KIN 3513 Exam 2
optic disk
where ganglian cells exit to brain, blind spot
procedural memory
where we learn motor tasks
Binocular vision
important for depth-perception when 3-dimensional features involved in performance situation
the relationship of movement kinematics for prehension components exemplify characteristics of a ______
"coordinative structure"; because of relative timing
temporary deafferentation
"nerve block technique", inflate blood-pressure cuff to create temporary disuse of sensory nerves
Yerkes-Dodson law
1908, they pestered rats and measured arousal levels, Inverted U-relation between performance and arousal
duration of working memory
20-30 sec before lose parts of information
fovea centralis
50% of nerves come from this space
working memory capacity
7(+/- 2), can be increased through "chunking"
What will happen to the movement time (MT) when the target becomes bigger and the distance becomes shorter?
According to Fitt's Law MT will decrease
Practical benefit of analyzing rhythmic structure of gait patterns
Assessment of coordination problems trunk and legs
research on cell phone use while driving
Cell phone use while driving is not legal in several countries (e.g., Israel, Taiwan, Italy, Brazil, The Netherlands) and in some parts of the U.S. (e.g., New York); While talking on a cell phone and driving your chances of being in an accident increases up to 500%
How automated does the performance of complex skills become?
Complex actions are never automatic, some sort of attention is needed; only true one is reflexes and they are not motor skills
visual metaphoric imagery
Develop a picture in ones mind of what the movement is like
Three "rules" individuals use to prioritize available attention resources when performing multiple tasks (Kahneman's)
Ensure completion of at least one task Enduring disposition: Involuntary attention allocation momentary intentions
Prehension demonstrates speed-accuracy trade-off characteristics predicted by _____
Fitts' Law (object width = target width)
retroactive interference
Forgetting because of information after the to be remembered information; in working memory, more similar tasks lead to more forgetting; in long-term memory, there are skill differences, continuous skills are more resistant than serial skills
proactive interference
Forgetting because of information prior to the to be remembered information; in working memory, tasks need to be sufficiently similar to cause confusion; no evidence in long-term memory
examples of pre-performance rituals
Free throws in basketball- bouncing the balls, I always took three bounces, then spin the ball backwards; Ex. tennis serve, Two bounces before initiating the serve
object control preparation
How do we want to control the object? This helps to figure out how to approach the object
force
If we pick up something that is really fragile, we will not pick it up with much force- i.e. lead vs feathers; If an object is really heavy we will use more force to pick up the object
example of flexible attention capacities
In the morning, when your less awake, the flexile attention capacity is smaller, so the tasks overlap (meaning there's less resources). Therefore, one or both of the tasks suffer. Oppositely, the flexible attention capacity gets larger, and the tasks may increase in size leading to possible overlap.
Fitts' Law
MT = a + b log^2 (2D/W) movement distance, target size/width
Tulving (1985) definition of memory
Memory is the capacity that permits organisms to benefit from past experiences
Do skilled batters adjust bat speed for different ball speeds?
No. swing durations typically consistent regardless of ball speed, adjust timing of swing initiation
Do skilled batters continuously track the ball to the bat?
No. track a certain distance then jump to predicted location for contact, head movement is minimal (~1 degree)
Hick's law
RT = b log2(N+1) N= number of choices
What will happen to the response time when the number of possible options (distance and accuracy constraints are the same for all options) are increased when asked to respond as quickly as possible (assume your response is correct)?
RT will increase and MT will stay the same, so the response time will increase
To what degree is successful visual search determined by visual acuity?
