Kin 313 aquatic therapy mid term

Pataasin ang iyong marka sa homework at exams ngayon gamit ang Quizwiz!

The acronym FIT stands for what? and what ATE principle does it fall under

-Frequency, intensity, time -Progressive overload principle

Wolff's Law

-Human skeletal system adapts to force and stress placed on it ( both neuromuscular and CV systems) -A bone grows or remodels in response to the forces or demands placed upon it

Progressive overload principle

-a training adaptation only takes place if the magnitude of the training load is above the habitual level -continuous increased stimulus for optimal performance improvements -increasing level of intensity through time /weight/speed/etc

SAID principle

-stresses and overloads of varying intensities lead to gradual adaptation over time to overcome whatever demands placed

fluid pressure increases by _____________ per foot of depth

.43 psi

whats the density (specific gravity) of water

1.025 g/cm^3

Neck level PWB

10 percent

atmospheric pressure __________ at the surface

14.7 psi

Chest level PWB

20-30 percent

if a floating persons specific gravity is 0.97 what percent will be above or below the water?

3 % of the persons body will be above the water and 97 % will be below the surface

A cupped hand experiences _______ drag than a flat hand

30% more drag

swing phase ______ of a normal gait cycle. The foot ____________ bear weight as it moves forward

40 percent., does not

Pelvic level PWB

50 percent

the stance phase of the gait cycle constitutes _______ of a normal gait.

60 percent

the relationship between objects shape, velocity, and the amount of drag it experiences can be calculated by........

F(drag)=PCV^2A/ 2G

the body will rotate/spin if.....

CG and CB are not in vertical alignment

where is the COG and the COB?

COG: around the navel area; COB: at the chest

TBI: definition, cause, classification

Definition: external blunt force leading to altered state of consciousness which causes impaired cognitive and/or physical functioning Cause: falls, hit by object Classification: Mild, moderate, severe TBI

name each of the variables of the force of drag formula

F= force of drag, P=fluid density, C=coefficient of drag, V= velocity of object, A= frontal area of object, G=gravitational constant

what are the components we can change in order to better suit the progressive overload principle?

FIT components! frequency intensity and time

Bad Ragaz (hip Ab/Adduction): hold, levels

Hold: thoracic hold, Levels: passive, assistive, active resistance, isometric, active resistive

arthritis strikes ________ almost three times as often as _______

women; men

what are some examples of gross and fine motor skills

Gross (posture and gait) fine (dexterity)

how to calculate Hydrostatic pressure?

HS pressure = HPG

Bad ragaz Pre gait: Hold, purpose, Levels

Hold= plantar/dorsal, Purpose: to prepare the client for walking, Levels: passive, active, resistive

Bad Ragaz (spinal flexion aka Jack knife): hold, levels

Hold: double elbow, Levels: passive, assistive, active resistance, isometric, active resistive

Bad ragaz Pre weight bearing: hold, purpose, levels

Hold: plantar/dorsal, purpose: to prepare the client with weight bearing, levels: Double leg (passive, active), Single leg = affected limb is straight and experiencing weight bearing

during this phase of the gait cycle the _____________ lift the foot to prevent dragging. Knee flexors allow the leg to accelerate forward

Initial swing phase, dorsiflexors

Bad Ragaz (shoulder Ab/Adduction): hold, levels

Pelvic hold, Levels: passive, assistive, active resistance, isometric, active resistive

what are the 5 basic components of therapeutic exercise

ROM and flexibility, muscular strength and endurance, cardiovascular endurance, proprioception and balance, functional motor skills

the more specific the program relative to desired outcome, the better results is based off of which principle of ATE

SAID principle

what are the basic principles of ATE?

Wolff's Law, SAID principle, Progressive Overload principle

Long bones being thickest midway along the shaft is an example of which of the principles of ATE? explain

Wolff's Law; because that is the point at which the bending stress is the greatest and wolf's law states that the human skeletal system adapts to stresses and forces placed on it.

who is archimedes?

a greek mathematician and inventor; law of buoyancy

scissor gait

abnormal gait patter where the individual walks with their knees inward together -more prevalent within individuals with CP

equinus gait

abnormal gait pattern where the individual walks on their toes -more prevalent within individuals with CP

during the flat foot the contact foot is getting ready to _________________.

absorb the body's weight

Postural control

act of maintaining, achieving, and restoring the line of gravity within the base of support during any posture or activity

dynamic balance

active (BOS in motion), functional

an example of this is when a person places a limb in the water and it gets wet and drips when removed fro the pool

adhesion

force of attraction between neighboring molecules of different types of matter is __________

adhesion

what are the ABC's of proprioception

agility balance and coordination

balance dysfunction can result from..... (4)

aging process, sensory capabilities, neurological impairments, psychological conditions

