KIN SJSU Midterm 1

cultural relativism

- All cultures are of equal value - Take a neutral, objective view of differing cultures - Incorporates relativism with respect to culture's varying moral codes -LN2C31: The thesis that one must suspend judgment on other peoples' practices in order to understand them in their own cultural terms.

Spain: what are toros?

- The 6 bulls

what do sport anthropologists do?

- They focus on the products and characteristics of sport in a society, who makes the sport and why, the role of the sport in society, and the wider social meaning of sport.

how are sport and games transmitted?

- Through ideas, emotions, and desires expressed through language

cultural adaptation

- Time and process it takes someone to integrate into a new culture

Ireland: what is sectarianism?

- excessive attachment to a particular sect or party, especially in religion. It is a form of prejudice, discrimination, or hatred arising from attaching relations of inferiority and superiority to differences between subdivisions within a group

Conflict theory

-"can't get with that" - ppl and social institutions are shaped by economic factors -can also include internalization model -socialization from conflict theory = creating compliant workers and eager consumers -Marxism: sport is the opioid of the masses -Looks at how ppl in power control sports in an effort to make money and maintain their interests -low income and working class= fewer opportunities to play on their own terms and their own way

Functionalist Theory

-"power tells and you do" -Society shapes the young to fit in and contribute -Ppl are passive learners -role of socialization is to learn rules and social roles -uses internalization model

what do sport anthropologists think about?

--Anthropologist who study Sport are interested in: -The products and characteristics of Sport in a society, - Who makes the Sport and why, -The role of Sport in society, -The wider social meaning of Sport --Anthropologists think about why some play/leisure involves teams and others are individual activities social roles of people involved "goals" of the game and how they are achieved how much danger and violence is involved how activities relate to group identity how such activities link or separate different groups

what are the basics of these sports: Spain: bullfighting

-A bullfight consists of 3 matadors (matadores), 6 bulls (toros), and6 assistants for each matador: 2 lancers (picadores), 3 flagmen(banderilleros) & 1 sword servant (mozo de espada) -.3 stages: 1.Test bull strength and initial lancing of the bull to weaken it 2.Flag men further stab an weaken the bull 3.Matador enters ring again with a sword and cape tiring bullout and eventually killing it with a kill shot between the shoulder blades

what is a subculture?

-A distinctive set of standards and behavior patterns by which a group within a larger society operates Culture is complex, and many subcultures exist within a dominant culture -A given person may belong to numerous subcultures

what does cultural sport express?

-A team's values, beliefs, and attitudes about sports and competition Example: Asian Sports ●spiritual self control Hindu male wrestlers in India ●Strict routine of discipline - for perfected physical and moral health○Play, pleasure, and pain are often linked Blood sports - competition that explicitly seeks to bring about a flow of blood or even death ●Often with animals - dog fighting, cock fighting, bull fighting

what does culture consist of? (basically the definition)

-Abstract ideas, values, and perceptions of the world that inform and are reflected in people's behavior -KNOWLEDGE, BELIEF, ART, MORALS, LAW, CUSTOM, ETC -Shared by members of society and produces behavior that is intelligible to other members of that society -Are learned rather than inherited and the different parts of a culture function as an integrated whole

What are the basics of these sports: Ireland: Road bowling

-Ancient sport. Based in Ireland (particularly cork and armagh) -Also played in the US and UK -Similar sports played in holland, germany, italy -since 1960s sport has been enjoyed w/ a championship on regular basis by athletes from all over -referred to as bowls -iron cast bowls were once cannon balls -bowl (A heavy cast iron ball is thrown from a start point to a predetermined end point, usually 1-2 miles away. -The winner being the person/team who reaches the end in the least number of throws. -The bowls themselves vary in weight. Adults play with a 28oz(0.8kgs) bowls while juniors use a 14oz (0.4kgs) bowl.

what are anthropologists concerned with?

-Anthropologists are concerned with the impact of tourism on indigenous peoples

Ireland: what is bare-knuckle boxing in Ireland? Who does it?

-Bare knuckle boxing is pretty much how it sounds boxing on 1v1 and to be a warrior you should fight people only your class weight. ??? -stand-up fight, where the contestants use their fists only. There will be no kicking, kneeing, elbows, wrestling, throw downs, biting, or eye gouging. Fights under our rules will be contested in bare knuckles only, with protective wrapping allowed only on the lower hand and wrist areas. -Gypsies and nomadic families (famous families) are the ones who do it (involves drugs, violence, etc)

what is expressive culture?