Research evidence suggests very little relationship; visual search success is experience based with often results from implicit learning of relevant visual cues
Henry & Rogers (1960)
Respond as quickly as possible to a light 1. Lift the finger 2. Lift finger, reach and grasp a ball 3. Lift finger, hit several targets in different directions RT increased with added complexity of task (165, 199, 212 ms, resp.)
ball speed effect
Skilled "strikers" demonstrate similar "bat" movement time for all ball speeds They change amount of time before initiating bat movement
visual contact with moving ball
Skilled "strikers" do not maintain visual contact with ball throughout ball flight They visually "jump" from early flight to predicted location in area to strike ball
long-term memory semantic
factual and general knowledge about the world
memory
The capacity to remember information about past events or knowledge
Visual Selective Attention
The study of attention as it relates to the use of vision in the selection of environmental information in the preparation and/or performance of an action
end-state comfort
This is an object, and what do we want to do with it now?- i.e. picking up the marker weirdly.. we want to pick it up in an uncomfortable state to make It into comfortable end state (when we actually write)
long-term memory episodic
Unique personal events and/or experiences; all attached to what you experienced (9/11, Katrina)
Flexible synergetic - why do we need it to be flexible?
We want to be flexible, having many different options for change (maybe using two arms vs. just one arm)
example of retroactive interference
When you are trying to remember something (the phone number) and someone asks you something else (what is 6*12?) and then you forget the phone number
Assumptions about visual selective attention
Where the person is looking, the person is directing its selective visual attention (Focal vision & Peripheral vision); It is not possible to make an eye movement without also making a shift in attention
rhythmicity preparation
a lot of people when doing actions usually have pre-performance rituals
antagonist muscle
a muscle whose action counteracts that of another specified muscle
agonist muscle
a muscle whose contraction moves a part of the body directly
It is not possible to make an eye movement without also making ___
a shift in attention
negative changing factors
accuracy of movement suffers because you prepared to throw ball to right but now you are throwing to left
Visual search picks up cues that influence three aspects of action preparation:
action selection constraining of the selected action timing of action initiation
fractionating RT
activation not built up enough so movement isn't seen; includes premotor component (premotor RT) and motor component (motor RT, if you are weak in your muscles)
sequence of movements
advance preparation of an entire sequence before we go through with the motion of the action
surgical deafferentation
afferent neural pathways associated with movements of interest have been surgically removed or altered
performer characteristics
alertness of the performer attention focus environmental factors external aids
intention
all motor skills are voluntary
semantic memory
all the knowledge that we have, if you learn something in a class that you can use down the line
momentary intentions
allocate attention according to instruction
Multiple Resources Theory
alternative to theories proposing one central resource; there are several sources of attention but each source has a limited capacity resource; multiple resources based specific information processing components: sensory input (visual, proprioceptive, auditory), response output (verbal, motor), and type of memory code (spatial, verbal)
Visual Cues Selection
an active search for "regulatory" conditions based on action goal (e.g., difference in visual search between the intention to point to an object and to grasp it); features integration theory
vision for action (peripheral vision)
anatomically referred to as the dorsal stream - from visual cortex to posterior parietal lobe; for detecting spatial characteristics of a scene and guiding movement; typically not available to consciousness, much faster
vision for perception (central vision)
anatomically referred to as the ventral stream - from visual cortex to temporal lobe; for fine analysis of a scene (form, features); typically available to consciousness
direction
answers Where does it need to go? What is the direction that we need to go?
The amount of attention resources available varies in relation to a person's ____.
arousal level
Maximum amount of resources only available when ____ is optimal for the situation.
arousal level, Inverted U-relation between performance and arousal (the Yerkes-Dodson law)
Reflexes are not motor skills so do not require...
as much attention.
RT becomes ____ if the precue correctness probability is higher than the probabilities equally possible choices (50-50)
faster
verbal label
attach a specific label to the movement
_____ are involved in all situations requiring temporary manipulation and storage of information
attentional processes
sensory processes
auditory, visual, proprioceptive; unaware
rods
black and white vision, important function for dim light
when looking for something, usually start out ___ and then ___.
broad, narrow down
Arousal level determines the ____ limits.
capacity; critical to determine whether sufficient attention resources are available which is why we evaluate the attention requirements of multiple tasks to be performed
attention switching
changing attention focus characteristics to deal with changing factors (positive/negative)
chunking
chunk parts together to remember them short-term
Information during the movement is controlled by ___ loop control actions.