Post polio syndrome: definition, classification, cause

an illness of the nervous system from polio, a highly contagious virus that attacks specific neurons in the CNS, that can appear 15-50 years after polio diagnosis -affects muscles and nerves by causing weakness, fatigue, and muscle or joint pain -Cause: damage left over from polio, weak immune system, fatigue of overworked nerve cells -Classification: national rehabilitation hospital PPS classification

due to this principle, in water one will experience two opposing forces: what is the principle and what are the two forces?

archimedes principle; gravity, buoyancy

what is the law of buoyancy also known as?

archimedes' principle

Base of support

area between supporting limbs

what type of rheumatic disease is one of the leading causes of disabilities in the US?

arthritis

AFYAP stands for

arthritis foundation YMCA aquatics program

any movement towards the surface of the water is _______

assistive

Buoyancy can be either _________ ___________ or _____________

assistive, resistive, supportive

aquatic balance exercises

balance beam, tandem standing/ walking, weight shifts, anything that manipulates BOS and COM

what are some reasons why refraction is a challenge for individuals with disabilities?

because pools appear shallower than they appear which could lead to a possible injury; limbs of people exercising in the water appear distorted so they cannot physically see how they are performing the movement or might lose balance as they are walking if they look down

Refraction

bending of a ray of light as it moves from one medium into another medium of a different density.

proprioception

bodies ability to transmit(position sense) , interpret(information), and respond (appropriate execution of posture and movement)

open kinetic exercise

body is not fixated and there is no weight bearing

specific gravity of a person depends on body composition. what part of the body (body tissue) has the highest specific gravity?

bone

what is the specific gravity of bone, fat, and muscle?

bone: 1.5-2, fat: 0.8, muscle: 1

goals of cardiovascular endurance

build stamina, increase resistance to fatigue

a client is using an aquatic noodle to perform a hip adductor flexibility exercise in an upright position, what type of equipment is the aquatic noodle? what type of exercise is this (supportive, assistive, resistive)

buoyant equipment; assistive

rheumatoid arthritis

caused by swollen/inflamed synovial membrane fluid which causes bone erosion

water at this level allows the person to bear only 25 percent of their weight

chest

research has found that aquatic exercise is beneficial for balance in ___________ and ___________

children and adults

contraindications for deep water exercises: (2)

chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), water comfort level

force of attraction between neighboring molecules of the same type of matter is ___________

cohesion

refers to the force of attraction between neighboring molecules of the same type of matter

cohesion

we experience both___________ and _________________ which causes resistance in the water

cohesion; adhesion

viscosity increases as the temperature of the fluid gets .........

colder

This shape has the greatest coefficient of drag

concave

what are the body's proprioceptors?

cutaneous receptors, Muscle tendon receptors (muscle spindle)(GTO), joint receptors, CNS

multiple sclerosis : definition, cause, classification

definition: chronic, typically progressive disease involving damage to the sheaths of nerve cells in the CNF and PNF, not terminal but lifelong disease Cause: unknown, considered an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system attacks its own tissues Classification: benign MS, relapsing MS (most common), secondary progressive MS, Primary progressive MS

facts about osteoarthritis

degenerative (overuse), 10 percent of US population, 30 percent of women 65+, some stiffness in the morning, pain in the evenings, activity= pain, weight bearing joints, (aging, obesity, genetic, injury)

what are some conditions that benefit from deep water exercise? (4)

degenerative disk disease, herniated disk, spinal stenosis, neurological disorders

specific gravity/ relative density

determines whether an object will float or sink in the water -the ratio of the weight of an object to the weight of an equal volume of water -the heaviness of a substance compared to that of water

5 checklist for flexibility exercise

direction of stretch, hand placement, client position, assistant position, communication

what are the two specific types of back problems?

disc pain and nerve pain

impairment

does not interfere with ADL's -interfering with normal function -any loss or change of psychological, physiological, anatomical or function

during the heel strike the __________ contract and the _________ are fully extended

dorsiflexors, knees

a modification of this water property could either make the clients exercises easier or harder........

drag

when an object is rotated to create greater frontal area of an object what force is increased

drag

warning signs for arthritis

early morning stiffness, recurring pain and tenderness in one or more joints, inability to move a joint normally (ROM), (inflammation, redness, warmth in one or more joints), (unexplained weight loss, fever weakness, combined with joint pain), if symptoms last more than two weeks contact a rheumatologist

the mid stance is characterized by _______________ over the whole foot

even weight distribution

what are the two treatments available for arthritis?

finger fusion, joint replacement

object <1 (float or sink)

float

object = 1 (float or sink)

float just below the surface

Pascals law

fluid pressure is exerted equally on all surfaces of an immersed body at a given depth

what are the two types of balance assessments?