-Behavior and beliefs related to sport, leisure, and play

Spain: what is the political history behind Barcelona and Catalonia in soccer?

-Catalonia wants to be considered a country due their revenue makes up for most of barcelona's taxes. -Barcelona is a city in Spain that has wanted to secede from Spain. Barcelona has their own language (Catalon) unique from Spain. Barcelona alone makes a lot of money and this is the reason Spain does not allow Barcelona to secede. One of the reasons Barcelona makes a lot of money is because they have one of the best soccer teams in the world (Barcelona FC). Real Madrid, soccer team, which represents Madrid and Spain, main rival is Barcelona FC. When these two teams play, it is more than a soccer rivalry, it is Catalonia vs Spain.

Ireland: What are blood sports?

-Competition that explicitly seeks to bring about a flow of blood or even death

what are the basics of these sports: England: cricket

-Cricket is played from April to August. -The rules of cricket became the responsibility, in the 18th century, of the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), based at Lord's cricket ground in north London. -The earliest rules of cricket were written in 1727 -The national sport of England is cricket, but England has no team of its own, instead fielding a joint team with Wales. •The game of cricket is now played worldwide. •In England the major focus of the game is the county championships, with both four-day and one-day competitions running simultaneously during the summer months. But traditional village cricket is still played in towns and villages all across the UK.

definition of subculture

-Cultures that exist within a dominant culture. A person may belong to numerous subcultures - A distinctive set of standards and behavior patterns by whicha group within a larger society operates.

Germany: what purpose did Turner societies in the US have for German immigrants in the 1800s?

-Defeat in War of 1848, movement was suppressed, and many Turners left Germany and some emigrated to the US -48ers went on to become Civil War soldiers, the great majority in the Union Army, and American politicians -Besides serving as physical education, social, political and cultural organizations for German immigrants, Turners were also active in theAmerican public education and the labor movements, leading Germans to unification

Scotland: What is sectarianism in Scotland/ Ireland soccer?

-Definition: separation of religion - Sectarianism is excessive attachment to a particular sect or party, especially in religion. In Scotland/Ireland soccer there exists 2 soccer teams that act on sectarianism. These soccer teams are Rangers FC and Celtic FC. Both of these teams are Scottish teams and rivals that play in the Scottish Premiership soccer league. Both teams and fans dislike each other due to their religious differences. Rangers FC fans are mainly protestant and Celtic FC fans are mainly Roman Catholic.

weaknesses of interactionist theory

-Does not explain how meaning, identity, and interaction are connected with social structures and materials conditions in society -Ignores issues of power and power relations in society and how they impact sport, sport participation, and sport experiences Ethnocentricity

Ireland: What are examples of blood sports?

-Dog fighting, cock fighting, bull fighting

definition of social phenomena

-Events involving social relationships and collective action and having relevance in the social lives of particular collections of people

Germany: who is the father of gymnastics in Germany?

-Freidrich Ludwig Jahn's "Turnverein" -known as Turnvater Jahn (father of gymnastics) was born in 1778

what are the basics of these sports: Ireland: Gaelic football

-Gaelic Football is an Irish sport. -There is 15 players on each team. The goal is to kick the ball over the opponent's goal post. If they get it over the bar it is worth 1 score and a goal is worth 3points.

Ireland: What is hurling?

-Game is like hockey, but the ball is rarely played on the ground -Many aspects of hurling are similar to football, as both sports are organised by the GAA.The game is like shinty and hockey however the ball (sliotar) is rarely played along the ground.Hurling is played on a large pitch and is a lot faster than hockey.Hurling is the second faster speed game in the world after ice hockey. In terms of excitement and entertainment nothing can compare to a good game of hurling.Proof of this was the 2013 All Ireland Senior Hurling Final between Clare and Cork. This was reported to be the best All Ireland Hurling Final ever played. Clare also won the U21Hurling Final which was played in Thurles beating Antrim.

what are the aspects of play?

-Has rules -Contains chance -Contains tension

what is play?