closed
rhythmic structure of locomotion
components of a step cycle rhythmic relationship between arms and legs pelvis and thorax relationship during walking
What is the amount of time needed for movement corrections?
concerns vision's feedback role during movement; typical procedure: compare accuracy of rapid manual aiming movements of various MTs with target visible and then when not visible just after the movement onset; expect accuracy of movement to be the same with lights off when no visual feedback needed during movement
attention refers to characteristics associated with:
consciousness, awareness, cognitive effort
iris
controls size of pupil to control how much light goes into pupil
Handwriting motor control demonstrates characteristics of a ____
coordinative structure
cost-benefit trade-off for bias to the anticipated required response:
costly if info is incorrect beneficial if info is correct false start if info is not adequately used
perception-action coupling
coupling of a perceptual event and an action; research has shown that spatial and temporal characteristics of limb movements occurred together with specific spatial and temporal characteristics of eye movements
Fitts' Law predicts MT motor skills, examples:
dart throwing; peg-board manipulation task (used in physical rehab assessment and training); reaching and grasping containers of different sizes; moving a cursor on a computer screen
positive changing factors
deal with changing factor to throw ball to open receiver
spatial coding
deals with S-R (response) compatibility; ex. right-right & left-left are very compatible but right-up & left-down are less compatible, right-down & left-up are least compatible
attentional processes
deciding among all these things we took in what is useful information and pick what we need for the next action; completely aware; Is involved in all situations requiring temporary manipulation and storage of information
long-term memory knowledge classification
declarative knowledge procedural knowledge
RT ____ is the correct response choice becomes more predictable.
decreases
stroop effect
demonstration of the interference in the reaction time of a task
peripheral vision
detects info beyond the central vision limits; upper limit typically ~ 200 degrees; provides info abut the environmental context and the moving limbs
Dual-task procedure
determines the attention demands and characteristics of simultaneous performance of two different tasks (primary and secondary tasks)
Latash & Jaric (2002)
developed index of difficulty for grasping containers of different size and quantities of liquid, critical component is % of fullness and not only width, ratio of mug size and liquid level
Strayer & Johnson (2001)
did research study on cell phone use while driving; When participants engaged in cell-phone conversations during a simulated driving task: Missed two times more traffic signals; RT for responding to a red light significantly slower than when not using cell phone; No statistical differences between hand-held and hands-free cell-phone use; Missed more traffic signals and had slower RT than when listening to the radio or to a book on audiotape; No difference between male and female; Age is not a factor; Weather does not play a factor, 75% of accidents occur during clear weather; 89% of crashes involve additional vehicles; Majority of crashes happen within the first 10 min of the trip
Attentional focus
direct attention resources to specific characteristics in a performance environment, or to action-preparation activities - width of focus (focuses on environment, broad/narrow) and direction of the focus (external/internal)
limb performance preparation includes:
direction, trajectory, accuracy
function of working memory
enables people to respond immediately; critical role in decision making, problem solving, movement planning, and execution (interacts with long-term memory and interactive workspace)
Movement _____ location remembered better than movement distance.
end-point location
symmetric bimanual coordination
ex. clapping, young boy eating a sandwich both hands because it is too large for him
asymmetric bimanual coordination
ex. tennis serve, playing violin, playing guitar
Kahneman's Attention Theory
example of a central resource capacity theory - there is one attention capacity resource, attention capacity limits are flexible (main difference between this theory & traditional theories), attention resources are not constraint to one task; equates attention to "cognitive effort" (more effort you put in, more resources you are using)
ways to assess memory:
explicit & implicit memory tests
speed-accuracy skill closed-loop control
feedback from vision and proprioception needed at end of movement to ensure hitting target accurately; uses feedback, you use this to become more accurate
If we have to move as fast as possible, best thing to do is _____.
focus on the signal
external focus
focuses on the effect of movement in relation to the environment
lens
focuses, 1/3 of optical power, adjusts
internal focus
focusing on own movements (specific body parts) and how well we are doing those movements
Advantage of limiting attention example
focusing on putting ball in basket during basketball
external aids for performer characteristics
food (not too big of meal or you will slow down), water, caffeine
object control preparation includes:
force and end-state comfort
task and situation characteristics
foreperiod length regularity movement complexity movement accuracy repetition of a movement
retina includes...