functional balance assessments, computerized balance assessments

stiff knee gait

gait pattern where knee will not bend -CP

heat loss in water is much ____________ than in air

greater

functional motor skills (subcategories)

gross and fine motor skills

what is stride length

heel strike of your right foot to a heel strike of the same foot (R, L, R)

what is step length

heel strike to heel strike (R, L)

what are the 4 sub phases of the stance phase

heel strike, flat foot, mid stance, toe off

which muscles work against buoyancy during aquatic walking

hip extensors, resistive

what are the prime muscles used during the 3 swing phases?

hip flexors and knee flexors, initial swing, mid swing, terminal swing

Bad Ragaz (spinal lateral flexion): Hold, Levels

hold: elbow axilla hold, Levels: passive, assistive, active resistance, isometric, active resistive

flexibility

how much your muscles and tendons can elongate

this pressure is directly proportional to both depth and density of fluid

hydrostatic

physiological goals of arthritis exercise

improve performance of ADL's, decrease pain and stiffness, improve mobility and flexibility, improve posture and balance, improve coordination and ambulation

disability

inability to undertake normal ADL

Static balance

inactive (stable BOS)

what increases hydrostatic pressure?

increased depth!

what type of individual should not be immersed in deeper water?

individuals with COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) should NOT be at 85% immersion

Arthritis

inflammation of one or more joints, causing pain and stiffness that can worsen with age

facts about rheumatoid arthritis

inflammatory (autoimmune), 1 percent of US population, Women>men, pain in mornings especially stiffness, improves throughout the day, activity = pain relief, genetic

vestibular

inner ear, Crystal fluid inside the canals within your ear and we must maintain equilibrium, The bigger the wave you create in the crystal fluid the more disruption in balance

overview of AFYAP

is community based, emphasizes peer support, is recreational, non clinical, does not replace a prescribed regimen of therapeutic exercise, is designed to promote social and mental well being

if an object has a specific gravity >1 what will happen to it when placed in a pool of water?

it will sink

during this phase of the gait cycle the swing leg passes the weight bearing leg

mid swing

during the stance phase the ___________ acts as a shock absorber and support structure

knee

genu recurvatum gait

knee hyperextension while walking, -CP, MS, MD

Functional limitation

limitation from impairment not disabling yet interfering with normal function

psychosocial impact of arthritis

loneliness/fear of being alone, fear of future deformity/disability, uncertainty, helplessness, dependency, anger and grief about loss of function and changes in lifestyles, financial difficulties, accessibility problems caused by physical barriers and attitudes.

aquatic exercise is considered ________ impact activity

low

what are the different types of pool that the brown center contains?

main therapy pool, cool pool, movable floor pool, whirlpool spa

what is the formula for density?

mass/volume

muscular strength

maximum force exerted by the muscles

what is APA?

modified physical activity for people with special needs; strive for independence and improve ADL's

Plus AFYAP level

more active lifestyle, can maintain moderate intensity levels and longer periods of endurance exercise

benefits of exercise for individuals with arthritis

multiple studies show that mild to moderate exercise is beneficial for people with arthritis, low impact exercises highly advised, limit activities that have high impact on hips and knees, exercise may delay or prevent hip surgery (44 percent less likely to need hip replacement surgery)

spinal stenosis

narrowing of the spinal canal - When this canal narrows our nerves have trouble traveling down the back which leads to pain throughout the body

Nasa maintains a lab with _____ buoyancy so astronauts can practice for space missions

neutral

flexibility and range of motion, are they the same?

no

benefits of deep water exercise

no impact forces, spine experiences a mild traction effect (intervertebral disk pressure decreases, spinal canal size may increase), whole body resistance, eccentric contraction eliminated, improves endurance and muscular strength,

herniated disk

nucleus bulges out through the annulus -pressure in the disc is so great that a tear occurs in the disc wall leading to sciatic pain (numbness and tingling)

center of mass

objects mass is equally distributed in all directions

ROM

occurs at the joint; how much movement you have at a joint

crouch gait

older population who hold onto walkers, tight knee and dorsiflexors -CP

out of the 100 different rheumatic diseases name 4 of them that were mentioned in class

osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, septic arthritis, juvenile arthritis

vision

perceptual system in postural control -provides information regarding the position and motion of the head with respect to surrounding objects as well as a reference for verticality

circumduction

post stroke individuals because they cannot dorsiflex to clear the floor

computerized balance assessments

posturography, force plate

Hydrostatic pressure

pressure is directly proportional to both depth and density of the fluid

AFYAP is a recreational program which means they want to promote......

promote social and mental well being, you don't need a prescription

what are the sensory systems that are related to balance

proprioception, vision, vestibular

what are the benefits of aquatic gait training? (1)

provides more secure and confident when walking independently in water

clients need to rely more on their proprioception and oculomotor skills due to image distortion in the water due to.........