-Have no direct, utilitarian purpose for the participant

definition of adaptation

-How long it takes someone to acculturate -ADAPTING to the new culture

internalization model

-Internalize the rules and roles of society in which they live -Sport as a positive force in society

what are some of the uses of sport can have a variety of purposes depending on the context?

-May socialize children into the culture -May legitimize political leaders -May be associated with a group's identity and sense of pride -May serve as a catalyst for political resistance -May be a form of self-expression -May be religious means through which individuals connect with the supernatural realm

Weaknesses of Critical Theory

-No clear guidelines for identifying and assessing forms of resistance and strategies for producing transformation -No unified strategies for dealing with social problems, conflicts, and injustice -Difficult to translate into practice -Difficult to translate into plain English

Germany: what is the Turnverein ("gymnastics unions") movement?

-Not only athletic, but also political, reflecting their origin in similar 'nationalistic gymnastic' organizations in Europe -Cultural assimilation and the two World Wars with Germany took a gradual toll on membership, with some halls closing and others becoming regular dance halls, bars or bowling alleys

what are the basics of these sports: Gaelic hurling (LN7A)

-Revolutionary sport -Amateur only, outlawed during occupation, same fields, only played in Ireland and is native to country, draw/win/loss -2nd most popular sport -Many aspects are similar to football, organized by GAA (important cultural institution for Ireland) -It is like shinty and hockey, however the ball (sliotar), is rarely played on ground

Scotland: who are Celtic and Rangers?

-Scottish teams and rivals that play in the Scottish Premiership soccer league. Both teams and fans dislike each other due to their religious differences. Rangers FC fans are mainly protestant and Celtic FC fans are mainly Roman Catholic. -Sectarianism in Glasgow takes the form of religious and political​ sectarian​ rivalrybetween​ Roman Catholics​ and​ Protestants​. It is reinforced by the fierce rivalry betweenCeltic F.C.​ and​ Rangers F.C.​, the two​ football​ clubs known as the​ Old Firm​, whosesupport is traditionally predominantly Catholic and Protestant respectively.

what are the basics of these sports: germany: St. Pauli Football Club-soccer

-Soccer club that exiits out side of fifia -Non commercial club that balances commercialism withoutbreaking its image

interactionist theory

-Society is created through social interaction -Sports are studied through the meanings, symbols, people create in social interactions -Research on how people experience sports, how identities are created -Uses "interpretive research methods" -Social processes involved in becoming, being, and unbecoming an athlete -How people create, negotiate, identities as athletes -The meanings, symbols, people give to sports -The characteristics of sport subculture

Spain: What are the main aspects of bullfighting?

-Spectator sport -Considered an art form and an integral part of Spanish culture -It is about performance, bravery, skill, and death -Can be considered controversial to ppl and animal right activists today

why do sport or games develop?

-Sport is when it's played normally yet when you imply money and stakes it becomes a game. -It starts as leisure, followed by play, and finally sport.

what are the basics of these sports: Spain: barcelona soccer

-Symbol of liberation and independence -Catalonian desired separation from Spain -Cries for independence every games -Barcelona= Catalonia national team --fight for independence 300 yrs referendum for independence -regional identity expression thru sport "un mes de club" "more than a club" -history of tension between Madrid "Facism" and Barca "Allies" -at minute 17:14= call for catalunyan independence (1614 they were conquered by spain)

Spain: what are matadors?

-Test the bull for its ferocity - 3 matadors -Has first confrontation with the bull -Stabs the bull between the shoulder blades, piercing the heart at which the bull dies instantly

definition of ethnocentrism

-The belief that one's own culture is superior to another one -their customs are the proper ones

what is ethnocentrism?

-The belief that the ways of one's own culture are the only proper ones

definition of ethnicity

-The characteristics of people who share a common and distinctive racial, national, religious, linguistic, or cultural heritage -Geographic origins, family patterns, language, values, symbols, and cultural norms, religion, gender roles, etc -

what are cultural values?

-The core principles and beliefs upon which an entire community exists. This is made up of several parts: customs, traditionsand rituals; values, which are beliefs; and culture, which is all of a group'sguiding values.

definition of acculturation

-The degree to which a person has adapted to the dominant culture while retaining traditional practices -A spectrum between immersion in the dominant culture and immersion in an ethnic culture -is a process in which members of one cultural group adopt the beliefs andbehaviors of another group.

what do sport anthropologist study?