fovea centralis optic disk rods cones
optic nerve (cranial nerve II)
from the retina to the brain's visual cortex
vitreous humor
gel that fills space between lens and retina, makes sure retina is not damaged too much but also helps with nutrients
prehension
general term for actions involving reaching and grasping of objects
Performing simultaneously more than one task
has no measurable detrimental effects sometimes and sometimes has deteriorated task performance - possible reason for this relates to attention as a performance limiting factor
For simple tasks, arousal levels need to be relatively ___ to get optimal performance.
high
tendon vibration technique
high speed vibration of the tendon of the agonist muscle, proprioceptive feedback is distorted
long-term memory procedural
how to do specific activities; coaching, telling someone how to do something, it's still something you have to do a few times rather than try to verbalize it
is vision of the hands necessary to catch a moving object?
if inexperienced then yes if experienced then no
premotor component (premotor RT)
if this takes longer, then RT will take longer
example of resource capacity theory
if you have a checking account and spend all your money to buy something, there's nothing left to buy anything else
Arm movement end-location within the individual's own body space remembered better than outside the body space
implications for teaching motor skills - emphasize limb movement end-points and emphasize key positions during movement
golgi-tendon organs (GTO)
in skeletal muscle near insertion of tendon, detects change in muscle tension (force) but not very good in detecting muscle length changes
examples of PRP
in soccer faking shooting to the right but actually shoot to the left- goalie misses. Also in boxing you think he's hitting you with left but then you get a hook from the right. the QB from before, Now instead of immediately going to right instead of the predicted right, he fakes to the left by pumping the ball in that direction and then throws to the right
foreperiod and sports
in sports you try to anticipate the opponent so that your RT is better
Central pattern generators (CPG)
in the spinal cord, involved in he control of locomotion; provide basis for stereotypic rhythmicity of walking and running gait patterns; proprioceptive feedback from muscle spindles and GTOs also influence gait
An increase in number of choices results in an...
increase in RT
RT ___ when the complexity of the action increases
increases
RT ____ when the spatial relationship between a stimulus and the response decreases.
increases
RT and movement time ___ when accuracy demands increase.
increases; more constraint movement requires more preparation
memory performance enhancement strategies
increasing the movement's meaningfulness (visual metaphoric imagery, verbal label); the intention to remember (Intentional and incidental memory); subjective organization
reaction time (RT)
index of preparation time required to produce an action, changed by performance situations (under what circumstances?), changed by performer characteristics
implicit memory tests
information in memory that is difficult/impossible to verbalize (can't ask someone how do you walk when you are outside?)
2 critical time periods when catching a moving object
initial flight portion just prior to hand contact (between the two critical periods, brief, intermittent visual snapshots sufficient)
speed-accuracy skills open-loop control
initial movement instructions sufficient to move limb to the vicinity of the target; no feedback, very fast movements, low accuracy is a characteristic of this
3 phases of catching a moving object
initial positioning of arm and hand shaping of hand and fingers grasping the object (Successful ball catchers initiated final hand and finger shaping 80 msec earlier than non-catchers, so they have more time to think about it)
integration theory in visual search and intended actions
initially search according to specific features; direct "attentional spotlight" on environment (wide/narrow), features of interest "pop out"
Important motor control question concerns the spatial - temporal relationship between the transport and grasp components
initially thought independence between the components but now evidence shows strong temporal relationship, the components interact synergistically (Jonalo)
when striking an object, vision provides information to...
initiate the striking action (spatial and temporal) and enable movement adjustments
proprioceptive feedback provides ____
movement accuracy - target accuracy, spatial and temporal accuracy for movement in progress
momentary intentions example
instructor says something very important is coming up or saying this will be on exam so you pay more attention, momentary because after you hear what you are listening for then it goes back to normal
what phases are involved in movement preparation?
