Kin 272 Exam 1
Many choice: Which of the following would increase blood flow to the kidney? Select one or more: a. Increasing end systolic volume b. Increasing end diastolic volume c. Increasing the resistance of vessels in the kidney
None?
A new steroid hormone is found to be secreted by the ovary. You would look for receptors for the hormone in the (choose every location you know the hormone to travel): Select one or more: a. Nucleoplasm of target cells (nucleoplasm is the fluid inside the nucleus). b. Cytoplasm of target cells c. Plasma membrane of target cells d. Nuclear membrane of target cells
a, b
An individual with type B+ blood has which of the following antigens on their red blood cells? Select one or more: a. Rh b. B c. A
a, b
Many Choice: Cortisol Select one or more: a. Stimulates breakdown of protein for energy b. Elevates/maintains blood glucose c. Causes fat storage
a, b
If you suddenly get out of bed, you might feel dizzy because gravity pulls blood away from the heart. What change in blood flow to the brain causes this symptom? Select one: a. Blood flow to the brain increases. b. Blood flow to the brain decreases. c. Blood flow to the brain does not change. A sudden drop in blood glucose concentration causes dizziness.
b
Many choice: Valves in the heart are located Select one or more: a. Between atria and major veins b. Between major arteries and ventricles c. Between the atria and ventricles
b, c
Many choice: Stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system increases Select one or more: a. End systolic volume b. Contractility c. Heart rate d. Stroke volume e. End diastolic volume
b, c, d, e
An individual with type A+ blood can receive which of the following blood types? Select one or more: a. B- b. A+ c. A- d. B+ e. O+
b, c, e
Imaginary hormone receptor: Imagine a human had a mutated hormone receptor that was located in the adrenal cortex but was turned on by binding to Insulin. When the receptor is turned on, it causes release of hormones that regulate stress. All other components of the endocrine system respond normally. This person would have (choose every correct answer) Select one or more: a. High ACTH b. Low ACTH c. High CRH d. Low CRH e. High cortisol f. Low cortisol
b, d, e
Heart rate increases in response to a drop in blood pressure. The sensor in this feedback loop is in the Select one: a. Smooth muscle b. Skeletal muscle c. The carotid bodies and aortic arch d. The brain e. Cardiac muscle
c
If a blood vessel constricts to half its original diameter, blood flow through that vessel will Select one: a. Double b. Not change c. Drop to much less than half its original value d. Increase to much more than double its original value e. Be cut in half
c
If a person had a mutation in the growth hormone receptor so that it was always off, Select one: a. We don't know. The person would be of normal stature b. The person would be large c. The person would be small
c
If a person had a mutation in the growth hormone receptor so that it was always on, Select one: a. The person would be small b. We don't know. The person would be of normal stature c. The person would be large
c
If we begin leg exercise at high intensity, which is the first change? Select one: a. Blood flow to the brain increases b. Vessels in the legs dilate c. Metabolite production increases (in the legs) d. Vessels in the legs constrict e. Heart rate increases
c
If we measure arterial blood pressure in an individual doing finger exercise with a small number of muscle fibers, it would Select one: a. Rise dramatically b. Fall dramatically c. Not change very much
c
Imagine a person with a resting heart rate of 70 beats per minute. If we stimulated the heart 80 times per minute with an electrode stuck in the left atrium, the P wave on the ECG would look Select one: a. Normal at 70 beats per minute b. Normal at 80 beats per minute c. Abnormal at 80 beats per minute d. Abnormal at 70 beats per minute
c
Imagine a person with a resting heart rate of 70 beats per minute. If we stimulated the heart 80 times per minute with an electrode stuck in the left atrium, the P wave on the ECG would look Select one: a. Normal at 80 beats per minute b. Abnormal at 70 beats per minute c. Abnormal at 80 beats per minute d. Normal at 70 beats per minute
c
In an ECG, the QRS complex shows Select one: a. Atrial depolarization b. Atrial contraction c. Ventricular depolarization d. Ventricular contraction e. Atrial pressure changes
c
In the feedback loop that maintains appropriate red blood cell production, the effector is located in the Select one: a. Spleen b. Kidney c. Bone marrow d. Brain e. Thymus
c
In the feedback loop that maintains blood calcium levels when they drop, effectors include the Select one: a. Posterior pituitary b. Thyroid gland c. Osteoclasts d. Parathyroid gland e. Anterior pituitary
c
In type 2 diabetes mellitus, Select one: a. Insulin structure is disrupted, which disrupts function b. Glucose transporters inserted into the cell membrane no longer work c. Insulin receptor signaling is deficient
c
Leptin is a hormone released from fat cells when energy storage is high. Assume leptin works in a simple endocrine loop and has an effect on appetite. One center involved in regulating appetite is in the hypothalamus. Where is the sensor in this simple endocrine loop? Select one: a. The hypothalamus b. Muscle Cells c. Fat cells
