcities. B. there are independently acting buyers and sellers in each market. C. a product can be purchased at a number of different prices. D. there is more than one seller in a market.

B. there are independently-acting buyers and sellers in each market.

The presence of market failures implies that: A. money is not an effective tool for exchange in a market system. B. there is an active role for government, even in a market system. C. individuals and firms should strive to be self-sufficient rather than specialize. D. command systems are superior to market systems in the allocation of resources.

B. there is an active role for government, even in a market system.

In a competitive market economy, firms select the least-cost production technique because: A. such choices will result in full employment of available resources. B. to do so will maximize the firms' profits. C. this will prevent new firms from entering the industry. D. "dollar voting" by consumers mandates such a choice.

B. to do so will maximize the firms' profits.

The incentive problem under communist central planning refers to the idea that: A. planners had to direct required inputs to each enterprise. B. workers, managers, and entrepreneurs could not personally gain by responding to shortages or surpluses or by introducing new and improved products. C. the immediate effect of more investment was less consumption. D. exports had to be equal to imports for a central plan to work.

B. workers, managers, and entrepreneurs could not personally gain by responding to shortages or surpluses or by introducing new and improved products.

A market system tends to restrict business risk to owners and investors. This results in which of the following benefits? A. It encourages more people to become entrepreneurs. B. Firms have to pay more to attract inputs, as these inputs have to share the risk. C. Firms focus attention on prudent risk management, as it is profitable to manage risk. D. Income becomes more equally distributed.

C. Firms focus attention on prudent risk management, as it is profitable to manage risk.

Which of the following is not a typical characteristic of a market system? A. Private property. B. Freedom of enterprise. C. Government ownership of most property resources. D. Competition in product and resource markets.

C. Government ownership of most property resources.

Copyrights and trademarks are examples of: A. capital goods. B. human capital. C. property rights. D. public goods.

C. property rights.

The term "laissez-faire" suggests that: A. land and other natural resources should be privately owned, but capital should be publicly owned. B. land and other natural resources should be publicly owned, but capital should be privately owned. C. government should not interfere with the operation of the economy. D. government action is absolutely necessary if the economy is to achieve full employment and full production.

C. Government should not interfere with the operation of the economy

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of laissez-faire capitalism? A. Public ownership of all capital. B. Central planning. C. Minimal government intervention. D. A circular flow of goods, resources, and money.

C. Minimal government intervention.

Which of the following characteristics is least unique to a market system? A. Private ownership of property resources. B. Competition among buyers and sellers pursuing monetary returns. C. The widespread use of money. D. Freedom of enterprise and choice.

C. The widespread use of money.

Firms are motivated to minimize production costs because: A. it is the most environmentally friendly way to produce goods. B. least-cost production techniques use the smallest total quantity of resources. C. competitive pressures in the market will drive out higher-cost producers. D. the government provides tax credits and subsidies to low-cost producers.

C. competitive pressures in the market will drive out higher-cost producers.

If competitive industry Y is incurring substantial losses, output will: A. expand as resources move toward industry Y. B. contract as resources move toward industry Y. C. contract as resources move away from industry Y. D. expand as resources move away from industry Y.

C. contract as resources move away from industry Y.

Private property: A. discourages cooperation because people don't want to part with what they own. B. discourages innovation, as people are often afraid to risk losing their own property. C. encourages owners to maintain or improve their property so as to preserve or enhance value. D. does everything indicated by the other answers.

C. encourages owners to maintain or improve their property, so as to preserve or enhance value.

Barter: A. is the major means of exchange in centrally planned economies. B. accounts for over 30 percent of the dollar volume of all exchange in the U.S. economy. C. entails the exchange of goods for goods. D. is used to circumvent the problem of a lack of coincidence of wants among potential buyers and sellers.

C. entails the exchange of goods for goods.

Innovation lagged in the centrally planned economies because: A. there was too much domestic business competition. B. there was too much competition from foreign firms. C. enterprises resisted innovation in fear that their production targets would be raised. D. exports had to equal imports for the plan to work.

C. enterprises resisted innovation in fear that their production targets would be raised.

If competitive industry Z is making substantial economic profit, output will: A. fall in industry Z and firms will likely leave the market. B. fall in all industries except industry Z. C. expand in industry Z as more resources will move to that industry. D. expand in industry Z, but no new firms will enter the market.

C. expand in industry Z as more resources will move to that industry.

Refer to flow chart #85 Refer to the diagram. Flow 3 represents: A. wage, rent, interest, and profit income. B. land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurial ability. C. goods and services. D. consumer expenditures.