intention preparation initiation termination
If the length becomes too long, then the benefit of the warning ___ effective.
isn't as; ex. giving warning but not going till 1 tomorrow
declarative knowledge (LTM)
knowledge that can be verbally described
procedural knowledge (LTM)
knowledge that enables you to perform a motor skill, knowledge that is impossible/difficult to be verbally described
Woodworth in 1899
looked at carpenters and how fast they hammer nails into wood; he devised a simple experiment where you have to point to a target and where it took away the vision; the more vision you have, the more accurate you become and the faster you become
explicit memory tests
looking for what someone has learned in terms of knowledge (recall test - open ended answers, recognition test)
event occlusion technique
mask view on video or film of specific events or characteristics
If you can give ______ to the movement then it will give it extra importance and make it easier to remember.
meaningfulness
Bernstein "motor equivalence"
means handwriting is same whether you are standing, sitting, writing on board or sandpaper, etc.
Why do spontaneous gait transitions occur?
most popular hypothesis: to minimize metabolic energy use; but some agree that there is not just one factor responsible
Bimanual coordination skills
motor skills that require simultaneous use of 2 hands, skill may require to move with the same or different spatial and/or temporal characteristics (symmetric, asymmetric); ex. driving, rowing, opening a jar
Role of tactile information
movement accuracy, movement consistency, movement force adjustments, movement distance estimation
transport
movement of the hand to the object
Locomotion
movement, ex. walking, running; important characteristic is head stability
types of proprioceptors
muscle spindles golgi-tendon organs joint receptors
vigilance effect
must maintain alertness for a long period of time for a stimulus; Those people looking for hours at a radar while nothing happens but after hours, a small spot shows up. If you are not vigilant you will either not notice it or it will take longer to notice it
involuntary attention allocation results from:
novelty of the situation (never encountered situation before) and the meaningfulness of the event
The Optical Variable tau (time-to-contact) concerns situations in which:
object moving to person must be intercepted person moving toward object needs to contact or avoid contact with object vision provides info about time-to-contact object which motor control system uses to initiate movement automatic, non-conscious specification based on changing size of object on retina at critical size, movement needs to be initiated
Central Resource Capacity Theories
one central attention resource (CNS); activity requires attention; activities compete for the demanded resource to perform optimally; resource is flexible (so resources can be used for different activities) but limits are not flexible
postural preparation
organization of movements needed for postural support (important for where you want to go with your action) - anticipated balance change due to movement and flexible synergistic organization characteristic
subjective organization
organizing sequences of movements; ex. In dancing, we are using this all the time. If you are learning dance steps, 3 forward, 5 back, dip and twirl. Some people won't understand this, but other people who have danced will understand this concept
The Moving Room (Lee & Aronson)
participants stood in a room in which the walls moved toward or away from then but floor did not move, the situation created a conflict between vision and proprioception
Handwriting
people demonstrate much individual variation in terms of limb segment involvement and each individual's motor control of handwriting demonstrates "motor equivalence" (person can adapt to various context demands)
Automaticity
performance of a skill (or part of a skill) without requiring attention resources; relates to amount of practice; in Kahleman's, relates to evaluation of task demands
MRTs
performance of simultaneous multiple tasks depends on competition for attention resources within and between the multiple sources
When we move through an environment, _____ vision detects info by assessing optical flow patterns.
peripheral vision
long-term memory duration
permanent
Working memory subsystems:
phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, central executive
eye-movement recordings are not good at....
picking up peripheral vision so it is an under estimation
preparation
plan where we want to go and take in the environment and anticipate the stability of the environment
Coordination controls...
postural control; spatial-temporal coupling between limbs and limb segments; adapting to new situations requiring non-preferred movement coordination patterns
what motor control events occur during the preparation?