c
Many choice: Imagine a disease in which blood osmolarity is constantly too high. Adding ADH to the bloodstream does not treat the disorder. There must be a disruption at the level of the Select one or more: a. The ADH sensor b. The ADH control center c. The ADH receptor
c
Parathyroid hormone Select one: a. Decreases blood glucose b. Decreases blood calcium c. Increases blood calcium d. Increases body temperature e. Increases blood glucose
c
The main function of elastic tissue in arteries is to Select one: a. Stimulate stronger contractions in the heart b. Provide backup in case the elastic on your pants snaps c. Store pressure generated by the heart d. Increase resistance of vessels e. Decrease preload on the heart
c
This question refers to the pathway of a red blood cell through the circulatory system. The structure encountered after passing through the Right AV valve is the Select one: a. Right atrium b. Aorta c. Right ventricle d. Left atrium e. Pulmonary trunk
c
This question refers to the pathway of a red blood cell through the circulatory system. The structure encountered after passing through the aortic semilunar valve is the Select one: a. Right atrium b. Right ventricle c. Aorta d. Left atrium e. Pulmonary trunk
c
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) is released from the Select one: a. Adrenal medulla b. Anterior pituitary gland c. Hypothalamus d. Thyroid gland e. Adrenal cortex
c
When does the left ventricle contain the least blood? (If two answers are equal, choose both). Select one or more: a. A b. B c. C d. D
c, d
Many choice: Humans maintain homeostasis of which of the following variables? Select one or more: a. Heart rate b. Dietary sodium intake c. Blood pH d. Blood glucose e. Blood sodium levels f. Sweat rate g. Blood oxygen levels
c, d, e, g
During which period(s) are all heart valves open? (Refer to chart 2) Select one or more: a. Between A and B b. Between B and C c. Between C and D d. Between D and the next A e. Never
e
Heart rate increases in response to a drop in blood pressure. The sensor in this feedback loop is in the Select one: a. Cardiac muscle b. The brain c. Smooth muscle d. Skeletal muscle e. The carotid bodies and aortic arch
e
If you suddenly get out of bed, you might feel dizzy because gravity pulls blood away from the heart. How does the body respond to correct the situation? Select one: a. The pancreas responds to increased blood pressure by releasing insulin to control blood sugar. b. Baroreceptors detect a sudden drop in blood pressure and decrease sympathetic nervous system activity. c. Baroreceptors detect a sudden increase in blood pressure and increase sympathetic nervous system activity. d. Baroreceptors detect a sudden increase in blood pressure and decrease sympathetic nervous system activity. e. Baroreceptors detect a sudden drop in blood pressure and increase sympathetic nervous system activity.
e
In the feedback loop that maintains blood calcium levels when they drop, the sensor is the Select one: a. Anterior pituitary b. Thyroid gland c. Osteoclasts d. Posterior pituitary e. Parathyroid gland
e
The ACTH receptor is located in the Select one: a. Anterior pituitary b. Hypothalamus c. Posterior pituitary d. Adrenal medulla e. Adrenal cortex f. Pancreas
e
When examining a patient, a physician notices left ventricular hypertrophy (increased muscle mass in the left ventricle). She determines the condition is due to continually creating excess pressure within the ventricle. However, she also magically determines that blood pressure is never too high. You would suspect Select one: a. Elevated cardiac output b. A mutation that decreases cardiac muscle function c. A narrow left AV valve d. Narrow systemic arteries e. A narrow aortic valve
e
Where is the TRH receptor located? Select one: a. On neurons in the hypothalamus b. On cells in the posterior pituitary gland c. On cells in the thyroid gland d. On cells all over the body e. On cells in the anterior pituitary gland
e
Which of the following are absolutely necessary for the heart to contract? Select one: a. Sympathetic neurons b. Parasympathetic neurons c. Somatic motor neurons d. All of the above e. None of the above
e
Cortisol is secreted from the a. Anterior pituitary b. Pancreas c. Adrenal medulla d. Posterior pituitary e. Hypothalamus f. Adrenal cortex
f
Many choice: In what part of blood do you find cell fragments involved in blood clotting?
none?
In what part of blood do you find most sodium?
plasma layer
Many choice: In what part of blood do you find cell fragments or molecules involved in blood clotting (choose every correct answer)?
plasma layer, and buffy layer
After bleeding, heart rate increases to restore cardiac output. This is necessary because Select one: a. A rise in ESV would decrease stroke volume, requiring greater heart rate to restore cardiac output. b. A drop in EDV would decrease stroke volume, requiring a greater heart rate to restore cardiac output. c. A drop in ESV would decrease stroke volume, requiring greater heart rate to restore cardiac output. d. Stroke volume would increase, requiring greater heart rate to restore cardiac output. e. A rise in EDV would decrease stroke volume, requiring greater heart rate to restore cardiac output.
