Kin 317 - Exam #1 + Exam #2

List the six (6) types of diarthrodial/synovial joints.

1. Arthrodial (gliding) 2. Condyloidal (ellipsoidal) 3. Enarthrodial (ball-socket) 4. Ginglymus (hinge) 5. Sellar (saddle) 6. Trochoidal (pivot)

Which of the following statements accurately represents the relationship between linear and angular motion? A. Angular motion of joints produces the linear motion of walking. B. Linear motion of joints produces an angular motion. C. Angular motion of joints produces the linear motion of walking, and linear motion of joints produces an angular motion. D. None of the answers are correct.

A. Angular motion of joints produces the linear motion of walking.

Which of the following statements is true regarding synergist muscles? A. Assist in the action of agonists or primary movers B. Are always considered to be prime movers for the action C. Only act in an eccentric phase D. All of the above

A. Assist in the action of agonists or primary movers

Which of the following statements is true about circumduction? A. Combination of flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction B. Synonymous with rotation C. Occurs only in one joint D. Combines flexion and extension

A. Combination of flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction

___________ occurs when all the applied and inertial forces acting on a moving body are in balance, resulting in movement with unchanging speed or direction. A. Dynamic equilibrium B. Acceleration C. Static equilibrium D. Both A and B

A. Dynamic equilibrium

In the human body when the triceps applies a force to the olecranon in extending the non-supported forearm at the elbow, it exemplifies: A. first-class levers. B. second-class levers. C. third-class levers. D. None of the answers are correct.

A. First-class levers

Identify Newton's law of reaction. A. For every action there is an opposite and equal reaction. B. A body in motion tends to remain in motion at the same speed in a straight line unless acted on by a force. C. A change in the acceleration of a body occurs in the same direction as the force that caused it. D. The more weight ones left regularly the more the muscles react by gaining strength.

A. For every action there is an opposite and equal reaction.

Which of the following statements is true about kinetic friction? A. It is the friction between two objects that are sliding along each other. B. It is the amount of friction between two objects that are currently stationary. C. It is always greater than static friction. D. It is much less than rolling friction.

A. It is the friction between two objects that are sliding along each other.

Motion of the bones relative to the three cardinal planes resulting from physiological movements is known as _____. A. osteokinematic motion B. arthrokinematic motion C. accessory motion D. osteochondral motion

A. Osteokinematic motion

Which of the following exemplifies a second-class lever in the human body? A. Plantar flexion of the ankle to raise the body on the toes B. When the iliopsoas is used to flex the thigh at the hip C. The biceps brachii D. When the hamstrings contract to flex the leg at the knee in a standing position

A. Plantar flexion of the ankle to raise the body on the toes

Bone is composed of all of the following except BLANK. A. Protein B. Calcium C. Phosphorus D. Water

A. Protein

Which of the following is the best definition of kinesiology? A. The study of the principles of anatomy, physiology, and mechanics in relation to human movement B. The study of the human musculoskeletal and musculotendinous systems C. The study of the application of mechanical physics to human motion D. The study of muscles as they are involved in the science of movement

A. The study of the principles of anatomy, physiology, and mechanics in relation to human movement

Which of the following is a true statement about stabilizer muscles? A. They are essential in establishing a relatively firm base for the more distal joints to work from when carrying out movements. B. They contract to unlock the joint to enable another limb or body segment to exert force and/or move. C. They are also known as guiding muscles. D. They are located opposite a joint or body part.

A. They are essential in establishing a relatively firm base for the more distal joints to work from when carrying out movements.

If someone is having trouble passing a roadside sobriety test (e.g., walk the line, touch the nose) due to a lack of coordination, which region of the brain is affected? A. cerebellum B. brain stem C. spinal cord D. all of above

A. cerebellum

Each of the following types of joints allows a slight amount of motion to occur except BLANK. A. gomphosis B. syndesmosis C. synchondrosis D. symphysis

A. gomphosis

Which of the following is an incorrect match of type of joint and its example? A. hinge joint - proximal radioulnar joint B. saddle joint - first carpometacarpal joint C. ball-and-socket joint - glenohumeral joint D. gliding joint - intercarpal joint

A. hinge joint - proximal radioulnar joint

The term BLANK refers to a specific movement of a joint that occurs as a result of a concentric muscle contraction.

