Khan Period 3

"The insurgents who were assembled at Worcester in Massachusetts have disbanded. The people at Boston seem to be glad at this event and say it was the effect of fear. But the fact is that the insurgents effected their object . . . The commotions of Massachusetts have wrought prodigious changes in the minds of men in that State [with regard to] the Powers of Government. Everybody says they must be strengthened and that unless this shall be effected there is no Security for liberty or Property. Such is the State of things in the east, that much trouble is to be apprehended in the course of the ensuing year." -Source: Henry Knox, letter to his former commander George Washington, 1786 Which of the following groups would have been most likely to support the author's views expressed in the excerpt? A.) Federalists B.) Patriots C.) Loyalists D.) Anti-Federalists

A.) Federalists

"This is the Country, which the French have many Years envied us, and which they have been long meditating to make themselves Masters of: They are at length come to a Resolution to attack us. . . in one of the best of those Colonies, Virginia; and in that part of it which lies on the River Ohio. . . . The French however if they find their Way to the Coast of Virginia, will easily over-run the provinces, because each Province considers itself as independence of the Rest, and the Invaders from Canada all act under one Governor; to unite 13 Provinces which fill an Extent of 1600 Miles is not easy . . . Canada must be subdued." The Maryland Gazette, 1755 The excerpt is describing which of the following conflicts in the 1700s? A.) The Seven Years' War (the French and Indian War) B.) Metacom's War C.) The American Revolution D.) The French Revolution

A.) The Seven Years' War (the French and Indian War)

"To what expedient, then, shall we finally resort, for maintaining in practice the necessary partition of power among the several departments, as laid down in the Constitution? The only answer that can be given is, that as all these exterior provisions are found to be inadequate, the defect must be supplied, by so contriving the interior structure of the government as that its several constituent parts may, by their mutual relations, be the means of keeping each other in their proper places." -Source: Publius (James Madison), The Federalist Papers, no. 51, 1788 The excerpt was most likely intended to do which of the following? A.) encourage state delegates to ratify the Constitution B.) advocate for offering support to French Revolutionaries C.) discourage state delegates from replacing the Articles of Confederation D.) persuade the federal government to ratify the Bill of Right

A.) encourage state delegates to ratify the Constitution

"To what expedient, then, shall we finally resort, for maintaining in practice the necessary partition of power among the several departments, as laid down in the Constitution? The only answer that can be given is, that as all these exterior provisions are found to be inadequate, the defect must be supplied, by so contriving the interior structure of the government as that its several constituent parts may, by their mutual relations, be the means of keeping each other in their proper places." -Source: Publius (James Madison), The Federalist Papers, no. 51, 1788 The excerpt was most likely intended to do which of the following? A.) encourage state delegates to ratify the Constitution B.) discourage state delegates from replacing the Articles of Confederation C.) advocate for offering support to French Revolutionaries D.) persuade the federal government to ratify the Bill of Right

A.) encourage state delegates to ratify the Constitution

His Brittanic Majesty acknowledges the said United States . . . to be free, sovereign and independent States; that he treats with them as such; and for himself his heirs and successors, relinquishes all claims to the gouvernment, propriety and territorial rights of the same, and every part thereof. . . ." -Source: Treaty of Paris, 1783 Which of the following most directly contributed to the developments described in the excerpt? A.) foreign assistance from the French B.) a harsh winter that decimated British troops C.) support given by the Hessians D.) a campaign of biological warfare by the Americans

A.) foreign assistance from the French

"We found ourselves rather pressed, the Ohio Company appeared to purchase a large tract of the federal lands, about 6 or 7 million of acres— ;and we wanted to abolish the old system and get a better one for the Government of the Country— ;and we finally found it necessary to adopt the best system we could get. . . . When I drew the ordinance which passed (in a few words excepted) as I originally formed it, I had no idea the States would agree to the sixth Art. prohibiting Slavery— ; as only [Massachusetts] of the Eastern States was present—; and therefore omitted it in the draft—; but finding the House favourably disposed on this subject, after we had completed the other parts I moved the art—; which was agreed to without opposition." -Source: Nathan Dane, in a letter to Rufus King after the passage of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, 1787 Which of the following developments best represents a logical extension of the ideas expressed in the excerpt? A.) growing regional differences on the practice of enslavement B.) growing economic differences between the North, South, and West C.) growing support for the relocation of Indigenous communities to reservations D.) growing support for a Constitutional Convention to replace the Articles of Confederation