b
After bleeding, which of the following disruptions of homeostasis would most directly stimulate production of red blood cells? Select one: a. Decreased blood plasma proteins b. Decreased blood oxygen content c. Decreased blood pH d. Decreased blood plasma volume e. Decreased blood pressure
b
All arteries carry oxygenated blood Select one: a. True b. False
b
Are there structural changes within the body of humans suffering from diabetes mellitus? Select one: a. No b. Yes
b
Blood flow through vessels with atherosclerotic plaques is reduced because Select one: a. The plaques increase EDV. b. The plaques increase vascular resistance. c. The plaques increase ESV. d. The plaques decrease heart rate.
b
Blood question: Lipids traveling in our bloodstream are Select one: a. Carried with hydrophobic tails in contact with water b. Carried by plasma proteins c. Carried only within white blood cells d. Carried only within red blood cells e. Carried only dissolved in plasma
b
Calcitonin Select one: a. Elevates blood calcium b. Lowers blood calcium c. Elevates blood sugar d. Lowers blood sugar
b
During which period(s) is the aortic valve open? (Refer to chart 2) Select one or more: a. Between A and B b. Between B and C c. Between C and D d. Between D and the next A e. Never
b
During which period(s) is the pulmonary semilunar valve open? see chart Select one or more: a. Between A and B b. Between B and C c. Between C and D d. Between D and the next A e. Never
b
Following a myocardial infarction, the ECG is often abnormal. This is because Select one: a. Scar tissue does not generate pressure. b. Scar tissue remaining after a myocardial infarction does not pass electrical current in the same manner as normal heart tissue. c. Scar tissue does not have a blood supply.
b
If a person had a mutation in the growth hormone receptor so that it was always on, Select one: a. Growth hormone would be high b. Growth hormone would be low
b
If all nerves supplying the heart were cut, the heart would Select one: a. Contract in an uncoordinated manner (fibrillate) b. Continue to beat, but at a faster than resting rate c. Continue to beat, but at a slower than resting rate d. Stop beating
b
If sympathetic stimulation increases, is it possible for an artery to dilate? Select one: a. No b. Yes
b
If the radius of a blood vessel drops from 2 mm to 1 mm and nothing else changes, blood flow through the vessel would Select one: a. Drop to half its original value b. Drop to much less than half its original value c. Increase to double its original value d. Increase to much more than double its original value
b
If there is a mutation in the TSH receptor such that the receptor is always active, Select one: a. The patient would be hotter than normal and gain weight b. The person would be hotter than normal and lose weight c. The person would be colder than normal and gain weight d. The person would be colder than normal and lose weight
b
If we inject calcium into the cell but hold the voltage constant, the cardiomyocyte would (we would have to inject negative charge with the calcium to keep voltage below threshold) Select one: a. Remain at rest b. Contract
b
In what order should the following cells spontaneously depolarize to threshold?
1st. cells in SA node 2nd cells in the AV node 3rd cells in the bundle of his 4th cardiomyocyte in the left ventricle
A new hormone is discovered and its receptor is found to be intracellular. The hormone diffuses through the cell's plasma membrane when no transport proteins are present. When bound to hormone, the receptor travels to the nucleus to alter gene transcription. The hormone is most likely a Select one: a. Steroid b. Polar amino acid c. It's impossible to guess d. Small peptide e. Large peptide
a
A person will pass out if there is insufficient blood flow to the brain. Imagine a soldier forced to stand at attention for long periods of time. Why might the soldier pass out? Select one: a. The skeletal muscle pump does not generate enough pressure to return blood from the legs to the heart. b. The heart can stop beating completely while we don't move. c. Contractility drops while standing still. d. Heart rate slows too much to generate blood pressure.
a
Bilirubin is formed as a breakdown product of Select one: a. Hemoglobin b. Plasma c. Oxygen d. Carbon dioxide e. White blood cells
a
Blood always moves Select one: a. From the high pressure to low pressure b. From low pressure to high pressure c. Down its concentration gradient d. Against its concentration gradient
a
Changing only cardiac function, is it possible to increase blood flow to one organ while decreasing it to another? Select one: a. No b. Yes
a
Compared with neurotransmitters released in the brain, effects of a hormone Select one: a. Last longer b. Do not last as long
a
Consider a mother with type B blood carrying a fetus with type A blood. Would fetal blood carry antibodies against the A antigen? Select one: a. No b. Yes
a
Do humans maintain heart rate homeostasis? Select one: a. No b. Yes
a
During exercise that involves only flexing your index finger using only a few muscle fibers, metabolism in the exercising muscle fibers would Select one: a. Increase b. Decrease c. Not change
a
For complex endocrine loops to work, blood vessels in the hypothalamus must be Select one: a. Leakier than blood vessels elsewhere in the brain b. Blood vessel permeability need not change in the hypothalamus c. Tighter than other blood vessels in the brain
a