refraction

viscosity

resistance to movement through a fluid that is caused by friction between molecules of the fluid

any movement away from the surface of the water is ___________

resistive

what are the benefits of hydrostatic pressure?

returns blood to heart more effectively (from legs > heart), mild resistance of breathing in neck deep water is exercise itself, reduces edema, stabilizes unstable joints, improves circulation

hip hike

same as circumduction because you lift your hip in order to clear the floor -Stroke

Basic AFYAP level

sedentary lifestyle, seeking low intensity program

what is gait?

sequence of movements that characterizes an individuals walking/ running

in aquatic walking weight transference is from __________________ and _________________

side to side, forward to backward

object > 1 (float or sink)

sink

Handicap

social disadvantage results from the impairment or disability

what does the SAID principle stand for?

specific adaptation to imposed demands

the _______________ also indicates the portion of an objects volume that will be floating under water

specific gravity

what are the principles and properties of water? (7)

specific gravity/relative density, buoyancy, refraction, fluid resistance, force of drag, hydrostatic pressure, specific heat of water

if a persons CB and CG are not aligned the body will....

spin/rotate

benefit of DWE for the spine. Because of this what does this allow to happen?

spinal decompression inside the discs which aids in pulling nutrients, oxygen, and moisture back into the disc - spinal traction (elongation of the spine)

during this phase of the gait cycle the foot contacts surface and bears weight

stance phase

what is balance?

state of equilibrium, the ability to maintain the COM over the BOS

what type of balance is most appropriate for clients at the center?

static balance!

balance and proprioception

static vs dynamic balance; ABC's of proprioception (agility, balance, coordination)

what is cadence?

steps per minute

the more ________________ an object is, the lower the coefficient of drag

streamlined

during aquatic gait training, partial weight bearing compensates for deficits in __________,__________,____________

strength, balance, and coordination

what purpose do hydrocollars and buoyancy belts serve during a supine flexibility exercise(assistive, resistive, supportive)

supportive

when a person uses a noodle to maintain upright balance we refer to buoyancy as being ___________

supportive

when buoyancy equals the force of gravity this is ______________

supportive

a still lake looks like a mirror due to ________ tension

surface

force of attraction between the surface molecules of a fluid is __________

surface tension

what are the phases of the gait cycle?

swing, stance, double stance phase

during this phase of the gait cycle these two muscles work together to control the speed, swing and contact with the surface

terminal swing, quadriceps and hamstrings

muscular endurance

the ability of muscles to sustain a sub maximal force

buoyancy definition

the ability or tendency to float in water

cardiovascular endurance

the capacity of the CV system to deliver O2 to perform gross motor function over a period of time; resisting fatigue

how does buoyancy assist with aquatic walking?

the push off, flexion of hip and knee

during toe off the heel leaves the floor and prepares for ___________

the swing phase

what is the relationship between temperature and viscosity. Why is this beneficial for our clients?

they are inversely related, if temperature rises viscosity goes down due to the molecules being farther apart; its beneficial for smaller muscles and clients with weaker muscles so they can easily walk in the water without using too much muscular force

osteoarthritis

thinning cartilage causes bone to rub against one another in the joint capsule

who are the targets of AFYAP?

those living with arthritis, rheumatic diseases, related musculoskeletal conditions

functional balance assessments

tinetti balance test, berg balance scale

what is the goal of ATE

to rehabilitate and prevent secondary complications by working on the 5 basic components of therapeutic exercise

double stance phase occurs __________ during the normal gait cycle

twice

In individuals with pathological gait conditions the step length of the ________________ leg will be shorter

uninvolved (not affected)

Line of gravity

vertical line passing down through the COM to ground

________________ acts as a resistance to movement because molecules of a fluid tend to adhere to the surface of a body moving through it, known as _________________

viscosity, drag

an individual exercise program consists of what 6 subcategories?

warm up, stretching, muscular strength/endurance, cardiovascular, proprioception/balance, relaxation

what is the correct body alignment for deep water exercise (6)

water level at shoulder height, maintain upright position, buoyancy belt can be used, maintain 5 degree past vertical, neutral spine, head comfortably out of the water

what is the refraction measure of water and air?

water: 1 g/m^3; air: .001 g/m^3

when a body is fully or partially submerged in a fluid at rest, it experiences an upward thrust equal to the __________ of the fluid displaced

weight

what is the metacenter? and what is it in reference to?

when CG and CB are in vertical alignment; Buoyancy

archimedes principle

when an object (body) is fully or partially submerged in a fluid at rest it experiences an upward thrust equal to the weight of the fluid displaced

can gait abnormalities be improved? how can it be difficult to improve:

yes; joint fusion, severe bony abnormality, permanent nerve damage that has resulted in weakness or spasticity


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