KHP 230 Exam 2
Methamphetamines
(speed) are more potent forms of amphetamines that have few medically approved uses.
What is one drink?
-1/2 ounce pure alcohol -12 oz beer -10 oz wine cooler -4-5 oz wine -1.5 oz distilled alcohol
Patterns of Tobacco Use
-20.6% of the adult population in the United States are smokers -The decline of smoking since 1965 is largely because of public health campaigns about the hazards of smoking -Although smoking in the United States has declined, the rate of decline has slowed since 1990
Alcohol-related deaths in college students
-5,000 alcohol-related deaths occur each year among those aged 18 to 24. -1,600 are killed each year due to alcohol-related injuries. -75% of these deaths are due to alcohol-related car crashes and 25% to other alcohol-related causes, such as drowning, falls, gunshots, and alcohol/drug poisoning.
Contraception- IUD
-A small device inserted into uterus where it remains in place -Inhibits the ability of sperm to reach and fertilize egg -May thin the uterine lining and prevent implantation -Active ingredient in the IUD is either copper or progestin. -Among the safest, most effective, and least expensive reversible contraceptives available
Who drinks alcohol?
-About 65% of American adults drink at least occasionally -35% of the adult U.S. population are abstainers -Of the two-thirds who do consume alcohol, 28% are at-risk drinkers -Low-risk drinkers are men who drink no more than 14 drinks per week or women who drink no more than 7 drinks per week -"One drink" is defined by the NIAAA as 0.5 ounce (or 15 grams) of alcohol
Alcohol and College Students
-Alcohol abuse often appears or accelerates during college years. -Alcohol is the most abused drug among college students. -Moderate drinkers who do not abuse alcohol cite a variety of reasons for drinking, such as social ease or stress relief; they are not goal-oriented drinkers (i.e., drinking to get drunk). -Heavy drinkers who abuse alcohol usually drink for escapist and goal-oriented reasons.
How the body processes alcohol
-Alcohol is absorbed into the bloodstream from the stomach and intestinal tract. -The blood transports alcohol to the "detoxification center" of the body—the liver. -Alcohol is absorbed into the bloodstream more quickly than it can be broken down by the liver, and the excess alcohol stays in the blood. -Eating food, which keeps alcohol in the stomach longer, allows more alcohol to be broken down before entering the bloodstream.
Effects on behavior and safety
-Automobile accidents: 31% of all fatal motor vehicle crashes in 2012 were alcohol-related. -Alcohol impairs pilots' ability to function. -Hangover effect may impair pilot performance for up to 8 hours after drinking.
E-Cigarettes
-Battery powered device -Provides inhaled doses of nicotine by heating a chemical solution into a vapor -Provides a flavor and physical sensation similar to that of inhaled tobacco smoke -Produce no tar, burning, real smoke, or air pollution -Contains tobacco specific organic compounds, nicotine, and other potential carcinogens
Induced Abortion
-Caused by the taking of certain drugs or via surgical procedure -Method used will depend on stage of pregnancy.
Tobacco and Prevention
-Children's social environment is the most important determinant of whether they will smoke. -Prevention programs now target seventh and eighth graders, reaching children before most start smoking. -Focus on helping young people develop skills to identify and resist social influences to smoke, such as advertising and peer pressure
Immune and Reproductive Systems
-Chronic drinking impairs the immune system, predisposing the drinker to infectious diseases. -Men: lower than normal testosterone levels, shrinking testicles, impotence, and loss of sex drive (libido) -Women: irregular menstrual periods or no periods, higher rate of premature menopause -Alcohol consumption during pregnancy can have a devastating effect on the fetus.
Cocaine
-Cocaine is a powerful stimulant derived from the leaves of the coca bush. -Crack is a rock crystal form of cocaine. -It has some medical uses, particularly as an anesthetic. -Highly addictive -Causes serious health problems including damage to the nasal passages, lungs, and respiratory tract, cardiovascular problems, and severe psychotic reactions, including paranoia.
Medical Abortion
-Conducted between weeks 7-9 of pregnancy -Involves use of medications that cause changes in the pregnant woman's body so that it cannot sustain the pregnancy, followed by expulsion of the contents of the uterus
Drug use and Abuse
-Drugs are nonfood chemicals that alter the way a person thinks, feels, functions, or behaves. -Drugs are commonly taken for medicinal purposes. -Psychoactive drugs are taken for their mind-altering and mood-altering effects. -Inappropriate drug use contributes to crime, unemployment, and family violence and dissolution.