For complex endocrine loops to work, blood vessels in the hypothalamus must be Select one: a. Leakier than blood vessels elsewhere in the brain b. Tighter than other blood vessels in the brain c. Blood vessel permeability need not change in the hypothalamus
a
Hypothetical situation: If a patient had a tumor that secreted thyroid hormone, you would expect Select one: a. TRH and TSH to be low b. TRH to be high, but TSH low c. TRH to be low, but TSH high d. TRH and TSH to be high
a
If all heart valves were removed from the heart, but ventricular pressure did not change during systole, which of the following would occur during ventricular contraction Select one: a. Blood would flow both directions b. Blood would flow only from the ventricles to the atria c. Blood would flow only from the ventricles to the aorta
a
If blood pressure increases and nothing else changes Select one: a. Blood flow to the kidney increases b. Blood flow to the kidney decreases
a
If humans have no control over the movement of uranium, is it possible to maintain uranium homeostasis? Select one: a. No b. Yes
a
If humans have no structure that changes shape in the presence of uranium, is it possible to maintain uranium homeostasis? Select one: a. No b. Yes
a
If more blood fills the heart prior to contraction, the heart contracts with Select one: a. Increased force due to more optimal alignment of thick and thin filaments b. Decreased force due to less optimal alignment of thick and thin filaments c. The amount of blood in the heart does not affect the force generated at the beginning contraction
a
If more blood fills the left ventricle prior to a heartbeat, stroke volume will Select one: a. Increase b. Decrease c. Remain constant
a
Imagine a person with a resting heart rate of 70 beats per minute. If we stimulated the heart 80 times per minute with an electrode stuck in the left atrium, the QRS complex on the ECG would look Select one: a. Normal at 80 beats per minute b. Normal at 70 beats per minute c. Abnormal at 70 beats per minute d. Abnormal at 80 beats per minute
a
Imagine a person with a resting heart rate of 70 beats per minute. If we stimulated the heart 80 times per minute with an electrode stuck in the left atrium, the T wave on the ECG would look Select one: a. Normal at 80 beats per minute b. Normal at 70 beats per minute c. Abnormal at 70 beats per minute d. Abnormal at 80 beats per minute
a
Imagine a person with a resting heart rate of 70 beats per minute. If we stimulated the heart 80 times per minute with an electrode stuck in the left ventricle, the T wave on the ECG would look Select one: a. Abnormal at 80 beats per minute b. Abnormal at 70 beats per minute c. Normal at 80 beats per minute d. Normal at 70 beats per minute
a
Imagine a person with a resting heart rate of 70 beats per minute. If we stimulated the heart 80 times per minute with an electrode stuck in the left ventricle, the T wave on the ECG would look Select one: a. Abnormal at 80 beats per minute b. Normal at 70 beats per minute c. Normal at 80 beats per minute d. Abnormal at 70 beats per minute
a
In an ECG, the P wave depicts Select one: a. Atrial depolarization b. Atrial contraction c. Ventricular depolarization d. Ventricular contraction e. Atrial pressure changes
a
In an ECG, when is ventricular volume greatest? Select one: a. At the end of the QRS complex b. Just before the P-wave c. Just before the QRS complex d. At the end of the P-wave
a
In cardiac muscle, the absolute refractory period lasts until calcium is pumped away from the myofibrils. This ensures that Select one: a. The heart relaxes between heart beats b. Cardiomyocytes are always capable of depolarizing c. Cardiomyocytes are always capable of repolarizing d. Blood flows only one direction in the circulatory system e. Voltage-gated potassium channels remain open prior to the P wave
a
Injecting insulin into a type 2 diabetic would have a _______________ than injecting insulin into a type I diabetic Select one: a. Lesser effect b. Greater effect
a
Many choice: In order for ADH to be released, there must be osmoreceptors (sense changes in osmolarity) in the Select one or more: a. Hypothalamus b. Kidney c. Posterior pituitary gland
a
Many choice: Which of the following are true? Select one or more: a. Arteries always carry blood away from the heart b. Arteries always carry oxygenated blood c. Veins always carry deoxygenated blood
a
Pressure in arteries is always higher than in veins Select one: a. True b. False
a
Referring to Bloom's taxonomy, inventing a drug that could treat a thyroid disease would be an example of Select one: a. Problem solving (or a higher order cognitive skill) b. Remembering c. Understanding
a
Suppose you see an ECG in which there is no relationship between the P wave and QRS complex, but the QRS complex looks normal. You would suspect that the cells setting the rate for ventricular contraction are located in the Select one: a. AV node b. Right ventricular wall c. SA node d. Left atrium
a
Sympathetic stimulation of the heart would Select one: a. Increase the amount of calcium released in cardiomyocytes b. Decrease the amount of calcium released in cardiomyocytes c. Not affect the amount of calcium released in cardiomyocytes
a
Systolic blood pressure is closest to Select one: a. Maximum pressure in the left ventricle b. Minimum pressure in the right atrium c. Minimum pressure in the left ventricle d. Maximum pressure in the right atrium e. Minimum pressure in the right ventricle
a
The thickest layer of the heart is the Select one: a. Myocardium b. Endocardium c. Pericardium
a