A.) growing regional differences on the practice of enslavement

"Who, amongst us, will not renounce. . . those vain ornaments. . . when she shall consider that the valiant defenders of America will be able to draw some advantage from the money which she may have laid out in these; that they will be better defended from the rigours of the seasons. . . . The time is arrived to display the same sentiments which animated us at the beginning of the Revolution, when we renounced the use of teas. . . rather than receive them from our persecutors. . . ." Esther DeBerdt Reed, "Sentiments of an American Woman," 1780 Which of the following describes Reed's goal in writing the letter above? A.) inspiring Americans to offer support to American soldiers B.) convincing the colonies to declare independence from Britain C.) motivating men to join local militias D.) encouraging Americans to end the boycott of British products like tea

A.) inspiring Americans to offer support to American soldiers

"If the Sons (so degenerate) the Blessing despise, Let the Daughters of Liberty, nobly arise, And tho' we've no Voice, but a negative here. The use of the Taxables, let us forbear, (Then Merchants import till yr. Stores are all full May the Buyers by few and yr. Traffick be dull.) Stand firmly resolved, and bid Grenville to see That rather than Freedom, we'll part with our Tea And well as we love the dear Draught when adry, As American Patriots, --our Taste we deny . . . ." -Source: Hannah Griffitts, The Female Patriots, Address'd to the Daughters of Liberty in America, 1768 Poems like the excerpt were most likely a challenge to which of the following? A.) new taxes like the Stamp Act B.) increased restrictions on westward migration such as the Proclamation of 1763 C.) reduced enforcement of the Navigation Acts D.) increased colonial opposition to the British crown

A.) new taxes like the Stamp Act

"In a single republic, all the power surrendered by the people is submitted to the administration of a single government; and the usurpations are guarded against by a division of the government into distinct and separate departments. In the compound republic of America, the power surrendered by the people is first divided between two distinct governments, and then the portion allotted to each subdivided among distinct and separate departments. Hence a double security arises to the rights of the people. The different governments will control each other, at the same time that each will be controlled by itself." -Source: Publius (James Madison), The Federalist Papers, no. 51, 1788 The excerpt was most likely intended to do which of the following? A.) persuade state delegates to replace the Articles of Confederation B.) encourage state governments to secede from the United States C.) advocate for the election of George Washington D.) discourage the adoption of the Bill of Rights

A.) persuade state delegates to replace the Articles of Confederation

"In a single republic, all the power surrendered by the people is submitted to the administration of a single government; and the usurpations are guarded against by a division of the government into distinct and separate departments. In the compound republic of America, the power surrendered by the people is first divided between two distinct governments, and then the portion allotted to each subdivided among distinct and separate departments. Hence a double security arises to the rights of the people. The different governments will control each other, at the same time that each will be controlled by itself." -Source: Publius (James Madison), The Federalist Papers, no. 51, 1788 The ideas expressed in the excerpt indicates a support for which of the following? A.) the creation of a federal system of government B.) the adoption of the Articles of Confederation C.) the creation of a commerce clause D.) the adoption of the Bill of Rights

A.) the creation of a federal system of government

"In a single republic, all the power surrendered by the people is submitted to the administration of a single government; and the usurpations are guarded against by a division of the government into distinct and separate departments. In the compound republic of America, the power surrendered by the people is first divided between two distinct governments, and then the portion allotted to each subdivided among distinct and separate departments. Hence a double security arises to the rights of the people. The different governments will control each other, at the same time that each will be controlled by itself." -Source: Publius (James Madison), The Federalist Papers, no. 51, 1788 The ideas expressed in the excerpt indicates a support for which of the following? A.) the creation of a federal system of government B.) the adoption of the Bill of Rights C.) the creation of a commerce clause D.) the adoption of the Articles of Confederation

A.) the creation of a federal system of government

"My country men, I know from their form of government and steady attachment heretofore to royalty, will come reluctantly into the idea of independency, but time and persecution brings many wonderful things to pass, and by private letters which I have lately received from Virginia, I find Common Sense is working a powerful change there in the minds of many men." -Source: George Washington, in a letter to Joseph Reed, 1776 After 1776, which of the following most fulfilled the "powerful change" that the excerpt refers to? A.) the creation of a representative government B.) the commitment to neutrality during the French Revolution C.) the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts D.) the rise of a pro-slavery movement in the southern states

