KINE 2000 - Intro to Kine

Domains of motor behavior (not discrete!)

- cognitive: human intellectual development - affective: social & emotional aspects of human development - motor: development of movement & factors that affect it - physical: all types of physical/bodily change over time

Build motivation

- situations and traits - multiple motives for involvement & not just one - change environment - leaders - behavior modification to change undesirable motives

Improve happiness by...

...writing or expressing gratitude

Diseases

1) Multiple Sclerosis (MS): demyelinating of CNS. Myelin sheath (which wraps around axon of nerve cell) is destroyed with inflammation. May occur in any part of brain and spinal cord's nerves. Results in nerves passage of impulses being reduced - interruption of signaling between neurons >>symptoms may be triggered by heat 2) Muscular Dystrophy (MD): absence or disruption of structure of the protein dystrophin (which is a protein usually responsible for muscle contraction)→muscles cannot contract properly→gradual replacement of muscle with fat (a progressive disability) > most common: Duchenne 3) Myasthenia Gravis: grave muscular weakness. Blockage of acetylcholine receptors. Thus, ACh can no longer attach to muscle (neuromuscular junction disorder). No transmission of action potential without receptors. Thus, signals are not received by muscles and muscles don't contract. > may present in the face, arms or legs 4) Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): motor neuron disease that may affect UMN or LMN. Motor neurons lost in cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord, leading to muscle weakness, muscle atrophy, and/or muscle rigidity 5) Guillain Barre Syndrome (GB): leads to ascending paralysis due to damaged nerve cells

Assessing a patient

1) PRETEST PROBABILITY: probability that individual who comes in has a condition based on first initial impression of individual. > high: person is in severe condition > low: person is not obviously in poor condition 2) CRITICAL EXAMINATION INFO: professional examines condition with questions & overall exam 3) THRESHOLD FOR ACTION: varies based on condition - how you act to help patient 4) POSTTEST PROBABILITY: probability of individual having condition after all tests complete

Stages of learning

1) cognitive ("verbal motor") stage: quickest/most gains in performance. use of feedback, modeling and instructions is crucial. > knowledge of results is helpful 2) associative ("motor") stage: slow but consistent. Performance improvements are gradual. Movements become more consistent. Subtle adjustments > knowledge of performance is helpful in long term 3) autonomous phase: elite level. Takes months and even years with lots of practice - needs variation in situational adaptation. Allows you to process info from other aspects of the task.

Newton's Laws

1) inertia - an object at rest stays at rest unless an object acts on it 2) acceleration - depends on strength of force applied to an object 3) action & reaction - for every action there's an equal & opposite reaction

American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) Recommendation for activity level

30 min of moderate intensity aerobic activity 5 days a week 20 min of vigorous activity 3 days a week

Body shapes

> hourglass > pear > rectangle > apple - highest risk for cardiovascular disease (because fat stored in stomach)

Energy sources for muscle contraction

ATP (lasts 3 sec) oxygen - sustains reaction glucose (broken down from glycogen) fat, protein

Three levels of motor control

All 3 are interconnected & work together to carry out complex behavioral actions. 1) higher center levels: brain - responsible for high cognitive functions such as conscious awareness. Connected to spinal level via ascending and descending neural pathways 2) spinal level: spinal cord - helps relay information & signals to and from higher center level & lower level 3) lower level: muscles, ligaments, tendons, and various receptors. Receives many environmental signals & incorporates them into the body by sending signals to CNS & other systems for processing. High level of motor & sensory neurons.

Pathologies - CVA and SCI

CVA - Cerebral Vascular Accident - involves UMN. Clot forms in brain and stops blood supply in brain ("thrombosis"). May result in hemiplegia; may result in stroke >> most remarkable deficits are motor SCI - Spinal Cord Injury - neuromuscular activity still occurs below level of injury but it's not communicated to the brain. May result in quadriplegia or paraplegia (common cause is a gunshot - may lead to partial or complete severing of spinal cord)

Motor Skills

Discrete: clear beginning and end Serial: discrete actions strung together (ex: driving; in basketball multiple positions and movements; playing the piano) Continuous: no recognizable beginning or end

Types of fat

Essential: subcutaneous protective layer located under skin. Crucial for normal body functioning in major organs, muscles, & CNS. Important in hormone related function/childbearing and other normal physiological processes > 3-5% body weight in males; 8-12% body weight in females Non-Essential: adipose tissue - fat depot deposited beneath skin's surface called subcutaneous fat (12% in men, 15% in women) - common sites are triceps, abdomen, lower trunk, and upper thigh ____________________ *subcutaneous is less harmful than is visceral subcutaneous: located under skin (ex: pear shaped body) visceral - stored in abdominal cavity and is stored around organs (liver, pancreas, intestines) - associated risks w/health problems like type 2 diabetes (ex: apple shaped body)