Cigars
-Have more tobacco and nicotine per unit than cigarettes do, take longer to smoke, and generate more smoke and more harmful combustion products than cigarettes do -Tobacco mix used in cigars makes it easier for cigar smoke to be absorbed through mucous membranes of the oral cavity -Nicotine takes longer to reach the brain, results in a less intense but longer lasting effect -Cigar smoking exposes the oral mucosa to large amounts of carcinogens resulting in a higher risk of oral cancer
Psychoactive Drugs: effects on mind and body
-Interact with nerve cells in the brain and alter activity of chemical transmitters -Many commonly abused drugs affect specific brain regions called reward centers. -Produce euphoria, an intense feeling of well-being (a "high") Psychoactive drugs reach the brain through the bloodstream. -Undergo detoxification mostly in the liver -Some drugs are stored in body fat for weeks and detoxified slowly over time. -Overdose—when the body is unable to eliminate excessive amounts of a drug before reaching toxic levels
Binge Drinking and college students
-Males: five or more drinks within two hours, at least once in the previous two-week period -Females: four or more drinks within two hours for women, at least once in the previous two-week period
Nicotine Addiction
-May be the most addictive psychoactive drug -Withdrawal symptoms include irritability, anxiety, depressed mood, difficulty concentrating, restlessness, decreased heart rate, increased appetite, increased craving for nicotine ->2/3 of smokers who attempt to quit relapse within 2 days (takes 2 wks for a smokers brain chemistry to return to normal)
Caffeine
-Most commonly used psychoactive substance, causes limited dependence -Improves alertness and reaction time, lifts the mood, helps the body burn fat, blunts pain, and helps relive headache pain -Withdrawal from caffeine causes headaches, tiredness, irritability, and depression. -Caffeine can disturb sleep and provoke migraine headaches in those prone to them.
Menopause
-Most ova have matured, and remainder are old. -Normal cyclic secretion of estrogen and progesterone does not occur. -Menses become irregular, then stop. -Physicians may prescribe menopause hormone replacement therapy and recommend lifestyle modifications to reduce symptoms.
Why do people continue to smoke?
-Nicotine addiction -Behavioral dependence -Weight control -Tobacco marketing and advertising
Short-term Effects of Tobacco use
-Nicotine effects can reach the brain within 7-10 seconds, producing stimulation and sedation -Smoke quickly affects the heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature -Tar and toxins damage cilia, the hair-like structures that prevent toxins and debris from reaching delicate lung tissue -The cardiovascular system cannot effectively deliver oxygen to muscle cells due to carbon monoxide
Psychological Dependence on Drugs
-Occurs when a person needs to use a drug regularly to relieve boredom, anxiety, or stress. -Psychological dependence can result in powerful cravings for drugs, and motivates drug-seeking behavior.
Physiological Dependence on Drugs
-Occurs when people take certain psychoactive drugs repeatedly over an extended period. Their bodies make various physiological adjustments to function as normally as possible. -As a result, these people display characteristic signs and symptoms of physical dependence or physical addiction. -Tolerance—ability to endure larger amounts of certain psychoactive drugs while the adverse effects decrease -Withdrawal—temporary physical and psychological state that occurs when certain drugs are discontinued
How to Manage Alcohol Consumption
-Plan how much you will drink ahead of time. -Drink slowly. -Eat before and while drinking. -Set a limit for yourself, how many drinks, how long you will drink. -Don't drink to avoid problems. -Know how to refuse a drink. -Don't drink daily.
Oxycontin
-Prescribed for moderate to severe chronic pain -Abuse of the drug is popular among high school students. -It is very dangerous when combined with other drugs, such as alcohol.
Vicodin
-Prescribed to reduce pain -Abuse is higher than OxyContin, especially among high school students and young adults.
Hallucinogens
-Produce abnormal and unreal sensations, anxiety and depression, and the feeling of losing control over your mind -Physical side effects: elevated blood pressure, dilated pupils, and increased body temperature -Psychological but not physical dependence
Stimulants
-Relieve fatigue, suppress appetite, and improve mood -Enhance chemical activity in parts of the brain that influence emotions, attention, sleep, and learning -Increase blood pressure levels and heart rates
Depressants
-Slow the activity of the central nervous system, producing sedative (calming) and hypnotic (trance-like) effects as well as drowsiness -Alcohol, barbiturates, and minor tranquilizers Some depressants have medical value, they are often misused and abused. -slow heart and respiratory rates, increasing the risk of death when overdoses are taken. -Tolerance and dependency occur with regular use; withdrawal can be deadly.