A.) the creation of a representative government

"We found ourselves rather pressed, the Ohio Company appeared to purchase a large tract of the federal lands, about 6 or 7 million of acres— ;and we wanted to abolish the old system and get a better one for the Government of the Country— ;and we finally found it necessary to adopt the best system we could get. . . . When I drew the ordinance which passed (in a few words excepted) as I originally formed it, I had no idea the States would agree to the sixth Art. prohibiting Slavery— ; as only [Massachusetts] of the Eastern States was present—; and therefore omitted it in the draft—; but finding the House favourably disposed on this subject, after we had completed the other parts I moved the art—; which was agreed to without opposition." -Source: Nathan Dane, in a letter to Rufus King after the passage of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, 1787 Which of the following describes an accomplishment of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787? A.) It resolved tensions with Indigenous communities over American encroachment. B.) It established procedures by which territories could become states. C.) It resolved boundary disputes with the British. D.) It prohibited settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains.

B.) It established procedures by which territories could become states.

"The American Revolution launched an idea of popular sovereignty that, together with the cost of the war, helped to provoke the downfall of the French monarchy. The French Revolution, dramatic as was its influence on the Old World, also became a fundamental event in the New World because it was eventually to challenge slavery as well as royal power." Robin Blackburn, historian, "Haiti, Slavery, and the Age of the Democratic Revolution", William and Mary Quarterly, 2006 Which of the following best supports the argument in the excerpt about the impact of the American Revolution? A.) The end of the Atlantic Slave Trade in 1808 B.) Revolutions against colonial powers in the Caribbean and Latin America C.) Efforts by the United States to engage in treaties with Spain and Britain D.) The emergence of an abolitionist movement in the United States

B.) Revolutions against colonial powers in the Caribbean and Latin America

"It may be a reflection on human nature, that such devices should be necessary to control the abuses of government. But what is government itself, but the greatest of all reflections on human nature? If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary. In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: you must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself." -Source: The Federalist Papers, No. 51, 1788 How were the Federalists and Anti-Federalists able to reach a compromise to ratify the Constitution? A.) The Federalists guaranteed that the federal government would not have the power to tax the states. B.) The Federalists guaranteed that they would vote to add a Bill of Rights to the Constitution as a series of Amendments. C.) The Federalists guaranteed that the President would have a two-term limit and not a lifetime appointment. D.) The Federalists guaranteed that enslaved Africans would be counted as three-fifths of a person for representation purposes.

B.) The Federalists guaranteed that they would vote to add a Bill of Rights to the Constitution as a series of Amendments.

"I will allow that bodily strength seems to give man a natural superiority over woman; and this is the only solid basis on which the superiority of the sex can be built. But I still insist that not only virtue but the knowledge of the two sexes should be the same in nature, if not in degree, and that women, considered not only as moral but rational creatures, ought to endeavour to acquire human virtues (or perfections) by the same means as men, instead of being educated like a fanciful kind of half being— one of Rousseau's wild chimeras." -Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 1792 Which of the following events best represents a continuity of the sentiments expressed in the excerpt? A.) The Civil War B.) The Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 C.) The Temperance Movement D.) The Nullification Crisis of 1832

B.) The Seneca Falls Convention of 1848

"All male white inhabitants, of the age of twenty-one years, and possessed in his own right of ten pounds value, and liable to pay tax in this State, or being of any mechanic trade, and shall have been resident six months in this State, shall have a right to vote at all elections for representatives, or any other officers, herein agreed to be chosen by the people at large; and every person having a right to vote at any election shall vote by ballot personally. . . ." -Source: Georgia State Constitution, 1777 According to the excerpt, which of the following was a qualification for voting? A.) Voters had to be born in the United States. B.) Voters had to own property. C.) Voters had to be at least 18 years old. D.) Voters had to be employed.

B.) Voters had to own property.