Action or actions

Which of the following levers would be most effective to use to move a specific object if your only objective was a slight movement of the object? A. A first-class lever with a resistance arm of 10 and a force arm of 10 B. A second-class lever with a resistance arm of 10 and a force arm of 20 C. A third-class lever with a resistance arm of 20 and a force arm of 10 D. Each lever would be just as effective as the others

B. A second-class lever with a resistance arm of 10 and a force arm of 20

Which of the following terms is defined as the rate of change in velocity? A. Momentum B. Acceleration C. Inertia D. Impulse

B. Acceleration

When flexing all of the fingers joints maximally in combination with maximal wrist flexion and no further flexion of any of the involved joints may be reached, the result is _______. A. Active insufficiency of the extensor muscles B. Active insufficiency of the flexor muscles C. Passive insufficiency of the flexor muscles D. Stretch-shortening of the extensor muscles

B. Active insufficiency of the flexor muscles

Which of the following does not describe a way in which a machine functions? A. By balancing multiple forces B. By enhancing force in an attempt to increase total force needed to overcome a resistance C. By enhancing range of motion and speed of movement so that resistance can be moved farther or faster than an applied force D. By altering the resulting direction of an applied force

B. By enhancing force in an attempt to increase total force needed to overcome a resistance

Which of the following are true regarding bones? A. Cancellous bone is stiffer and can withstand greater stress, but less strain, than cortical bone. B. Collagen in bone provides flexibility and strength to resist tension. C. Aging causes progressive gain of collagen and increases bone brittleness. D. Both sesamoid and accessory bones occur in same numbers in individuals.

B. Collagen in bone provides flexibility and strength to resist tension.

Which of the following statements is incorrect? A. Both the size and the shape of bones can limit or allow movements. B. During the process of bone remodeling, osteoblasts resorb existing bone and osteoclasts form new bone. C. The endosteum is located at the ends of long bones. D. Most outer bone is composed of cortical bone with cancellous bone underneath.

B. During the process of bone remodeling, osteoblasts resorb existing bone and osteoclasts form new bone. C. The endosteum is located at the ends of long bones.

What type of muscle contraction is employed by the elbow flexors when slowly lowering your backpack to your desk. A. Concentric B. Eccentric C. Isometric D. Isokinetic

B. Eccentric

BLANK is the ability of muscle to be passively stretched beyond its normal resting length. A. Elasticity B. Extensibility C. Excitability D. Contractility

B. Extensibility

Which of the following is a proprioceptor associated with muscle tissue? A. Pacinian corpuscle B. Golgi tendon organ C. Meissner's corpuscle D. Ruffini's corpuscle

B. Golgi tendon organ

Which of the following statements is true about velocity? A. It is the distance an object travels in a specific amount of time. B. It is the rate at which an object changes its position. C. It is independent of the rate of displacement. D. It is inversely proportional to how fast an object is moving.

B. It is the rate at which an object changes its position.

Which of the following is the basic functional unit of the nervous system responsible for generating and transmitting nervous impulses? A. Dendrite B. Neuron C. Action Potential D. Dermatome

B. Neuron

If the knee were not able to slide, the femur would BLANK when going from flexion to extension on a stationary tibia. A. Roll off the back of the tibia B. Roll off the front of the tibia C. Spin more internally on the tibia D. Spin more externally on the tibia

B. Roll off the front of the tibia

Which of the following is incorrect pair of movement and plane in which motion can occur? A. elbow extension - sagittal plane B. shoulder circumduction - transverse plane C. hip abduction - frontal plane D. subtalar inversion - frontal plane

B. Shoulder circumduction - transverse plane

Which of the following statements is incorrect? A. A resistance arm is defined as the distance between an axis and the point of resistance application. B. Slight variations in the location of a force and a resistance have no effect in determining the mechanical advantage (MA) and effective force of a muscle. C. Overall the human leverage system is built for speed and range of movement at the expense of force generation. D. Short force arms and long resistance arms require great muscular strength to produce movement.