C. goods and services.

The simple circular flow model shows that: A. households are on the buying side of both product and resource markets. B. businesses are on the selling side of both product and resource markets. C. households are on the selling side of the resource market and on the buying side of the product market. D. businesses are on the buying side of the product market and on the selling side of the resource market.

C. households are on the selling side of the resource market and on the buying side of the product market.

In the resource market: A. businesses borrow financial capital from households. B. businesses sell services to households. C. households sell resources to businesses. D. firms sell raw materials to households.

C. households sell resources to businesses.

"Consumer sovereignty" refers to the: A. fact that resource prices are higher than product prices in capitalistic economies. B. idea that the pursuit of self-interest is in the public interest. C. idea that the decisions of producers must ultimately conform to consumer demands. D. fact that a federal agency exists to protect consumers from harmful and defective products.

C. idea that the decisions of producers must ultimately conform to consumer demands.

Risk is a problem faced: A. only in market systems. B. only in command systems. C. in both market systems and command systems. D. in neither market systems nor command systems, only in laissez-faire capitalism.

C. in both market systems and command systems.

(MICHIGAN: has surplus autos, wants lettuce)(WASHINGTON: has surplus apples, wants autos) (TEXAS: has surplus lettuce, wants apples). Given the information and assuming trade occurs between the three states, we can expect: A. that there is no means by which Michigan can obtain lettuce while specializing in the production of autos. B. that money will not be needed to accomplish the desired exchanges. C. money to flow counterclockwise from Michigan to Texas to Washington. D. money to flow clockwise from Michigan to Washington to Texas.

C. money to flow counterclockwise from Michigan to Texas to Washington.

If products were in short or surplus supply in the Soviet Union: A. price and profit signals eliminated those shortages and surpluses. B. price and profit signals intensified those shortages and surpluses. C. producers would not react because no price or profit signals occurred. D. the planners would immediately adjust production to achieve equilibrium.

C. producers would not react because no price or profit signals occurred.

The two basic markets shown by the simple circular flow model are: A. capital goods and consumer goods. B. free and controlled. C. product and resource. D. household and business.

C. product and resource.

In terms of the circular flow diagram, businesses obtain revenue through the _____ market and make expenditures in the _____ market. A. product; financial B. resource; product C. product; resource D. capital; product

C. product; resource

Households and businesses are: A. both buyers in the resource market. B. both sellers in the product market. C. sellers in the resource and product markets respectively. D. sellers in the product and resource markets respectively.

C. sellers in the resource and product markets respectively.

According to the concept of the "invisible hand," if Susie opens and operates a profitable childcare center, then: A. government should regulate the business to ensure quality. B. the profit Susie earns indicates that she is overcharging for her services. C. she has served society's interests by providing a desired good or service. D. this demonstrates that consumer sovereignty is not present in this market.

C. she has served society's interests by providing a desired good or service.

The division of labor means that: A. labor markets are geographically segmented. B. unskilled workers outnumber skilled workers. C. workers specialize in various production tasks. D. each worker performs a large number of tasks.

C. workers specialize in various production tasks.

The market system's answer to the fundamental question "How will the goods and services be produced?" is essentially: A. "With as much machinery as possible." B. "Using the latest technology." C. "By exploiting labor." D. "In ways that minimize the cost per unit of output."

D. "In ways that minimize the cost per unit of output."

The market system's answer to the fundamental question "How will the system promote progress?" is essentially: A. "Through government-funded research programs." B. "Through redistribution of income to promote greater equality." C. "Through training and retraining programs." D. "Through the profit potential that encourages development of new technology."

D. "Through the profit potential that encourages development of new technology."

Which of the following best illustrates the circular flow model in action? A. Bobbie goes to work and builds cars, and uses the income she receives to buy food at the grocery store. B. Evan buys a new couch; the owner of the furniture store uses some of the money from the sale to pay her supplier, and uses the rest to take her family out to dinner. C. Boeing experiences a surge in orders for new airplanes, prompting the company to hire more workers. D. All of these answers illustrate the workings of the circular flow model.

D. All of these answers illustrate the workings of the circular flow model.

Examples of command economies are: A. the United States and Japan. B. Sweden and Norway. C. Mexico and Brazil. D. Cuba and North Korea.