"Should all the states adopt it, it will be then a government established by the thirteen states of America, not through the intervention of the legislatures, but by the people at large. . . . Thus it is of a complicated nature; and this complication, I trust, will be found to exclude the evils of absolute consolidation, as well as of a mere confederacy. If Virginia was separated from all the states, her power and authority would extend to all cases: in like manner, were all powers vested in the general government, it would be a consolidated government; but the powers of the federal government are enumerated; it can only operate in certain cases; it has legislative powers on defined and limited objects, beyond which it cannot extend its jurisdiction." -Source: James Madison, in defense of the proposed Constitution at the Virginia state convention on the adoption of the Federal Constitution, 1788 The point of view expressed in the quotation above is most likely which of the following? A.) a Whig B.) a Federalist C.) a Democratic-Republican D.) an Anti-Federalist

B.) a Federalist

"Niagara at most should be my furthest Post in that quarter . . . By this Means we may keep up a Trade with the most distant Nations, retain their good Opinion, and totally prevent any Jealousy of our intending them any ill. . . . As we increase in Numbers on this Continent, it's easy and Safe to advance our settlements in Townships, though this I would do only by Cession or by Purchase of the Lands to prevent the Shadow of an Excuse for the Indians to quarrel with us." -Source: Colonel William Eyre, as printed in The First Global War: Britain, France, and the Fate of North America, 1756-1775, 1764 The ideas expressed in the excerpt emerged most directly from a larger debate over British Parliament's decision to: A.) tax British-made goods, making them more expensive for the colonists. B.) limit westward expansion beyond the Appalachian Mountains. C.) force neighboring indigenous nations to convert to Christianity. D.) declare war on the French over territorial boundaries.

B.) limit westward expansion beyond the Appalachian Mountains.

"To describe the present state and circumstances of the Union we may declare in one word that we are at the Eve of a Bankruptcy and of a total dissolution of Government. Since the close of the war there has not been paid into the general Treasury as much money as was necessary for one years interest of the domestic and foreign debt and Congress have been reduced to the dreadful alternative of borrowing principal to pay interest. Our efforts at home to this end were ineffectual abroad where we were not known and, where enthusiasm for liberty has enrolled us among the most deserving of mankind, we were more successful. The deception cannot much longer be kept up and unless something can be done before the close of the ensuing year we must cease to be a unified government." -Source: William Blount, speech to the General Assembly of North Carolina, 1787 The excerpt was most likely intended to increase public support for which of the following? A.) retaining the Articles of Confederation B.) ratifying the US Constitution C.) adopting the Bill of Rights D.) borrowing funds from foreign governments

B.) ratifying the US Constitution

"In being compelled to labor, not for himself, but for a master. . . the slave may appear to be degraded from the human rank, and classed with those irrational animals which fall under the legal denomination of property. In being protected, on the other hand, in his life and in his limbs, against the violence of all others, even the master of his labor and his liberty; and in being punishable himself for all violence committed against others, the slave is no less evidently regarded by the law as a member of the society, not as a part of the irrational creation; as a moral person, not as a mere article of property. The federal Constitution, therefore, decides with great propriety on the case of our slaves, when it views them in the mixed character of persons and of property. This is in fact their true character." -Source: The Federalist Papers, No. 54, 1788 Which of the following events best represents a continuity of the sentiments expressed in the excerpt? A.) the Back-to-Africa movement led by Marcus Garvey in the 1920s B.) the Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford in 1857 C.) support for the expansion of suffrage to minority groups in the 1840s D.0 regional differences over the expansion of slavery west in the 1820s

B.) the Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford in 1857

"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. — That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, — That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness." -Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, 1776 Which of the following developments in the 1780s best represents a logical extension of the ideas expressed in the excerpt? A.) the use of property qualifications for voting B.) the direct election of representatives in the House of Representatives C.) the creation of an executive branch and the position of the president D.) the extension of citizenship to formerly enslaved people

B.) the direct election of representatives in the House of Representatives The Declaration of Independence states that governments can only function with the "consent of the governed." One example of consent is when citizens vote for their representatives, essentially saying "I trust this person to represent my interests in government and if they do not, I'll vote them out."

"To describe the present state and circumstances of the Union we may declare in one word that we are at the Eve of a Bankruptcy and of a total dissolution of Government. Since the close of the war there has not been paid into the general Treasury as much money as was necessary for one years interest of the domestic and foreign debt and Congress have been reduced to the dreadful alternative of borrowing principal to pay interest. Our efforts at home to this end were ineffectual abroad where we were not known and, where enthusiasm for liberty has enrolled us among the most deserving of mankind, we were more successful. The deception cannot much longer be kept up and unless something can be done before the close of the ensuing year we must cease to be a unified government." -Source: William Blount, speech to the General Assembly of North Carolina, 1787 The ideas in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following? A.) the adoption of the Bill of Rights B.) the ratification of the United States Constitution C.) the issuance of the Proclamation of Neutrality D.) the passage of the Northwest Ordinance