B. Slight variations in the location of a force and a resistance have no effect in determining the mechanical advantage (MA) and effective force of a muscle.

Which of the following statements is correct? A. Static friction is always much less than rolling friction. B. Static equilibrium is when the body is at rest or completely motionless. C. Kinetic friction is always much less than rolling friction. D. None of the answers are correct.

B. Static equilibrium is when the body is at rest or completely motionless.

Which of the following is not an example of forces that act individually or in combination to provide mechanical loading that may result in excessive tissue deformation? A. compression B. Straightening C. Shear D. Bending

B. Straightening

In the context of the factors in use of anatomical levers, which of the following statements defines the term force arm? A. The longest distance from the axis of rotation to the line of action of the force B. The perpendicular distance between the location of force application and an axis C. The distance between an axis and the point of resistance application D. The shortest distance from the axis of rotation to the point of resistance application

B. The perpendicular distance between the location of force application and an axis

Which of the following is true of Ruffini's corpuscles? A. They initiate rapid contraction of stretched muscle. B. They are located in deep layers of the skin and the joint capsule. C. They are activated by subtle joint movements. D. They have interrupted activation even when pressure is maintained.

B. They are located in deep layers of the skin and the joint capsule.

Which of the following is a primary purpose of wheels and axles in the musculoskeletal system? A. To increase force B. To enhance range of motion C. To decrease speed of movement D. To decrease range of motion

B. To enhance range of motion

Which of the following cannot increase a body's stability? A. Widen base of support B. Vertically positioning the center of gravity as high as possible C. Add more points of contact (i.e. 3-point stance to 4-point stance) D. Increasing body mass E. All of above can increase a body's stability

B. Vertically positioning the center of gravity as high as possible

Newton's law of inertia states that: A. for every action there is an opposite and equal reaction. B. a body in motion tends to remain in motion at the same speed in a straight line unless acted on by a force. C. a change in the acceleration of a body occurs in the same direction as the force that caused it. D. All of above are correct.

B. a body in motion tends to remain in motion at the same speed in a straight line unless acted on by a force.

Which of the following most accurately describes a motor unit? A. a single muscle fiber and a single motor neuron B. a single motor neuron and all muscle fibers it innervates C. a single muscle fiber and several motor neurons D. none of these answers is correct

B. a single motor neuron and all muscle fibers it innervates

Which of the following incorrectly describe the anatomical directional terminology? A. sinister - relating to, or situated to the left or on the left side of, something B. distal - below in relation to another structure C. posterolateral - behind and to one side, specifically to the outside D. contralateral - pertaining or relating to the opposite side

B. distal - below in relation to another structure

The increased force generation capability of a slightly stretched muscle is primarily due to which of the following? A. golgi tendon organ B. muscle spindle C. pacinian corpuscles D. both A and B

B. muscle spindle

Which of the following is an example of a movement in the frontal plane (choose multiple): A. shoulder horizontal abduction B. spine lateral flexion C. hip abduction/adduction D. radioulnar pronation E. ulnar deviation

B. spine lateral flexion C. hip abduction/adduction E. ulnar deviation

BLANK is a person's ability to control equilibrium

Balance

Identify Newton's law of acceleration A. For every action there is an opposite and equal reaction. B. A body in motion tends to remain in motion at the same speed in a straight line unless acted on by a force. C. A change in the acceleration of a body occurs in the same direction as the force that caused it. D. The faster that you exercise a muscle, the less time it takes to increase its strength.

C. A change in the acceleration of a body occurs in the same direction as the force that caused it.

Which of the following levers would be best to use to move a specific object if your only objective was speed of the object's movement? A. A first-class lever with a resistance arm of 10 and a force arm of 10 B. A second-class lever with a resistance arm of 10 and a force arm of 20 C. A third-class lever with a resistance arm of 20 and a force arm of 10 D. Each lever would be just as effective as the others.