-The products and characteristics of Sport in a society -Who makes the Sport and why -The role of Sport in society -The wider social meaning of Sport

how is culture and sport transmitted?

-Through material cultural heritage, intangible cultural heritage, and cultural heritage preservation -Globalization brings new materials, new technology, new ideas, and new styles to many sports of the world -much change is influenced by western culture through globalization (-attempts by colonists to eradicate certain indigenous sport forms and activities, intro of cricket on Trobriand Islands to substitute for warfare and overt sexuality, over time Trobriand Islanders melted British aspects of cricket with more traditional Trobriand ways

how can sport and games be evaluated?

-Through surveys -anthropologically and through theoretical perspectives

Germany: what was gymnastics used for socially?

-To prepare them for war and have a firm structure of organization.

what are the basics of these sports: Ireland: bare-knuckle boxing

-Travelers "gypsies" -Bets -clan=families, nomads -3rd party holds the money -collectivists -fair fight -"beef" -intermarriage, drugs, violence, lack of school, family rivalries -families: Mcdonaugh, Joyce, Quinn, Nevins, McGinnley

what is a social phenomena?

-are the individual, external, social constructions that influence our lives and development, and are constantly evolving as we age -Events involving social relationships and collective action and having relevance in the social lives of particular collections of people

cultural acculturation

-defined as the degree to which a person has adapted to the dominant culture and immersion in an ethnic culture -high levels of acculturation can have positive health benefits, though some health-positive aspects of traditional culture may also be lost -is a process in which members of one cultural group adopt the beliefs and behaviors of another group. -Acculturation can be forced or voluntary.

England: When was cricket created?

-earliest rules written in 1727, however, reference in the household accounts of Edward I in 1300 of a game like cricket being played in Kent

the process of transmitting culture from one generation to the next is called enculturation?

-enculturalization: is passing cultural knowledge from one generation to the next

Definition of culture

-everything that makes us who we are -"Culture.. is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law. custom, and any other capabilities and habits... -"The thoughts, communications, actions, customs, beliefs. values, and institutions of racial, ethnic, or social groups -Culture is learned, changes over time, and passed from generation to generation -It is complex and subcultures exist w/ in a dominant culture - a person can belong to numerous subcultures

UK Horseracing

-geography=open space -long distance horse racing -steeple chase -royal ascot- famous race sponsored by Queen -"Sport of Kings" -Horses= wealth freedom, power mobility, military might, dowries -famous horse breeders and races, gypsy families -very popular in Ireland, 2 separate disciples: jump racing and flat racing -jump racing involves a horse and jockey racing and jumping over fences at a gallop for medium to long distances (up to 4 mi) -flat racing involves sprinting short distances with no jumping involved. -Derby=competition •It's called Royal Ascot because the Queen always goes to Ascot.

what are the basics of these sports: England: football

-most popular sport in England •The Ancient Greeks , Romans and Japanese are known to have played many ball games, some of which involved the use of the feet. •However, the main sources of modern football codes appear to lie in western Europe, especially England •In the English Football League there are 92 professional clubs. •These are semi-professional, so most players have other full-time jobs. •The highlight of the year is the FA (Football Association) Cup Final each May. •The first unified rules for football were drawn up in Britain in 1846.

what are the basics of these sports: England: rugby league

-played mainly in the north of England

definition of Ethno-esthetics

-refers to Local cultural definitions of what sport is - Within culture, variations in opinions of sport (gender, class)

what is ethno-esthetics?

-refers to local cultural definitions of what Sport is (LN2 -Can get intra-cultural (within culture) variations in opinions of sport

what research with critical theory focuses on

-research focuses on meaning and organization of sports and on sports as sites for cultural transformation -also studies: struggles over the organization and meaning of sports how dominant narratives, images are used to construct and give meaning to sport how dominant narratives, images, and power relations can be disrupted to promote progressive changes

critical theory

-society involves cultural production, power relations, and ideological struggles -sports are social constructions that change as power relations change and as narratives/ discourse changes -assumes that sports are more than reflects of society/capitalism -uses sport to challenge and transform exploitative and oppressive practices

difference between conflict and functionalist theory

-sports holding status quo is bad under conflict theory, while under functionalist theory, it is thought of as good. But both agree that sports hold the status quo

what researchers focus on in Conflict theory

1) how sports were organized to produce work based militaristic, sexist, racist orientations among players and spectators

what researchers focus on when using internalization model

1) the characteristics of those being socialized 2) ppl and the institutions that did the socializing 3) the specific outcomes of socialization

components of culture?

