KIN

During most stretch reflex actions, synergist muscles are also facilitated and antagonist muscles are inhibited through a process called reciprocal inhibition

TRUE

Manipulation of the firing rate to meet specific task demands is termed discharge patterning.

TRUE

Motor commands are constantly compared to the original intended plan via an efference copy

TRUE

Synapses form connections from nerve to nerve

TRUE

Synergies are defined as a group of muscles and limbs that work together cooperatively as a functional unit

TRUE

The Muscle Spindle, GTO and Rods & Cones are considered Proprioceptors

TRUE

Total response time = reaction time + movement time

TRUE

Transfer of learning takes place at a higher rate if the context of the action is similar to the previous trained one

TRUE

__________ are stereotypical responses initiated by sensory information in the PNS that is relayed to the CNS

TRUE

Which sensory system has the most dominant role in the control of movement, specifically with the role of feedforward planning?

Visual

Control of movement involving online/immediate use of feedback is termed

closed-loop control(maybe)

_____________ refers to smaller and independently controlled groups of muscle fibers contained within a single muscle or across a group of muscles activated for the purpose of coordination

compartmentalization

Which term describes the patterning of the body and limb segments relative to each other and/or the environment?

coordination

Approximately 75% of motor and sensory pathways cross over from right to left and left to right. This crossing is referred to as

decussation

Incoming signals communicated from other nerves are received by

dendrites(maybe)

The cerebellum is the division of the brain containing the motor cortex

false/ cerebrum

Perceptual motor skill and psychomotor skill are terms used to describe motor skills that require a large amount of physical/powerful effort.

false/ cognitive

All of the following are considered lobes of the cerebrum except

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

______________coordination is defined as coordination of muscle groups and body segments

intermuscular

What term describes the number of muscle fibers activated by a single motor neuron?

motor units

Which type of sensory nerve initiates a stretch reflex?

muscle spindel

____________ describes the slowing discharge rate of motor units during fatiguing conditions to maintain force output

muscle wisdom

Which term describes an individual's quality of performance at specific task or tasks?

skill

The brain seems capable of making new changes to the communication network of neurons following different forms of practice, well into old age. This concept is called

plasticity

According to the Fitts and Posner model of learning, a learner has reached this stage when the skill becomes automatic and the performer gives little thought to the movement itself.

Autonumous stage

__________ is defined as the awareness of the body position in motion

Kinesthisia

Which of the following numbering refers to the most sensitive nerve ending that initiates a stretch reflex?

Ia

What is the approximate range of muscle firing rates?

5-120 Hz

According to the size principle, the derecruitment of muscles (A=Large, B=Medium, C=Small) would happen in the following order

A, B, C

When the nervous system takes into account the nature of environmental constraints placed on the system in order to account for them during planning and execution of movement, this is called searching for ___________

Affordances

__________ are stereotypical responses initiated by sensory information in the PNS that is relayed to the CNS

Alpha-gamma/coactivation

With regard to Dynamic systems model, Self-organizing properties of control attempt to maintain a stable mode of operation that is resistant to change. These stable points are called__________

Attractor states

Which of the following is NOT a part of the CNS?

Brain, motor neurons and spinal cord

Which term describes a situation when an overly easy skill is learned quickly and leaves little room for further improvement?

Ceiling effect

According to Gentiles Taxonomy of Motor Skills, Bowling would be classified as a ______environment and a ______ action function

Close skill/mobile body

Skills performed in a stable and predictable environment are called _______ skills

Closed

According to the Fitts and Posner model of learning, a learner has reached this stage when they are learning the rules, strategies and techniques of a given motor skill

Cognitive

Which of the following is NOT a motor skill classification of ability?

Coordination

Synergies among opposite limbs during bilateral movements are called

Coordinative structures

__________ skills have a clear beginning and endpoint

Discrete

_____________enables the spindle to shorten along with the contracting extrafusal fibers

Dorsal

What is the name of the control theory that emphasizes the interplaybetween environmental factors and intrinsic factors?

Dynamic system theory

The general characteristics that distinguish performers along the learning and motor skill proficiency (expert vs novice) continuum are all of the following except:

Elevation of social status

Entering the final stage in a learning model implies expertise

FALSE

Gross motor skills use small muscle to control precise movements like handwriting

FALSE

In fractionated reaction time measures, premotor time + motor time = response time

FALSE

Perception is a motor control process and Sensation is a motor learning process.

FALSE

Schmidt defines Constraints as the feature or class of actions that change overall force, overall duration, and the specific muscles used

FALSE

Skill is synonymous with ability.

FALSE

The Stretch reflex contracts the antagonist muscle and inhibits the homonymous muscle

FALSE

The innervation ratios of the face motor units are similar to that of the quadriceps

FALSE

__________ is the type of mechanoreceptor that responds primarily to muscle tension or force

GTO

Which of the following is considered a Psychomotor Ability?

Hand-eye coordination

_____________models are similar to closed loop, describing a distributed and balanced command and execution system

Heterarchical

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of improvements in motor learning?

Increased variability

All of the following Physical proficiency abilities are modifiable except

Lung size

__________ is concerned with the neurophysiological and musculoskeletal execution of movement.

Motor control

During many motor tasks, there are numerous possible solutions to perform a given task. This is referred to as ___________

Motor redundancy

Maximally fast movement that does not allow time for direct involvement of feedback operates via __________ control

Open-loop

As learners improve, they change how they accomplish their goals.

TRUE

Declining motor performance with aging may have serious implications on the quality of life for older individuals.

TRUE

Perception-action coupling would predict which motor response based upon the following virtual reality set up: - The virtual hallway is being presented at a rate that does not match (going faster) the speed of the physically moving legs.

The legs will increase in rate to match the visual speed because the visual perception is driving the action

All of the following are considered response productions EXCEPT

Time

Which term describes the general capacity of an individual to perform a specific task or tasks?

ability

Which of the following statements is most accurate in defining the "Size Principle"?

are recureted between larger

______________coordination is defined as the patterning and use of motor units within a muscle or across muscle task groups

intramuscular

Rapid joint angle changes stimulate receptors found beneath the skin and in ligaments called __________

pacinian corpuscles

Which of the following is NOT an example of sensory feedback?

perception

Which of the following phrases best describes how a person examines a motor task in order to decide on the best subsequent movement plan?

perception-action coupling

The sensitivity and relationship between sensory detection and interpretation are called __________.

psychophysics