C. A third-class lever with a resistance arm of 20 and a force arm of 10

Which of the following statements is / are correct? A. frontal plane divides the body into front and back halves B. movements in the transverse plane occur around the longitudinal axis C. abduction takes place around frontal axis D. elbow extension takes place in the sagittal plane

C. Abduction takes place around the frontal axis

Lowering of the arm to the side or the thigh back to the anatomical position is an example of BLANK. A. abduction B. extension C. adduction D. internal rotation

C. Adduction

Motion between articular surfaces of bones is known as BLANK A. kinetics B. osteokinematics C. arthrokinematics D. biomechanics

C. Arthrokinematics

Choose the term that describes the protective layer of dense white connective tissue covering the articulating bone surfaces at diarthrodial joints. A. Articular capsule B. Meniscus C. Articular cartilage D. Articular fibrocartilage

C. Articular Cartilage

The torque of a muscle (rotary component) is greatest in what position? A. when the moment arm is longest B. when the muscle insertion is 90° to the bone C. both A and B D. position does not affect torque

C. Both A and B

Which of the following is/are characteristic of fast-twitch oxidative glycolytic fibers? A. Contraction speed is intermediate (faster than type I but slower than type IIB). B. Fatigue rate is intermediate (faster than type I but slower than type IIB). C. Both A and B are correct. D. None of these answers is correct.

C. Both A and B are correct.

Which of the following pairs of variables exhibits an inverse relationship? A. Force and the force arm B. Resistance and the resistance arm C. Both force and the force arm and resistance and the resistance arm D. None of the answers are correct

C. Both force and the force arm and resistance and the resistance arm

Which of the following is a type of friction? A. Static B. Kinetic C. Both static and kinetic D. None of the answers are correct.

C. Both static and kinetic

Which type of contraction primarily occurs in the quadriceps (muscle on front of thighs) as a person descends a flight of stairs? A. Concentric B. Isometric C. Eccentric D. Static

C. Eccentric

Which of the following terms refers to the tendency for the current state of motion to be maintained, whether a body segment is moving at a particular velocity or is motionless? A. Torque B. Balance C. Inertia D. Momentum

C. Inertia

Which of the following is an example of a transverse plane movement? A. Extension of the left toes B. Abduction of the left transverse tarsal joint C. Internal rotation of the right shoulder D. Plantar flexion of the ankle

C. Internal rotation of the right shoulder

Which of the following is the most common form of simple machine found in the human body? A. Pulleys B. Wheels/axles C. Levers D. None of the above answers are correct

C. Levers

Which of the following is an incorrect match of name and type of bone? A. phalanges - long bone B. Ribs - flat bone C. Metatarsals - short bone D. vertebrae - irregular bone

C. Metatarsals - short bone

Moveable arm is to insertion, as immovable or fixed arm is to: A. flexion B. Scapular fossa C. Origin D. Proximal

C. Origin

_____ occurs when an antagonistic muscle becomes stretched to the point where it can no longer lengthen and allow movement A. Active insufficiency B. Countercurrent movement C. Passive insufficiency D. Reciprocal innervation

C. Passive insufficiency

Which of the following terms refers to a position of the foot and ankle resulting from a combination of ankle plantar flexion, subtalar inversion, and forefoot adduction? A. pronation B. Scaption C. Supination D. circumduction

C. Supination

Which of the following statements is not true? A. the knee is proximal joint relative to the ankle joint B. the leg is distal segment relative to the thigh. C. the elbow is proximal joint relative to the shoulder joint D. the knee is distal joint relative to the hip joint

C. The elbow is proximal joint relative to the shoulder joint

Which of the following is true of an eccentric muscle action? A. The muscle does not control the movement with gravity or resistance B. It is described as a positive type of contraction. C. The force developed by the muscle is less than that of the resistance D. It results in the joint angle changing in the direction opposite to that of the resistance.