1. Cultural knowledge- world view 2. Cultural behavior- the actual behavior 3. Cultural artifact- what people make -Culture is shared.: ■All culture is learned rather than biologically inherited.■The process of transmitting culture from one generation to the nextis called enculturation.■Through enculturation individuals learn the socially appropriate wayto satisfy biologically determined needs. -Culture is learned.■All culture is learned rather than biologically inherited. ■The process of transmitting culture from one generation to the nextis called enculturation.■Through enculturation individuals learn the socially appropriate wayto satisfy biologically determined needs. -Culture is based on symbols.■Symbols are signs, emblems, and other things that representsomething else in a meaningful way.■Culture is transmitted through ideas, emotions, and desiresexpressed in language.■Through language, humans transmit culture from one generation to another. -Culture is integrated.■All aspects of a culture function as an integrated whole.■A change in one part of a culture usually will affect other parts.■A degree of harmony is necessary in any properly functioning culture, but complete harmony is not required. -Culture is dynamic.■Cultures are dynamic systems that respond to motions and actionswithin and around them.■When one element within the system shifts or changes, the entiresystem strives to adjust, just as it does when an outside forceapplies pressure.■A culture must be flexible enough to allow such adjustments in theface of unstable or changing circumstances.

Spain: How many stages does a bullfight consist of?

3 stages. 1) Tercio de Varas: The picadores (stabbers) enter the ring and stab the bull in the back on the muscle neck to weaken the bull 2) Tercio de banderillas: The banderilleros each try to stab barbed sticks into the back of the bulls neck to further weaken the bull 3) Tercio de muerte: The matador is back in the bull ring alone, armed with a small sword and a red cape. Cape is used to distract the attention of the bull. In this stage, the matador must stab the bull between the shoulder blades, piercing the heart at which bull dies "instantly"

Ireland: What is the basics of road bowling?

A bowl (A heavy cast iron ball is thrown from a start point to a predetermined endpoint, usually 1-2 miles away. -The winner being the person/team who reaches the end in the least number of throws. -The bowls themselves vary in weight. -Adults play with a 28oz (0.8kgs) bowls while juniors use a 14oz (0.4kgs) bowl. -No other special clothes or equipment is required to play. Just a bowl and an available road. -Despite its simple rules the best players are truly skilful.

what is the definition of society?

A group of interdependent people who share a common culture.

weaknesses of conflict theory

Assumes that all social life is "economically determined" Ignores the importance of gender, race & ethnicity, age, & other factors insocial life

how does sport and games reflect values?

Can be interpreted as reflections of social relationships and cultural ideals; A "cultural microcosm"; also tied to religion and spirituality

definition of society

Do sports mirror society or does society mirror sport? -A little of both, many of the same issues in society are also present in our sporting institutions: Racism, sexism, homophobia, classism, ageism, etc.

England: Which nations are part of the United Kingdom?

England, Scotland, N. Ireland, Wales

what influences changes in sports and games?

Globalization, which brings in new materials, new technology, new ideas, and new styles to many Sports of the world, class stratification, who participates or does not participate, organizations and how they are structured

what are the basics of these sports: germany: 1800s PE

Late 1700's - -PE had a military flavor -1823 Freidrich Ludwig Jahn's "Turnverein"concepts introduced tothe U.S.iii.Turnverein - Social Gymnastics also known as German Gymnastics -German System used heavy gymnastics "violent and exhausting in nature"

Germany: Where did Turner societies mainly occur in the US?

Louisville, Kentucky is where the headquarters are. Mainly occurred in places with high German immigrant population. East coast area

what does sport reinforce in people and culture?

May reinforce social relationships / gender relationships (Title IX) -May be a form of resistance: Hip-hop, rap music, Graffiti, NBA/NFL, Protests economic oppression

what are the basics of these sports: netball

Netball is the largest female team sport in England. •The sport is played almost exclusively by women and girls, although male participation has increased in recent years. -It is a ball sport played by two teams of seven players. Its development, derived from early versions of basketball, began in England in the 1890s. By 1960, international playing rules had been standardised for the game, and the International Federation of Netball and Women's Basketball was formed. -Games are played on a rectangular court with raised goal rings at each end. Each team attempts to score goals by passing a ball down the court and shooting it through its goal ring. Players are assigned specific positions, which define their roles within the team and restrict their movement to certain areas of the court. During general play, a player with the ball can hold onto it for only three seconds before shooting for a goal or passing to another player. The winning team is the one that scores the most goals. Netball games are 60 minutes long. Variations have been developed to increase the game's pace and appeal to a wider audience.