B.) the ratification of the United States Constitution

"There is a violent spirit of opposition. . . against the execution of the Stamp Act, the mob in Boston have carried it very high against Mr. Oliver the Secry (a Town born child) for his acceptance of an office in consequence of that act. They have even proceeded to some violence, and burnt him in Effigy &c. They threaten to pull down & burn the Stamp Office now building, and that they will hold every man as Infamous that shall presume to carry the Stamp Act into Execution; so that it is thought Mr. Oliver will resign." -Archibald Hinshelwood in a letter to Joshua Mauger describing colonial reactions to Andrew Oliver, a royal stamp tax collector, 1765 Which of the following explains why Britain instituted new taxes like the Stamp Act? A.) to increase control of the colonies after growing independence movements B.) to pay off British debt after the Seven Years' War C.) to punish the colonies after supporting the French in the Seven Years' War D.) to fund improvement projects in the colonies, like paved roads

B.) to pay off British debt after the Seven Years' War

"Be it enacted and it is hereby enacted by the Representatives of the Freemen of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. . . That all persons, as well negroes and mulattoes as others who shall be born within this state, from and after the passing of this act, shall not be deemed and considered as servants for life or slaves; and that all servitude for life or slavery of children in consequence of the slavery of their mothers, in the case of all children born within this state from and after the passing of this act as aforesaid, shall be and hereby is utterly taken away, extinguished and forever abolished." Pennsylvania Act, 1780 The law above emerged most directly from the context of which of the following? A.) Increased reform efforts by white women to extend the right to vote to black men B.) The abolition of slavery in other major countries, like Britain C.) Increased awareness of inequalities in society during and after the American Revolution D.) Increased revolts by enslaved people of African descent in northern states

C.) Increased awareness of inequalities in society during and after the American Revolution

"To describe the present state and circumstances of the Union we may declare in one word that we are at the Eve of a Bankruptcy and of a total dissolution of Government. Since the close of the war there has not been paid into the general Treasury as much money as was necessary for one years interest of the domestic and foreign debt and Congress have been reduced to the dreadful alternative of borrowing principal to pay interest. Our efforts at home to this end were ineffectual abroad where we were not known and, where enthusiasm for liberty has enrolled us among the most deserving of mankind, we were more successful. The deception cannot much longer be kept up and unless something can be done before the close of the ensuing year we must cease to be a unified government." -Source: William Blount, speech to the General Assembly of North Carolina, 1787 The excerpt reflects which of the following beliefs many Americans had at the time about the federal government? A.) The state governments needed more power to solve the issues the nation was facing after the American Revolution. B.) The federal government was exerting too much power over the states as they issued stronger taxes. C.) The federal government under the Articles of Confederation was not strong enough to face the nation's issues. D.) The state governments placed too many restrictions on individual liberties and rights.

C.) The federal government under the Articles of Confederation was not strong enough to face the nation's issues.

". . .From the numerous avocations to which a professional life exposes gentlemen in America from their families, a principal share of the instruction of children naturally devolves upon the women. It becomes us therefore to prepare them, by a suitable education, for the discharge of this most important duty of mothers. . . . The equal share that every citizen has in liberty and the possible share he may have in the government of our country make it necessary that our ladies should be qualified to a certain degree, by a peculiar and suitable education, to concur in instructing their sons in the principles of liberty and government." Benjamin Rush, Thoughts upon Female Education, 1787 The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following? A.) Women should hold public office because they were responsible for teaching republican values B.) Women should have the right to vote if they become more educated C.) Women should be responsible for teaching republican values to their families D.) Women should attend college and run universities

C.) Women should be responsible for teaching republican values to their families

"To what expedient, then, shall we finally resort, for maintaining in practice the necessary partition of power among the several departments, as laid down in the Constitution? The only answer that can be given is, that as all these exterior provisions are found to be inadequate, the defect must be supplied, by so contriving the interior structure of the government as that its several constituent parts may, by their mutual relations, be the means of keeping each other in their proper places." -Source: Publius (James Madison), The Federalist Papers, no. 51, 1788 The ideas expressed in the excerpt emerged most directly from a larger intellectual debate over which of the following? A.) role of the United States in foreign affairs B.) ratification of the Northwest Ordinance C.) creation of a strong central government D.) adoption of the Bill of Rights