C. The force developed by the muscle is less than that of the resistance

Which of the following statements is true? A. Generally, parallel muscles will produce a lesser range of movement than similar-size muscles with a pennate arrangement. B. Fusiform muscle fiber arrangement results in a circular pattern. C. The sartorius is an example of a strap muscle. D. Multipennate muscles produce the strongest contractions

C. The sartorius is an example of a strap muscle

Adduction movement at the wrist in the frontal plane of the little finger side of the hand toward the medial forearm is called _____. A. Palmar Flexion B. Radial Flexion C. Ulnar Flexion D. Volar Flexion

C. Ulnar Flexion

In human skeletal muscle, force generation capability is highest in which of the following conditions? A. muscle is at resting length B. muscle is slightly shortened C. muscle is slightly lengthened D. muscle length is irrelevant to force production

C. muscle is slightly lengthened

Which of the following is true regarding an isotonic muscle contraction? A. Contactions can be concentric or eccentric B. Contractions can shorten or lengthen against resistance C. Contractions can be static D. Both A and B are correct E. All of the above are correct

D. Both A and B are correct

Which of the following statements is/are true? A. the hip is more stable than the shoulder. B. the shoulder has more range of motion than the hip. C. both shoulder and hip are equally stable D. both A and B are correct. E. none of these answers is correct.

D. Both A and B are correct

Which of the following is not true of concentric muscle contractions? A. A muscle develops active tension as it shortens. B. Contractions occur when a muscle develops enough force to overcome applied resistance. C. Contractions cause movement against gravity or resistance. D. Concentric muscle contractions are commonly described as being a negative type of contraction.

D. Concentric muscle contractions are commonly described as being a negative type of contraction.

Which of the following best describes the concept of reciprocal inhibition? A. The vastus medialis and the rectus femoris assist each other in extending the knee B. The rotator cuff collectively causes shoulder abduction C. The quadriceps extends the knee concurrently with a hamstring contraction D. In order for the quadriceps to contract, the hamstrings must relax

D. In order for the quadriceps to contract, the hamstrings must relax

Which of the following statements is incorrect? A. Statics involves the study of systems that are in a constant state of motion. B. Statics involves all forces acting on a body being in balance resulting in the body being in equilibrium. C. Dynamics involves the study of systems in motion with acceleration. D. Levers rotate about an axis of rotation as a result of force being applied to them to cause their movement in the same direction as the resistance.

D. Levers rotate about an axis of rotation as a result of force being applied to them to cause their movement in the same direction as the resistance.

When flexing the elbow, the biceps brachii, brachioradialis, and brachialis are the three major agonists recruited to perform this movement because all cause flexion at the elbow. However, the biceps also cause supination, an undesired movement. Therefore another muscle acting as a ________, causing ________ must be recruited to prevent the undesired motion. A. stabilizer; extension B. neutralizer; extension C. stabilizer; pronation D. neutralizer; pronation

D. Neutralizer; pronation

Which of the following is not a function performed by the skeletal system? A. Protection of internal organs B. Support to maintain posture C. Storage of minerals D. Production of heat

D. Production of heat

Which of the following does not result in the contraction of the muscle fibers in a particular motor unit? A. Maximal stimulus B. Submaximal stimulus C. Threshold stimulus D. Subthreshold stimulus

D. Subthreshold stimulus

Which of the following statements is not true? A. Innervation occurs in the segment of the nervous system responsible for providing a stimulus to muscle fibers within a specific muscle or portion of a muscle. B. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) can be divided into sensory and motor divisions. C. The conscious awareness of the position and movement of the body in space is called kinesthesis. D. The more sudden the activation of a myotatic reflex, the less significant the reflexive contraction.

D. The more sudden the activation of a myotatic reflex, the less significant the reflexive contraction.

Which of the following statements is false about forces? A. They either push or pull on an object in an attempt to affect motion or shape. B. They are the product of mass times acceleration. C. Without forces acting on an object, there is no motion. D. They are relative to the mass of an object.