Gender and Age Group Differences
-Smoking is more prevalent among men than women -Rates of smoking are higher among young people than among older people -Most smokers get hooked in adolescence and think they can stop at any time (90% start smoking before the age of 21) -College students are more likely to smoke than the general population
Smoking and Ethnicity
-Smoking is more prevalent among the White population than among African Americans, Hispanics, Asian Americans, and Pacific Islanders -The highest rates of smoking occur among Native Americans and Alaska natives -The lowest smoking rates occur among Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders
Smoking
-Smoking is negatively correlated with educational attainment -Adults with less than a high school education are 3 times as likely as those who graduate from college to smoke -Having a sibling or parent who smokes, associating with peers who smoke, low SES, doing poorly in school are associated with higher rates of smoking
Smoking and Health
-Smoking is the single greatest preventable cause of illness and premature death in North America -CVD - people who smoke only 1-4 cigarettes a day double their risk -Cancer (30% of all cancers - 87% of lung cancers) -COPD - emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma
Smokeless Tobacco
-Snuff - powdered form of tobacco -Chewing tobacco - lodging a cud or pinch between the cheek and gum (loose leaf or plug) -Contains 28 carcinogens -Causes 6, 000 deaths per year (oral cancer) -Causes dysplasia and oral lesions, gum disease, tooth decay/discoloration, bad breath -The amount of nicotine absorbed from smokeless tobacco is 2x greater than cigarettes
Hookahs
-Sometimes called "water pipes" -Marketed as a safe alternative to cigarettes -Groups of smokers inhale shisah, a mixture of tobacco, molasses, and fruit flavors -Hookah smoke has been found to contain high levels of carbon monoxide, tar, nicotine, and heavy metals
Puberty
-Stage of development during which the endocrine and reproductive systems mature -On average, puberty begins at age 10 or 11; girls usually begin 2 years earlier than boys. -Puberty ends about 5 or 6 years later. -Average age of first menstruation is about 12 (range is 8 to 15 years of age).
Marijuana
-The most widely used illicit drug in the United States -THC is the psychoactive substance in marijuana. -Alters muscular coordination and normal thought processes such as mental concentration, problem solving, time perception, and short-term memory -Damages respiratory tract and reproductive functioning -Rarely causes physical dependence -Psychological dependence -Approved for medical use only in 20 states -Approved for recreational and medical use in 11 states -Federal authorities may prosecute patients whose physicians prescribe marijuana for medical use; state laws do not protect users from the federal ban on the drug.
Over-the-counter drugs
-To be sold in this country, must be safe and effective when people follow the product information that comes with it. -Herbal products that are sold as food supplements in health food stores are not regulated by the FDA. -Misuse and abuse of OTC medicines is common. -Look-alike drugs -Weight loss aids -Ephedrine
Emphysema
-a condition in which the air sacs of the lungs lose their normal elasticity -Lungs' normal capacity to allow air to enter is decreased, making breathing a continual effort. -Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD):chronic bronchitis and emphysema
Medications
-have beneficial uses, such as for treating diseases or correcting physiological abnormalities.
Contraception: Emergency Contraception
-helps prevent pregnancy after sexual intercourse. -It can be taken up to 3 to 5 days after sex. -Three types of emergency contraception are available in the United States: Plan B One-Step® (progestin-only pill), various brands of combined oral contraceptives, and copper IUD. -Emergency contraception is about 75% effective.
Opiates
-include opium, the dried sap of the opium poppy, and drugs such as codeine, morphine, heroin, and Percodan, which are derived from opium. -Medically used as sedatives, analgesics (alleviate pain), and narcotics (alter the perception of pain and induce euphoria and sleep) and to treat severe diarrhea and severe coughing -are highly addictive; excessive doses depress the CNS, slowing respiration and reducing mental functioning.
Risk Factors for Drug Dependency
Addiction is the result of complex interactions among many possible factors -biological -personal -social -environmental Protective factors -strong family and school ties -academic success -parental monitoring of behavior with -clear rules of conduct
Spontaneous Abortion
Also known as miscarriage -Body expels the embryo -Generally occurs during first trimester of pregnancy -10%-20% of pregnancies end in spontaneous abortion. -Cause may be serious genetic defects to the embryo or other causes.