Diagnostic test

Goal is to rule in a condition or rule out a test (ex): pregnancy test, mammogram, global cancer screening test, x-ray, etc. Possible results: 1) true positive 2) false positive 3) false negative 4) true negative

Kinematics vs kinetics

Kinematics: study of motion of objects without reference to forces that cause motion kinetics: motion of objects WITH reference to forces behind motion

Osteokinematics vs arthrokinematics

Osteokinematics: what you measure with goniometry - bone motion. Relative motion determined by excursion of one shaft of bone relative to the other arthrokinematics: joint motion. Describes movement of joint surfaces - translational or rotational.

Predictive values (PV) Sensitivity/Specificity

Predictive values (PV): values closer to 1 indicate more valid tests > PPV: number of true positive over all those tested positive > NPV: number of true negative over all those who tested negative Sensitivity (Sn): "high sensitivity indicates that a negative test is very meaningful. In order to rule out a condition, a test should have high sensitivity" Closer to 1, more valid the test is. Rate of true positives - if a person has a disease, how often will the test be positive (true+)? > if a test is highly sensitive and someone doesn't have a disease, you can be highly certain that the test result will be accurate. Specificity: closer to 1, more valid the test is. Rate of true negatives - if a person doesn't have a disease, how often will the test be negative (true-)? > if a test is highly specific and someone does have a disease, you can be high;y certain that the test result will be accurate. ... SnNout: test has high sensitivity - you can rule out a diagnosis SpPin: when a test has high specificity, positive result can rule in diagnosis

Weight measurements

Scale - amount of body mass Height and weight charts provide information based on person's height and weight body mass index (BMI): person's weight divided by height squared. Provides info on disease risk Circumferences: specific area on body is measured with measuring tape waist to hip ratio: ratio of waist and hip circumferences - measures provide CV risk information. > males: 0.9-1 = high risk > females: 0.75-0.85 = high risk new infrared interactance: probe emits light passing through tissue. Fat absorbs more infrared light than FFM - more light absorbed indicates higher fat mass skinfolds: calipers used to assess amount of fat under skin at specific sites on body bioelectrical impedance analysis: electrical current passes through body. based on current difference from start to finish, percent fat is estimated (fat impedes/resists current more than FFM - high impedance value indicates higher fat mass) hydrostatic weighing: person weighed in regular environment and underwater. Volume allows you to calculate bone density. Higher density --> leaner subject (bone and muscle are denser than fat) air displacement DEXA

movement assessments

Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT): put leg out in different directions and analyze flexibility. Balance test for neuromuscular control and the ability to transfer projection of the center of gravity. Balance Error Scoring System (BESS): stand with one leg and then the other - count errors. Then also do on a mat/pad Landing Error Scoring System (LESS): looking at how someone lands - see if biomechanics change when landing. More errors = more points which is bad (ex: don't want knees going inward when landing). Equipment is 30cm high box, LESS scoring scale and video camera from 2 views Lateral Step Down Test (LSDT): lower extremity mechanics. Use 20cm high box and have individual stand on box then dorsiflex heel while on box (weight all on one leg as kneel down) Single Leg Squat Test (SLS): lower extremity mechanics. Person squats down using one leg and patella should go straight over foot as person squats down. Functional Movement Screen (FMS): gives you a lot of information because looking at MANY body parts - 7 total movements each with a score of 1-3. Good inter-rater reliability & very comprehensive test > max score of 21 > score of 14 and under indicates higher risk for injury Timed Up and Go (TUG): a test for overall mobility. Looking at fall prevention. Ex - for a grandma with knee replacement look at recovery based on TUG test - only really helpful for those very low functioning Simple Reaction Time: gravity is a known domain - drop an object, catch it and distance it fell will give reaction time (ex: take after neurological injury or concussion)

upper and lower motor neurons

UMN/Upper: above spinal cord (including brain) LMN/Lower: below spinal cord > communication occurs between them. Brain centers that control body muscles carry info to UMN, which then pass info to LMN. .... SYMPTOMS VARY: 1) Reflexes. UMN hyperreflexia/fast reflexes - LMN hyporeflexia/slow reflexes. 2) Muscle tone (affects larger parts of muscles). UMN increased/spastic - LMN decreased/flaccid. 3) Fasciculation (involuntary small muscle spasms/contractions). UMN none - LMN present. 4) Atrophy (degeneration of muscle cells and thus decrease in muscle size). UMN none - LMN severe. 5) Babinski sign. UMN present (abnormally fanning toes) - LMN not present (scrunch toes which is normal).