D. Cuba and North Korea.

Answer the question on the basis of the following information: Suppose 30 units of product A can be produced by employing just labor and capital in the four ways shown below. Assume the prices of labor and capital are $2 and $3 respectively. Refer to the information. Which technique is economically most efficient in producing A? A. I. B. II. C. III. D. IV. See #49

D. IV.

Which of the following is one of the Five Fundamental Questions? A. Which products will be in scarce supply and which in excess supply? B. Who should appoint the head of the central bank? C. How much should society save? D. What goods and services will be produced?

D. What goods and services will be produced?

If consumer desire for product X increases, all of the following will occur except : A. an increase in the profits of industry X. B. an increase in the quantity of resources employed by industry X. C. an increase in the output of industry X. D. a decrease in the quantity of resources employed in industry X.

D. a decrease in the quantity of resources employed in industry X.

Specialization—the division of labor—enhances productivity and efficiency by: A. allowing workers to take advantage of existing differences in their abilities and skills. B. avoiding the time loss involved in shifting from one production task to another. C. allowing workers to develop skills by working on one, or a limited number, of tasks. D. all of the means identified in the other answers.

D. all of the means identified in the other answers.

The invisible hand concept suggests that: A. market failures imply the need for a national economic plan. B. big businesses are inherently more efficient than small businesses. C. the competitiveness of a capitalistic market economy invariably diminishes over time. D. assuming competition, private and public interests will coincide.

D. assuming competition, private and public interests will coincide.

"Consumer sovereignty" means that: A. buyers can dictate the prices at which goods and services will be offered. B. advertising is ineffective because consumers already know what they want. C. buyers control the quality of goods and services through regulatory agencies. D. buyers determine what will be produced based on their "dollar votes" for the goods and services offered by sellers.

D. buyers determine what will be produced based on their "dollar votes" for the goods and services offered by sellers.

Command systems are also known as: A. market systems. B. pure capitalism. C. laissez-faire capitalism. D. communism.

D. communism.

Refer to flow chart #86 Refer to the diagram. Flow 4 represents: A. wage, rent, interest, and profit income. B. land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurial ability. C. goods and services. D. consumer expenditures.

D. consumer expenditures.

"Because the outputs of many industries are the inputs to other industries, the failure of any single industry to fulfill the output quantities specified in the central plan caused a chain reaction of adverse repercussions on production." This quotation best identifies the: A. incentive problem under central planning. B. self-sufficiency dilemma under communism. C. resource overcommitment problem under communism. D. coordination problem under central planning.

D. coordination problem under central planning.

In a market economy a significant change in consumers' desire for product X will: A. alter the profits or losses received by suppliers of product X. B. cause a reallocation of scarce resources. C. cause some industries to expand and others to contract. D. do all of these.

D. do all of these.

The competitive market system: A. encourages innovation because government provides tax breaks and subsidies to those who develop new products or new productive techniques. B. discourages innovation because it is difficult to acquire additional capital in the form of new machinery and equipment. C. discourages innovation because firms want to get all the profits possible from existing machinery and equipment. D. encourages innovation because successful innovators are rewarded with economic profits

D. encourages innovation because successful innovators are rewarded with economic profits

Suppose that an individual sees a tremendous opportunity to produce and sell a new product but dismisses the idea because there is no way to exploit this opportunity for personal gain. This situation best identifies the: A. coordination problem under communist central planning. B. self-sufficiency dilemma under communism. C. asymmetric information problem under communism. D. incentive problem under communist central planning.

D. incentive problem under communist central planning.

The use of money contributes to economic efficiency because: A. governmental direction of the production and distribution of output can be avoided by using money. B. roundabout production could not occur without the availability of money. C. it is necessary for the creation of capital goods. D. it promotes specialization by overcoming the problems with barter.

D. it promotes specialization by overcoming the problems with barter.

From society's point of view, the economic function of profits and losses is to: A. promote the equal distribution of real assets and wealth. B. achieve full employment and price level stability. C. contribute to a more equal distribution of income. D. reallocate resources from less desired to more desired uses.

D. reallocate resources from less desired to more desired uses.

Flow chart #90 Refer to the diagram. Arrows (1) and (2) represent: A. goods and resources respectively. B. money incomes and output respectively. C. output and money incomes respectively. D. resources and goods respectively.

D. resources and goods respectively.

Risk management in command economies: A. is easy because there is no risk. B. is easy because the government controls most activity and can eliminate risk. C. tends to be done poorly because government officials do not understand risk. D. tends to be done poorly because decision makers are insulated from the risk of making a poor decision.

D. tends to be done poorly because decision makers are insulated from the risk of making a poor decision.

The regulatory mechanism of the market system is: A. self-interest. B. private property. C. competition. D. specialization.

c. competition