Contraception- hormonal methods
Hormonal methods Prevent pregnancy by suppressing ovulation Combined oral contraceptives (COCs) Combination of two hormones—estrogen and progestin Available in pill, patch, vaginal ring, or monthly injection form Highly effective, but comes with some risks
Female Infertility
Inability to penetrate the vagina with the penis Abnormal properties of cervical mucus Scarring of the fallopian tubes Endometriosis (the growth of abnormal tissue in the abdomen) Hormonal imbalances that interfere with ovulation Infections, radiation/chemotherapy, age, smoking, obesity
Party Drugs
Includes: amphetamines, methamphetamines, alcohol, GHB, GBL, rohypnol, LSD, ketamine, and ecstasy -Reduce anxiety, induce euphoria, or build energy -These drugs can have long-lasting negative effects on the brain.
Male Infertility
Low sperm count (below 80-120 mil/ml) High percentage of abnormally shaped sperm (40%) Sperm transport issues Environmental factors: Smoking Chronic alcoholism Medications Infections Erectile dysfunction
Contraception
Methods to avoid pregnancy Abstinence and natural methods Refraining from sexual intercourse -100% effective
Temperament
More likely if impulsive, aggressive, and have short attention spans, slow ability to calm oneself, a thrill-seeking nature, and an inability to delay gratification.
Contraception- Sterilization
Permanent form of birth control -Highly effective -Female sterilization -Tubal ligation (surgical method) -Essure (nonsurgical method) Male sterilization -Vasectomy -Surgical procedures can be reversed, but pregnancy rates vary depending on several factors.
Psychoactive Drug Classifications
Stimulants Depressants Opiates Marijuana/Cannabis Hallucinogens Inhalants
Tar
a thick, sticky residue formed when tobacco leaves burn, containing hundreds of chemical compounds and carcinogenic substances
Polyabuse
abusing more than one drug at a time
Outpatient Treatment
accounts for 90% of patients; patient spends a specific amount of time at the treatment facility but lives at home
Normative Education
aims to correct erroneous beliefs about the prevalence and acceptability of alcohol use among peers
Hereditary
alcohol issues in a first-degree relative are at an increased risk of alcohol related problems
Carbon Monoxide
an odorless gas that interferes with the ability of red blood cells to carry oxygen to vital body organs
Life Skills Programs
emphasize the development of communication, conflict resolution, and assertiveness skills to help students cope with peer pressure to drink alcohol, smoke cigarettes, or take other drugs
Severe Withdrawal Symptoms
hyperactivity, hallucinations, disorientation, and confusion
Intoxication
impairment of the central nervous system
Amphetamines
increase energy and alertness, lessen the need for sleep, produce euphoria, and suppress appetite.
Alcoholic hepatitis
inflammation of the liver that can result in death
Acute Bronchitis
inflammation of the mucous membranes of the bronchi
Brain effects of alcohol abuse
intoxication is impaired functioning of the central nervous system
Drug Abuse
is the intentional improper or nonmedical use of a drug.
Drug Misuse
is the temporary and improper use of a legal drug
Withdrawal Symptoms
mild agitation, shaking, anxiety, loss of appetite, restless, and insomnia
Fatty Liver
most liver cells die as a result of fat being stored in them
Chronic Bronchitis
persistent inflammation and thickening of the lining of the bronchi caused by the constant irritation from smoke
Environmental Approaches
prevention efforts that focus on the entire population of drinkers -Warnings on alcoholic beverage containers -Age standard for purchase and consumption
Maintenance
recovering alcoholics take part in group meetings and attend individual counseling sessions once or twice a week at outpatient facilities, participate in self-help group meetings, and sometimes participate in family therapy
Cirrohsis
scarring of the liver
Affective Education
seeks to influence students' feelings about themselves and alcohol by helping them develop self-esteem as well as problem-solving and decision-making abilities
Resistance Training
the "just say no" approach; shows mixed results
Impatient Treatment
the alcoholic resides at a treatment facility; used for the early phases of treatment, particularly acute detoxification -Usually 28 days
Infertility
the inability of a couple to conceive a child after 1 year of unprotected sex.
Nicotine
the primary addictive ingredient in tobacco; a poison and a psychoactive drug
Relapse
when a recovering alcoholic returns to his or her drinking habits
Synergism
when different drugs that have similar effects are combined, the effects of each drug can be amplified