C.) creation of a strong central government

"The United States Constitution may have reflected a desire for a more republican, less democratic way of organizing governments, but those states that rewrote their constitutions between 1789 and 1791 never reduced the right to vote for adult white males. In 1789 Georgia confirmed that all free white males who paid taxes during the previous year could vote. . . . Most drastically, in 1791-1792 Delaware at last dropped its freehold qualification and enfranchised adult white male residents who had paid a state or county tax. Together with New Hampshire (which in 1791 also chose to retain its taxpaying qualification) and North Carolina, these states all maintained tax systems that made qualification easy. . . . Thus by the time of George Washington's reelection in 1792, after the admission of Vermont and Kentucky, seven of the fifteen states had given up property qualifications in voting for their lower house of assembly." -Source: Donald Ratcliffe, "The Right to Vote and the Rise of Democracy, 1787-1828," 2013 According to the excerpt, one major change in United States politics from 1780 to 1800 was which of the following? A.) elimination of state taxes B.) establishment of an executive branch C.) elimination of property qualifications for voting D.) establishment of the Supreme Court's power of judicial review

C.) elimination of property qualifications for voting

"The assurance of the Americans was ultimately justified by events: they did win, and their greatest asset was, in fact, their desire to be free. Though this desire did not enable them to maintain in the field a force equal to that of the British, the American armies could always count on popular support . . . The Revolution, in other words, became a people's war, and it is doubtful that the British could ever have won more than a stalemate. They might defeat the American forces in the field, as they often did, but victory did not enable them to occupy the country without a much larger force than they ever had." -Source: Edmund S. Morgan, historian, The Birth of the Republic, 1956 Which of the following pieces of evidence would support the argument in the excerpt? A.) data showing the proportion of Loyalists to Patriots B.) diary entries of an Indigenous person supporting the British C.) pamphlets that encouraged colonial support of the Revolutionary War D.) data documenting the number of British soldiers in America

C.) pamphlets that encouraged colonial support of the Revolutionary War

"If your majesty has no more skillful man to employ, I am ready to take the matter in charge and will be responsible for the treaty without compromising anyone persuaded that my zeal will better supplement my lack of dexterity than the dexterity of another could replace my zeal. The Americans are as well placed as possible; army, fleet, provisions, courage, everything is excellent; but without powder and engineers how can they conquer or how even can they defend themselves? Are we willing to let them perish rather than loan them one or two millions? Are we afraid of losing the money?" -Source: Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais, letter to the King of France, 1776 The ideas in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following? A.) the creation of a path to colonization for French people to the Americas B.) the declaration of war on Britain and the start of the Seven Years' War C.) the provision of foreign aid and resources for American troops D.) the proclamation of neutrality, keeping France from supporting colonists

C.) the provision of foreign aid and resources for American troops

"To what expedient, then, shall we finally resort, for maintaining in practice the necessary partition of power among the several departments, as laid down in the Constitution? The only answer that can be given is, that as all these exterior provisions are found to be inadequate, the defect must be supplied, by so contriving the interior structure of the government as that its several constituent parts may, by their mutual relations, be the means of keeping each other in their proper places." -Source: Publius (James Madison), The Federalist Papers, no. 51, 1788 The excerpt most directly reflects a political perspective that: A.) the government should keep people in their proper places. B.) the current structure of government is defective. C.) the structure of the government itself should limit its powers. D.) most methods for controlling government are inadequate.

C.) the structure of the government itself should limit its powers.

"It may be a reflection on human nature, that such devices should be necessary to control the abuses of government. But what is government itself, but the greatest of all reflections on human nature? If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary. In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: you must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself." -Source: The Federalist Papers, No. 51, 1788 Which of the Founders would be most likely to disagree with Madison's statements in the excerpt above? A.) Alexander Hamilton B.) John Jay C.) George Washington D.) Patrick Henry

D.) Patrick Henry

"Could it be made a decree in nature, or an edict registered in heaven, and man could know it, that virtue and wisdom should invariably appertain to hereditary succession, the objection to it would be removed; but when we see that nature acts as if she disowned and sported with the hereditary system; that the mental characters of successors in all countries, are below the average of human understanding; that one is a tyrant, another an idiot, a third insane, and some all three together, it is impossible to attach confidence to it, when reason in man has power to act." -Thomas Paine, Rights of Man, 1791 The excerpt is best understood as a result of which of the following historical developments? A.) The First Great Awakening B.) The abolitionist movement C.) The Revolution of 1800 D.) The Enlightenment