England: what is the most popular sport in England?

Soccer (Football)

definition of expressive sport culture

Sport and art: imagination, skill, and style to matter, movement, and sound that goes beyond purely the practical

cultural ethnocentricity

The belief that ones' culture is superior to another one

what is a world-view?

The way people interpret the world around them

What are basics of these sports: Italy: Bocce Ball (" " )

Yard game 1. 4 balls 2 people 2.Object gets bocci the closest to the baleno or the jack 3.Keep the opponents ball away 4. closest doesn't throw until he gets knocked away

definition of expressive culture

behavior and beliefs related to sport, leisure and play

what is "wa"

discipline and self sacrifice for the good of the whole

What are the basics of these sports: Italy: Calcio Storico (idk if will be on exam)

i.Football,soccer ,rugby, 16th century games still in play today -Rules 1. 50minute game 2. Field divided into two halves net at each end 3. 27 players no substitution for any reason 4.No rules 5.Winner has the most goals at the end of 50 minutes

England: what is a British sport that has changed due to modern times?

table tennis??? not sure?? (if wrong lmk)

what are the basics of these sports: England: pub games

video on pub games

do all human societies exhibit some sport or games?

yes; evidence suggests that physical activities and games have existed in nearly all cultures and ethnoestetics helps cultures define what they recognize or do not recognize as sport

Ireland: What is irish road bowling?

•Ancient sport. It is based in Ireland (particularly in Cork and Armagh) •Also played in the US and the UK. •Similar sports are played in Holland, Germany and Italy. -Whoever reaches the end of the road in the least amount of throws winds -usually played on a Sunday

what are the basics of these sports: England: Rugby (general: rules, etc)

•And as for rugby ... while playing football at Rugby School of England in 1823, William Webb Ellis picked up the ball in his hands and ran with it. •This sparked an interest, leading to the creation of rugby. Rugby originated from Rugby school in Warwickshire. •It is similar to football, but played with an oval ball. Players can carry the ball and tackle each other. The best rugby teams compete in the Super League final each September. •For many years Rugby was only played by the rich upper classes, but now it is popular all over the country. -England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland, together with France and Italy, play in an annual tournament called the Six Nations. •American Football derived from the game of Rugby also Baseball derived from the old English game of Rounders.

what are the basics of these sports: England: polo

•Another equestrian sport is polo, brought to Britain from India in the 19th Century by army officers. •It is the fastest ball sport in the world. •Polo is played with four men on horses to a team. •A ball is hit with a stick towards the goal, one at each end of a 300 yard long by 160 yard wide field...( a yard is about 90cm)

what are the basics of these sports: England: rugby union

•In 1871, the first Rugby Union was founded in London and firm rules of the game were established. -played in the rest of England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland. -tackle is contested in rugby union (have to push the ball out from the ruck and any team can grab it)

what are the basics of these sports: England: boat racing

•In the nineteenth century, students at Oxford and Cambridge, Britain's two oldest universities, were huge fans of rowing. •In 1829, the two schools agreed to hold a race against each other for the first time on the Thames River.

what are the basics of these sports: England: tennis

•It started at a small club in south London in the nineteenth century. It begins on the nearest Monday to June 22. •It is traditional for visitors to eat strawberries and cream whilst they watch the tennis. •Wimbledon (the world's most famous tennis tournament) is the oldest of all the major tennis tournaments beginning in 1877. -historians believe that origin lay in 12th century -16th century, rackets came into use -lawn mower in 1830 became catalyst for grass courts such as lawn tennis

what are the basics of these sports: England: country sports

•Polo •Table Tennis (ping pong): •Table tennis was invented in England in 1880.•It began with Cambridge University students using cigar boxes and champagne corks. •Although the game originated in England, British players don't have much luck in international championships. •Badminton •Fishing (Angling) •Swimming •Darts •Boating