When scared, pressure generated by the left ventricle would Select one: a. Increase b. Decrease c. Not change
a
When scared, the amount of calcium released in cardiac muscle cells per action potential would Select one: a. Increase b. Decrease c. Not change
a
When stimulated by parasympathetic nerves, pacemaker cells in the heart Select one: a. Become more permeable to potassium b. Become less permeable to potassium c. There would be no change in potassium permeability
a
When the ventricles are ejecting blood, pressure is lowest in the Select one: a. Atria b. Ventricles c. Largest veins d. Largest arteries
a
Which of the following is a sensor in the feedback loop that causes increased blood pressure during exercise? Select one: a. Baroreceptors in the carotid body and aortic arch b. Endothelial cells in the brain c. Baroreceptors in the leg d. Endothelial cells in the heart e. Endothelial cells in the leg
a
Which of the following would experience the highest pressure (at any point during the cardiac cycle)? Select one: a. The left ventricle b. Arteries carrying oxygenated blood c. Arteries carrying deoxygenated blood d. Veins carrying oxygenated blood e. Veins carrying deoxygenated blood f. The left atrium
a
Which of the following would you see in a patient with diabetes insipidus? Select one: a. Elevated urine production with dilute urine b. Elevated urine production with glucose in the urine c. Low urine production with dilute urine d. Low urine production with glucose in the urine e. Urine with a temperature of greater than 98.6 F
a
Why is blood clotting considered a positive feedback loop? Select one: a. Enzymes involved in the clotting process produce products that turn on those same enzymes. b. The formation of a fibrin mesh requires conversion of a soluble protein to insoluble. c. There are anticoagulants in our blood. d. Calcium is involved. e. The process requires platelets.
a
You have discovered a new hormone called "Alexone." Alexone stimulates release of another hormone called "Patone" from the liver. Patone increases the release of fatty acids into the bloodstream. Given what you know about complex endocrine loops, would you suspect Patone receptors in the anterior pituitary gland? Select one: a. Yes b. No
a
You notice that a population of people is particularly susceptible to COVID infection and has worse health outcomes. The cause of the problem is identified as elevated stress with no other contributing factor. Cortisol and ACTH levels are high. CRH release from the hypothalamus would be Select one: a. higher than normal b. normal c. lower than normal
a
f there is a mutation in the TSH receptor such that the receptor is always active, Select one: a. TRH levels would be low b. TRH levels would be high
a
Many choice: A patient has an end diastolic volume of 100 mL, an end systolic volume of 40 mL, and a heart rate of 100 bpm. The numbers above were taken after walking rapidly to class. Which of the following would decrease after 5 minutes of seated relaxation? (imagine that the excitement about learning physiology plays a minimal role) Select one or more: a. End diastolic volume b. Heart rate c. End systolic volume
a, b
Many choice: Assuming a cyclist has achieved homeostasis despite the high intensity, which of the following have increased? Select one or more: a. Blood pressure b. Cardiac output c. The diameter of renal blood vessels
a, b
Many choice: Imagine a physician encounters a disease in which the thyrotropin releasing hormone receptor (TRH receptor) is mutated. The receptor is stuck in the "on" position. Symptoms of the patient suffering from this disease would likely include Select one or more: a. Feeling hot b. Weight loss c. Sleeping too much
a, b
Many choice: When we mobilize the venous reserve, which of the following increase? Select one or more: a. Stroke volume b. End diastolic volume c. End systolic volume
a, b
When does the left ventricle contain the most blood? (If two answers are equal, choose both). SEE CHART Select one or more: a. A b. B c. C d. D
a, b
Many choice: A hormone might have which of the following effects? Select one or more: a. Open ion channels b. Alter gene transcription c. Activate cell signaling pathways
a, b, c
Many choice: Components of negative feedback loops include Select one or more: a. Control centers b. Effectors c. Sensors
a, b, c
Many choice: Effectors in the feedback loop that increase blood pressure during exercise include Select one or more: a. Cells in the cardiac conduction system b. Cardiac muscle tissue c. Smooth muscle in the arterioles
a, b, c
Many choice: If the vagus nerve were stimulated, which effects would you see on the ECG? Select one or more: a. Each QRS complex would be spaced further from the next b. Each P wave would be spaced further from the next c. Each T wave would be spaced further from the next
a, b, c
Many choice: When bound to hormone, endocrine receptors may be located in which of the following areas? Select one or more: a. The cytoplasm b. The nucleus c. The cell membrane
a, b, c
Many choice: Which of the following generate pressure that moves blood towards the heart? Select one or more: a. Leg muscles b. The heart c. Muscles in the chest wall
a, b, c
Many choice: Which of the following generate pressure that moves blood towards the heart? Select one or more: a. Muscles in the chest wall b. The heart c. Leg muscles
a, b, c
Many choice: Which of the following may stimulate release of hormones? Select one or more: a. Organic molecules in plasma b. Ions in plasma c. Proteins
a, b, c