D. They are relative to the mass of an object.

The rectus femoris muscle extends the knee but also aids in flexing the hip. This is because: A. the rectus femoris is a two action, two joint muscle B. the muscle length crosses and acts on both the hip and the knee joint C. the muscle contraction can affect only one joint angle D. both A and B are correct E. all of the above

D. both A and B are correct

Which of the following are examples of symphysis joint? A. the intervertebral discs B. the menisci of the knee C. the coracoclavicular joint D. both A and B are correct E. all of these answers are correct

D. both A and B are correct

The _____ is the point at which all of the body's mass and weight is equally balanced or equally distributed in all directions. A. balance point B. point of equilibrium C. axis D. center of gravity

D. center of gravity

Momentum, or the quality of motion, is equal to BLANK. A. the rate of change in velocity B. mass times acceleration C. the product of force and time D. mass times velocity

D. mass times velocity

The three specific types of accessory motions are BLANK A. slip, slide, and roll B. spin, twirl, and glide C. rock, slide, and twist D. roll, spin, and glide

D. roll, spin, and glide

What term is used to describe the movement of the ankle that results in the top of the foot moving toward the anterior tibia in the sagittal plane?

Dorsiflexion Dorsal flexion dorsalflexion Dorsi flexion

Which of the following statements is/are not true? A. Linear distance is the distance a system moves in a straight line. B. Angular displacement is the change in location of a linearly moving body. C. Mass is the effect of gravity on the amount of matter in a body. D. Both A and B E. All of above

E. All of above

Which of following statement(s) is/are correct about muscle force-velocity relationship? A. There is an inverse relationship between concentric velocity and force production B. As force needed to cause movement of an object increases the velocity of concentric contraction decreases C. As force needed to control an object's movement increases, the velocity of eccentric lengthening increases, at least until when control is lost D. Both A and B are correct E. All of above are correct

E. All of above are correct

Which of the following is true in regards to antagonist muscles? A. Muscle is typically located on opposite side of the joint B. When activated these muscles have the opposite concentric action of their antagonist C. The can also known as contralateral muscles D. Both A and B are correct E. All of the above are correct

E. All of the above are correct

Which of the following could be done to reduce the amount of force needed to move a lever? A. Move the resistance closer to the axis B. Apply the force farther from the axis C. Decrease the amount of resistance D. Both A and C are correct E. All of the answers are correct

E. All of the answers are correct

Which of the following is true regarding the stretch-shortening cycle? A. When a muscle is stretched just prior to contraction, the resulting contraction is more forceful. B. An eccentric contraction is followed by a concentric contraction. C. The SSC promotes storage of elastic energy. D. Both A and B are correct. E. All of these answers are correct.

E. All of these answers are correct.

Muscles are usually named due to a number of criteria. The rectus femoris is named after its: A. direction of fibers B. shape C. location D. both A and C E. both B and C

E. Both B and C

What type of movement is permitted at the radoiocarpal joint? A. sagittal plane motion B. circumduction C. frontal plane motion D. both A and B E. all of these answers are correct

E. all of these answers are correct

Assuming that the bat speed and pitched ball velocity were the same, the ball hit with the middle of the bat would travel farther than the ball hit with the larger end of the bat. True or False?

False

The term BLANK usually pertains to muscles within or belonging solely to the body part upon which they act.

Intrinsic

The subconscious mechanism by which the body is able to regulate posture and movement is called _____.

Proprioception Proprioceptors Proprioceptor

Forward movement of the shoulder girdle in the horizontal plane away from the spine is called BLANK.

Protraction

Knee extension occurring from femoral condyles rotating forward on tibia as a person stands from a squatting position is an example of the accessory motion called BLANK

Roll

A. 1st class

What is the lever classification of the image provided below? A. 1st class B. 2nd class C. 3rd class D. none of above

C. scapular elevation

What movement is being demonstrated in the picture provided below? A. scapular retraction B. glenohumeral elevation C. scapular elevation D. glenohumeral retraction

Kinematics is concerned with the description of motion and includes consideration of each of the following except: A. time b. displacement c. velocity d. force

d. force

An instrument used to measure the change in joint angles is a(n) BLANK.

goniometer goniometers