D.) The Enlightenment

"Should all the states adopt it, it will be then a government established by the thirteen states of America, not through the intervention of the legislatures, but by the people at large. . . . Thus it is of a complicated nature; and this complication, I trust, will be found to exclude the evils of absolute consolidation, as well as of a mere confederacy. If Virginia was separated from all the states, her power and authority would extend to all cases: in like manner, were all powers vested in the general government, it would be a consolidated government; but the powers of the federal government are enumerated; it can only operate in certain cases; it has legislative powers on defined and limited objects, beyond which it cannot extend its jurisdiction." -Source: James Madison, in defense of the proposed Constitution at the Virginia state convention on the adoption of the Federal Constitution, 1788 Which of the following pieces of evidence from the Constitution would support the argument in the excerpt? A.) The supremacy clause B.) The War Powers Act C.) The Bill of Rights D.) The commerce clause

D.) The commerce clause

"To describe the present state and circumstances of the Union we may declare in one word that we are at the Eve of a Bankruptcy and of a total dissolution of Government. Since the close of the war there has not been paid into the general Treasury as much money as was necessary for one years interest of the domestic and foreign debt and Congress have been reduced to the dreadful alternative of borrowing principal to pay interest. Our efforts at home to this end were ineffectual abroad where we were not known and, where enthusiasm for liberty has enrolled us among the most deserving of mankind, we were more successful. The deception cannot much longer be kept up and unless something can be done before the close of the ensuing year we must cease to be a unified government." -Source: William Blount, speech to the General Assembly of North Carolina, 1787 The excerpt was most likely intended to increase public support for which of the following? A.) adopting the Bill of Rights B.) borrowing funds from foreign governments C.) retaining the Articles of Confederation D.) ratifying the US Constitution

D.) ratifying the US Constitution

"Who, amongst us, will not renounce. . . those vain ornaments. . . when she shall consider that the valiant defenders of America will be able to draw some advantage from the money which she may have laid out in these; that they will be better defended from the rigours of the seasons. . . . The time is arrived to display the same sentiments which animated us at the beginning of the Revolution, when we renounced the use of teas. . . rather than receive them from our persecutors. . . ." Esther DeBerdt Reed, "Sentiments of an American Woman," 1780 Which of the following is an example of an activity that white women typically engaged in during the Revolutionary War? A.) acting as spies for American militias B.) writing novels depicting American patriotism C.) serving as enlisted soldiers in American militias D.) sewing and mending clothes of American soldiers

D.) sewing and mending clothes of American soldiers

"Whereas, the honorable House of Commons in England have of late drawn into question how far the General Assembly of this colony hath power to enact laws for laying of taxes and imposing duties, payable by the people of this, his majesty's most ancient colony: . . . the House of Burgesses of this present General Assembly have come to the following resolves:-- . . . Resolved, That . . . without interruption enjoyed the inestimable right of being governed by such laws, respecting their internal polity and taxation, as are from their own consent, with the approbation of their sovereign, or his substitute; and that the same hath never been forfeited or yielded up, but hath been constantly recognized by the kings and people of Great Britain." -Source: Patrick Henry, Virginia Resolves, 1765 Patrick Henry's ideas are most directly a reaction to which of the following? A.) the elimination of colonial governments B.) the increased presence of British soldiers in the colonies C.) the passing of the Proclamation of 1763 D.) the introduction of new taxes on the colonies

D.) the introduction of new taxes on the colonies

"Instead of a powerful nation-state with imperial pretensions, the government established under the Articles of Confederation was not really much of a government at all, but rather a diplomatic conference where the sovereign states, each of which regarded itself as an autonomous nation, met to coordinate a domestic version of foreign policy. It was, in effect, designed to be weak, and lacked altogether the authority to manage a burgeoning empire." -Source: Joseph J. Ellis, historian, American Creation: Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic, 2007 According to the excerpt and your knowledge of history, what was the purpose of the Articles of Confederation? A.) to create a weak national government with a bicameral legislature and a single executive branch B.) to create a strong national government with a bicameral legislature and a single executive branch C.) to create a strong national government with a unicameral legislature and no executive branch D.) to create a weak national government with a unicameral legislature and no executive branch

D.) to create a weak national government with a unicameral legislature and no executive branch