Many choice: Which of the following might result from endocrine receptor signaling? Select one or more: a. Release of other molecules (exocytosis) b. Increased production of ATP c. Opening ion channels
a, b, c
Many choice: Which of the following types of chemicals could work as a hormone? Select one or more: a. Lipids b. Proteins c. Modified amino acids
a, b, c
Many choice: Changing which of the following would change blood pressure? Select one or more: a. End diastolic volume (EDV) b. Total peripheral resistance (TPR) c. Heart rate (HR) d. End systolic volume (ESV)
a, b, c, d
You have discovered a new hormone called "Alexone." Alexone is released from the anterior pituitary gland. Receptors for Alexone are located in the adrenal cortex and liver. Alexone could affect (choose everything that could be affected, whether the effects are direct or indirect). Select one or more: a. Stress levels b. Fluid balance c. Growth and development d. An immune response e. Blood glucose
a, b, c, d, e
Many choice: When you get scared, which of the following occur? Select one or more: a. Stroke volume would increase b. Heart rate would increase c. End systolic volume would increase d. End diastolic volume would increase
a, b, d
During which period(s) are all heart valves closed? (Refer to chart 2) Select one or more: a. Between A and B b. Between B and C c. Between C and D d. Between D and the next A e. Never
a, c
If the problem that causes Addison's disease is in the adrenal glands, Select one or more: a. ACTH would be high b. ACTH would be low c. CRH would be high d. CRH would be low
a, c
Many choice: Negative feedback loops directly Select one or more: a. Restore homeostasis b. Amplify a deviation from homeostasis c. Counter a deviation from homeostasis
a, c
Many choice: Which of the following hormones are released from the anterior pituitary gland? Select one or more: a. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) b. Antidiuretic hormone c. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
a, c
f the problem that causes Addison's disease is in the adrenal glands, Select one or more: a. ACTH would be high b. ACTH would be low c. CRH would be high d. CRH would be low
a, c
When is pressure in the aorta greater than in the left ventricle? (Refer to chart 2, choose every correct answer) Select one or more: a. Between A and B b. Between B and C c. Between C and D d. Between D and the next A e. Never
a, c, d
An individual with type B+ blood can receive which of the following blood types? Select one or more: a. O+ b. A- c. B- d. A+ e. B+
a, c, e
SEE 2 image chart
a. The events in chart 1 cause the events in chart 2.
If you suddenly get out of bed, you might feel dizzy because gravity pulls blood away from the heart. What change in blood pressure causes this symptom? Select one: a. Blood pressure drops because end systolic volume drops. b. Blood pressure drops because end diastolic volume drops. c. Blood pressure increases because end diastolic volume drops. d. Blood pressure increases because end systolic volume drops.
b
Imaginary hormone receptor: Imagine a human had a mutated hormone receptor that was located in the adrenal cortex but was turned on by binding to Insulin. When the receptor is turned on, it causes release of hormones that regulate stress. All other components of the endocrine system respond normally. This person would have Select one: a. Low blood sugar b. High blood sugar
b
Imagine a person with a resting heart rate of 70 beats per minute. If we stimulated the heart 80 times per minute with an electrode stuck in the left ventricle, the QRS complex on the ECG would look Select one: a. Normal at 80 beats per minute b. Abnormal at 80 beats per minute c. Normal at 70 beats per minute d. Abnormal at 70 beats per minute
b
Imagine that a lot of sodium leaked into a resting cardiomyocyte, but the voltage of the cell did not change (i.e., we magically injected negative charge so that voltage remained -70 mV). The cardiomyocyte would Select one: a. Contract b. Remain at rest
b
In Graves' disease, Select one: a. TSH levels are high b. TSH levels are low
b
In Hashimoto's thyroiditis, TSH levels are normally Select one: a. Low b. High
b
In an individual with blood pressure of 110/80, mean arterial pressure would be Select one: a. 80 mm Hg b. 90 mm Hg c. 100 mm Hg d. 110 mm Hg e. 137 mm Hg
b
Is it possible to disrupt the structure of a tissue without disrupting the structure of the cells that are in the tissue? Select one or more: a. No b. Yes
b
Is it possible to disrupt the structure of skin cells without disrupting the structure of the skin? Select one or more: a. Yes b. No
b
Leptin is a hormone released from fat cells when energy storage is high (i.e. we store more fat). Assume leptin works in a simple endocrine loop and has an effect on appetite. One center involved in regulating appetite is in the hypothalamus. When leptin levels rise, you would expect appetite to Select one: a. Increase b. Decrease
b
Many choice: Defects in which of the following cause type 2 diabetes mellitus? Select one or more: a. The sensor b. The effector c. The control center
b
Patients who successfully manage type 1 diabetes mellitus use a sensor that is Select one: a. In skeletal muscle b. Outside the body c. In the pancreas d. In the liver e. In fat
b
Referring to the human body, which of the following statements is accurate? Select one: a. Form follows function, i.e., the function of a structure determines its shape. b. Function follows form, i.e., the shape of a structure determines its function.