postural preparation limb performance preparation object control preparation sequence of movements spatial coding rhythmicity preparation
the role of vision:
preparation and initiation of movement (assess regulatory conditions) transport of hand to object (central vision directs hand to object - provides time-to-contact info to initiate grasp, peripheral vision provides hand movement feedback) grasp of object (supplements tactile and proprioceptive feedback to ensure intended use achieved)
long-term memory subsystems:
procedural, semantic, and episodic memory
storage
process of placing information in long-term memory
retrieval
process of searching through long-term memory for needed information
encoding
process of transforming information into a form that it can be stored in memory
rehearsal
process that enables you to transfer information from working to long-term memory
action effect hypothesis (Prinz, 1997)
proposed benefit of external focus during performance - focus on intended outcome rather than the movement itself
CNS receives information from ____
proprioceptors
cones
provide color perception, function is for daytime vision
function of long-term memory
provides information about specific past events and for general knowledge
Best estimate of time needed for movement corrections
range of 100-160 msec (the typical range for simple RT to a visual signal)
optical flow
rays of light that strike the retina
binocular vision examples
reaching/grasping an object, intercepting a moving object, walking on a cluttered street
mechanoreceptors
recognize mechanical pressure and distortion
sensory set (signal)
reduces RT, you should use this if you want shortest response time
phonological loop
repeating a phone number over and over because you can't write it down
central executive
says what is important and stores in long term use or use in the next action
short-term memory processes:
sensory, perceptual, attentional processes
joint receptors
several types, in joint capsule and ligaments, detects changes in force and rotation and in joint movement angle
More regularity of the interval length between warning and go-stimulus results in ____ RT.
shorter; so you can use part of that time for the go-stimulus in order to prepare
Goodale and colleagues (1991, 2005)
showed object's size is influenced by timing of maximum grip aperture and velocity profile of hand transport movement (gets smaller because need more accuracy); showed regardless of object's size or distance, maximum grip aperture occurs at about 2/3 MT
David Lee (1974)
showed that the time-to-contact info could be specified by an optical variable (tau), which could be mathematically quantified
Paul Fitts (1954)
showed we could mathematically predict movement time for speed-accuracy skills
multiple task performance
simultaneous performance of multiple skills; detection of relevant information in the environment and ignoring irrelevant information in the environment; ex. Don't want to use all attention for walking, need some attention for conversation so ignore all irrelevant information
environmental factors of performer chaacteristics
sleep, stress, anxiety; ex. train at 2AM and you don't get good night's sleep-> attention is lacking & you will not be as fast as normal
deafferentation due to sensory neuropathy
sometimes called "peripheral neuropathy", large myelinated fibers of the limb are lost, leading to a loss of sensory information; risk to diabetes patients because becomes difficult to stand because you aren't getting information to brain about swaying
central vision
sometimes called foveal vision; middle 2-5 degrees of visual field; provides specific information to allow us to achieve action goals
performance and motor control
specific characteristics of the performance of various motor skills provide the basis for much of our understanding of motor control
episodic memory
specified (remember where you were and what you were doing during 9/11)
motor control includes:
speed-accuracy skills, prehension, handwriting, bimanual coordination, catching a moving object, and striking a moving object
Filter theories (bottleneck theories)
stimuli resulting in responses are processed serially - a filter in one of the stages of processing results in limitation on multiple task performance, theories differ in the location of the filter
temporal occlusion technique
stop video or film at various times, spectacles with liquid crystal lenses
functions of memory
storage of information retrieval of information
long-term memory
storing of events and past experiences that can affect how we repeat actions; serves as the more permanent storage repository of information
Skin receptors give information and include
tactile, pain, temperature, and pressure receptors
motor control benefit of automatic movement initiation
tau makes it automatic and this is beneficial because it is faster
precue paradigm
tells what kind of response needs to be done when you get a warning; advance information about an upcoming event that needs a response
results of Moving Room
when the walls moved, people adjusted their posture to not fall, even though they weren't moving off balance; so people trusted their visual information more than their proprioceptive information
Arousal level (Kahneman's Theory)
the factor that influences the amount of attention capacity for a specific performance situation
object manipulation