b
Scenario: exercising strenuously with two legs. After we re-establish homeostasis during exercise, blood pressure has increased. In this state, blood flow to exercising muscles has ______________ and to the kidneys has _____________. Select one: a. Increased; Increased b. Increased; Decreased c. Decreased; Increased d. Decreased; Decreased
b
TRH must travel through the heart prior to exerting its effects Select one: a. True b. False
b
What is the first change in blood pressure after beginning exercise? Select one: a. Blood pressure increases b. Blood pressure decreases
b
When is pressure in the left ventricle greater than in the aorta? (Refer to chart 2, choose every correct answer) Select one or more: a. Between A and B b. Between B and C c. Between C and D d. Between D and the next A e. Never
b
Which of the following has the most elastic tissue? Select one: a. Inferior vena cava b. Aorta c. Superior vena cava d. Renal vein e. Renal artery
b
Which of the following is a true statement about diabetes mellitus? Select one: a. Type 1 diabetes mellitus can be treated with lifestyle because all components of the feedback loop are present and will work well if we eat a healthy diet and exercise. b. Type 2 diabetes mellitus can be treated with lifestyle because all components of the feedback loop are present and will work well if we eat a healthy diet and exercise.
b
In an ECG, blood is flowing from the atria to the ventricles Select one: a. Only during the QRS complex b. Between the P wave and just after the beginning of the QRS complex c. Between the P wave and just before the beginning of the QRS complex d. Only during the P wave e. Between the QRS complex and the T wave
b (questionable)
Many choice: Assuming a cyclist has achieved homeostasis despite the high intensity, which of the following have increased? Select one or more: a. The diameter of renal blood vessels b. Blood pressure c. Cardiac output
b, c
Many choice: Cells that release hormones in the posterior pituitary gland Select one or more: a. Release growth hormone b. Release hormones in response to action potentials c. Have nuclei located in the posterior pituitary gland
b, c
Many choice: Differences between cardiac and skeletal muscle cells include Select one or more: a. The existence of sarcomeres b. The electrical connection between adjacent cells c. The number of nuclei
b, c
Many choice: In type 1 diabetes mellitus, the negative feedback loop controlling blood glucose is disrupted. Which of the following components are attacked by the immune system? Select one or more: a. The effector b. The sensor c. The control center
b, c
A chemical message released from the posterior pituitary gland will affect Select one: a. A few cells very close to the axon terminus (within a few millimeters) b. One cell c. Cells in distant parts of the body
c
After watching the video of the sheep heart dissection, you know that the muscular layer of the heart wall is called the ________________ Select one: a. Epicardium b. Parietal pericardium c. Myocardium d. Visceral pericardium
c
Antidiuretic hormone Select one: a. Decreases blood sugar b. Increases blood sugar c. Decreases blood osmolarity d. Increases blood osmolarity
c
Compared with skeletal muscle, the action potential in a cardiac muscle cell is Select one: a. The same duration b. Shorter c. Longer
c
During exercise that is limited to curling your index finger using only a few muscle fibers, blood flow to the exercising muscle fibers would Select one: a. Decrease b. Not change c. Increase
c
Feedback loops involving the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and target organs are Select one: a. Simple b. Humoral c. Complex
c
A patient has an end diastolic volume of 100 mL, an end systolic volume of 40 mL, and a heart rate of 100 bpm. What is her cardiac output? Select one: a. 3 liters/min b. 4 liters/min c. 5 liters/min d. 6 liters/min e. 7 liters/min
d
A patient has an end diastolic volume of 100 mL, an end systolic volume of 40 mL, and a heart rate of 100 bpm. What is the ejection fraction? Select one: a. 30% b. 40% c. 50% d. 60% e. 70%
d
A primary effect of glucagon is to Select one: a. Lower blood sugar b. Lower Metabolism c. Elevate metabolism d. Elevate blood sugar e. Stimulate glycogen storage
d
A primary effect of thyroid hormone is to Select one: a. Lower Metabolism b. Stimulate reproductive organs c. Elevate blood sugar d. Elevate metabolism e. Lower blood sugar
d
During diastole, pressure is lowest in the Select one: a. Largest veins b. Largest arteries c. Atria d. Ventricles
d
ADH receptors are located in the Select one: a. Lymph nodes b. Skeletal muscle tissue c. Red bone marrow d. Yellow bone marrow e. Kidney
e
Epinephrine can have opposite effects in different tissues. This is because Select one: a. Epinephrine release shifts from the adrenal medulla to the cortex. b. Local changes in electrochemical gradients cause changes in hormone action. c. There are different forms of epinephrine released in different organs. d. There are different types of epinephrine receptors.