the hand carrying out the intended use for the object
grasp
the hand taking hold of the object
deafferentation
the interruption or destruction of the afferent connections of nerve cells
foreperiod
the interval between warning and go-stimulus
trace decay
the longer it's been since you got the information, the more likely you have forgotten the information; working memory rapidly decays after 30 seconds; probably not in long-term memory
working memory
the memory you are using in day to day life; information processed to allow to achieve an action goal or to solve an action problem - remember how to perform an action as just instructed (dance routine) or solve a specific movement problem
Donders (1868)
the motor control system requires time to prepare to produce an intended action; reaction time RT
visual search
the process of directing visual attention to locate relevant information (i.e., cues) in the environment
Encoding Specificity Principle
the relationship between memory encoding and retrieval process, the more the test context resembles the practice context, the better the retention performance
proprioception
the sensory system's detection and reception of movement and spatial position of limbs, trunk, and head
primary task
the task of interest
secondary task
the task used to make inferences about attention demands of the primary task; used to take attention resources away from primary task to see how much we can take away before primary task deteriorates
cornea
the transparent layer forming the front of they eye
motor control characteristics
the two arms prefer to perform symmetrically, research demonstrations of temporal and spatial coupling of the two arms, with practice a person can learn to disassociate the two limbs to perform an asymmetric bimanual skill
Alertness of the performer has to deal with...
the warning signal effect - running events ("on your marks"); foreperiod length effect of optimal time length (warning and time signal - don't want to go too fast/soon or too slow/late); vigilance effect
sclera
the whites around the eyes, where all muscles are attached for eyes so we can move them
Resource Capacity Theories
there are limited resources which limit performance of multiple tasks - if resource capacity limits are not exceeded then performance of multiple tasks can occur, and if it is exceeded then performance deteriorates on one or more tasks
speed-accuracy skill
there is a speed-accuracy trade-off when both speed and accuracy are essential to perform the skill because when speed is emphasized, accuracy is reduced and vice-versa
perceptual processes
things that we selected from the sensory information that we can use; a bit of awareness
accuracy
this makes sure how much leeway we have with the trajectory in front of us; we will slow down to make things more accurate - there is a trade-off between this and speed
psychological refractory period (PRP)
time between different responses to different signals; if you respond to one signal, you need some time to process that before you can respond to the next signal; some kind of delay of response to 2nd stimulus; used in sports
Why would CNS make it this coordinated structure?
to reduce the degrees of freedom
causes of forgetting
trace decay, proactive interference, retroactive interference
eye movement recording technique
tracks foveal vision's "point of gaze" to track "what" the person is looking at
three components of prehension
transport grasp object manipulation
encoding specificity principle implications for teaching motor skills
try to imitate the test condition during practice
capacity of long-term memory
unlimited
motor set
upcoming movement
visuospatial sketchpad
very short memory, we are taking all our information in and we pick out what we need after a few seconds
monocular vision
vision in which both eyes are used separately. By using the eyes in this way, the field of view is increased, while depth perception is limited
Smyth & SIlvers (1987) experiment results
vision provides important infor for the motor control of handwriting - overall arrangement of words/characters on a horizontal line and production of accurate patterns to facilitate legibility
aqueous humor
water substance that fills space between lens and and cornea, helps cornea with optical power but especially important for nutrition
Vision is important when we walk or run because
we choose to either contact objects or avoid contact with objects - Vision provides advance info to determine how to avoid contact - step over, around, etc. Vision provides body-scaled info to determine how to walk through a door, or step on a step
trajectory
we will move differently if we have something in front of us that we have to go around; obstacle in the way
enduring disposition example
when noticing a gorilla on a building instead of paying attention to driving; when someone says your name even though you're having a great conversation with someone
muscle spindles
within fibers of most skeletal muscles, detects change in muscle fiber length (stretch) and velocity (velocity of the stretch), involved with reflexes and voluntary movement, mechanoreceptors
two functional systems of memory structure
working memory long-term memory
benefits of timing the bat swing
you don't have to make choices, less degree of freedom, less processing time because always know speed of bat and just adjust initiation time