d
If a patient's blood pressure is reported as 150/90, their mean arterial pressure (MAP) is Select one: a. 60 mm Hg b. 90 mm Hg c. 100 mm Hg d. 110 mm Hg e. 150 mm Hg
d
If arterial blood pressure remains constant, but blood flow to the penis increases to twice its previous value, then Select one: a. Pressure in the inferior vena cava doubled b. The radius of arterioles in the penis increased to 50% of its previous value c. The radius of arterioles decreased 50% d. The radius of arterioles in the penis increased, but probably only by a little (say, 15%) e. Pressure in the inferior vena cava dropped to half its previous value
d
If electrical signals from the atria do not reach the ventricle Select one: a. The ventricles will stop beating b. The rate of ventricular contraction will not change c. The person will crave a chocolate brownie d. The rate of ventricular contraction will slow e. The rate of ventricular contraction will increase
d
If the radius of a blood vessel drops from 2 mm to 1 mm, its resistance Select one: a. Drops to half its original value b. Drops to much less than half its original value c. Increases to double its original value d. Increases to much more than double its original value Question 10 Correct 1.00 points out of 1.00 Flag question Question text
d
Imagine a person with a resting heart rate of 70 beats per minute. If we stimulated the heart 80 times per minute with an electrode stuck in the left atrium, the QRS complex on the ECG would look Select one: a. Normal at 70 beats per minute b. Abnormal at 80 beats per minute c. Abnormal at 70 beats per minute d. Normal at 80 beats per minute
d
Imagine a person with a resting heart rate of 70 beats per minute. If we stimulated the heart 80 times per minute with an electrode stuck in the left atrium, the T wave on the ECG would look Select one: a. Normal at 70 beats per minute b. Abnormal at 80 beats per minute c. Abnormal at 70 beats per minute d. Normal at 80 beats per minute
d
Imagine a person with a resting heart rate of 70 beats per minute. If we stimulated the heart 80 times per minute with an electrode stuck in the left ventricle, the QRS complex on the ECG would look Select one: a. Normal at 70 beats per minute b. Normal at 80 beats per minute c. Abnormal at 70 beats per minute d. Abnormal at 80 beats per minute
d
Imagine a physician encounters a disease in which the thyrotropin releasing hormone receptor (TRH receptor) is mutated. The receptor is stuck in the "on" position. In this disease, you would expect Select one: a. High TRH levels, but low TSH and thyroid hormone b. High TRH and TSH, but low thyroid homone c. High TRH, TSH, and thyroid hormone levels d. Low TRH, but high TSH and Thyroid hormone levels e. Low TRH and TSH levels, but high thyroid hormone levels
d
In order for a hormone to cause an effect, a target cell must Select one: a. Be classified as an endocrine cell b. Be classified as a neuron c. Release the same hormone d. Have receptors for the hormone
d
In which of the following is pressure the highest? Select one: a. The vena cava b. The pulmonary trunk c. The pulmonary veins d. The aorta
d
Ralph has a resting heart rate of 60 beats per minute, and end diastolic volume of 100 mL, and an end systolic volume of 40 mL. What is his cardiac output? Select one: a. 40 mL/min b. 60 mL/min c. 100 mL/min d. 3600 mL/min e. 6000 mL/min
d
Scenario: An athlete begins exercising strenuously with two legs. Of the following, the first change we would see is Select one: a. Constriction of arterioles in the kidney b. Increased heart rate c. Increased stroke volume d. Dilation of arterioles supplying exercising muscle
d
Spontaneous depolarization: If cells in the SA node were to spontaneously depolarize at 60 beats per minute, cells in the AV node at 70 beats per minute, and cells in the bundle of His at 65 beats per minute, pulse at the wrist would be Select one: a. 60 bpm b. It would be impossible to know c. 65 bpm d. 70 bpm
d
The highest pressure in the heart is generated in the Select one: a. Right atrium b. Coronary sinus c. Right ventricle d. Left ventricle e. Left atrium
d
The sensor in the feedback loop that causes dilation of blood vessels leading to exercising muscles is in Select one: a. The brain b. Endothelial cells in the kidney c. Cardiac muscle d. Endothelial cells in leg muscles e. The carotid bodies and aortic arch
d
There are how many chambers in the heart? Select one: a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. 5
d
This question refers to the pathway of a red blood cell through the circulatory system. The structure encountered after passing through the pulmonary semilunar valve would be the Select one: a. Right atrium b. Right ventricle c. Left atrium d. Pulmonary trunk e. Pulmonary vein
d
What are the units for the Y-axis in chart 1? Select one: a. mEq/L b. mm Hg c. Seconds d. mV e. Frequency of action potentials (per second)
d
What are the units for the Y-axis in chart 2? Select one: a. mV b. Seconds c. mEq/L d. mm Hg e. Frequency of action potentials (per second)
d
When is pressure in the left atrium greater than in the left ventricle? (Refer to chart 2, choose every correct answer) Select one or more: a. Between A and B b. Between B and C c. Between C and D d. Between D and the next A e. Never
d
When is the left AV valve open? (Refer to chart 2, choose every correct answer) Select one or more: a. Between A and B b. Between B and C c. Between C and D d. Between D and the next A e. Never
d
Which is the correct order of events in cardiac muscle? Select one: a. Contraction causes an electrical stimulus which causes blood to move b. Contraction causes blood movement which causes an electrical stimulus c. Blood moving causes contraction which causes an electrical stimulus d. An electrical stimulus causes contraction which causes blood to move
d