Metabolic syndrome

a cluster of conditions often grouped together - obesity - hyperinsulinemia - elevated triglyceride levels - hypertension - type 2 diabetes

Motor learning

a process of acquiring capability for producing skilled actions. Occurs as a direct result of practice and experience (ex: writing with left hand - gain motor skills over time through experience). Can't see direct acquisition of a skill - but you can see skills developing over time Learning is assumed to produce permanent changes in capability for skilled behavior (practice makes permanent) Motor learning = a PROCESS.

Levers

a rigid body with an axis of rotation. Simple machines consisting of a rigid segment that can rotate around an axis or fulcrum. Three classes of levers depending on positions of applied force (F), resistance (R), and axis of rotation application to human body: bodies made up of levers. Internal & external forces converted to torque which cause movement/rotation at joints CLASSES: Class 1 - fulcrum placed between effort and load (ex: scissors, pliers) Class 2 - load between effort and fulcrum (ex: wheelbarrow)...requires a smaller effort to balance a larger resistive force Class 3 - effort between load and fulcrum (ex: stapler, tweezers)

Dynamical systems

a theory/perspective for viewing human movement that says that movement is the product of many complex and co-dependent systems. Movement patterns emerge in self-organizing ways to accomplish specific tasks. Described as: complex multi-faceted cooperative self-organizing discontinuous constantly changing constraints - internal/organismic - external/environmental - task

torque

ability of a force to produce rotation about an axis (units are N*m AKA Newton-meters) equal to force times moment arm (moment arm is in meters)

Strength

ability of a muscle to do work. Exerts a force against resistance. Muscles contract to move the skeletal system

Power

ability to generate force quickly

Endurance

ability to sustain a force over time

center of gravity

average location of distributed weight

Mindfulness

being hyperaware of own physiological processes can reduce anxiety - acknowledge that you are anxious and then use coping mechanisms to reduce anxiety (breath control, relaxation response, thought control, task focus)

Gold standard

benchmark that is best available under reasonable conditions for a diagnostic test

Impairment risk factors

biological lifestyle psychological (not emotional)

Blocked vs random practice

blocked: individual rehearses same skill over and over again (better for novice) random: various discrete or serial skills required for performance in sport are practiced in random order. Learner does not practice same task on 2 consecutive attempts > increases error during practice, but decreases error in retention (better for expert)

Fat free mass

body mass devoid of extractable fat. FFM is equal to body mass minus fat mass. men - FFM is 3% essential fat females - FFM is 12% essential fat

body composition

body's relative amounts of fat mass & fat free mass (FFM - bone, water, muscle, connective & organ tissues, teeth)

Motivation

can be internal or external (due to outside factors). Direction & intensity of effort: interrelated. > direction is whether an individual seeks out certain situations > intensity is how much effort a person puts forth in a particular situation (how hard you work)

End feel (in terms of ROM)

characteristic feel that limits ROM. Can be normal or abnormal. normal: soft, firm or hard abnormal: empty; lack of muscle

Disability

condition that may be characterized by severe disorders in communication & behavior resulting in limiting ability to communicate, understand, learn, and participate in social relationships. 1) intellectual disability (ID): lower IQ than normal; varied ability to process info. **ID and motor function are not parallel/exclusive - inability to move limits sensory exploration but cognitive development may still be high. COGNITIVE FUNCTION does not indicate MOTOR FUNCTION 2) Syndromes: a collection of signs/symptoms that are representative of a single condition (ex: Down Syndrome on trisomy 21, fetal alcohol syndrome, Marfan's syndrome in connective tissues, Kleinfelter's Syndrome, Fragile X syndrome which is inherited). *Not all syndromes lead to developmental disabilities 3) autism: inability to relate to others; delayed communication skills; language comprehension impaired; sensitive to sensory input; may react indifferently or with outbursts; difficulty dealing w/changes *asperger's is similar but communication & language development is normal whereas abnormal in autism 4) brain damage: defect of brain occurring from injury before, during or after birth. Affects any brain function but mainly movement, thinking & learning. May result from bleeding, hypoxia (oxygen deficiency), etc 5) stroke: cerebral vascular accident (CVA) > ischemic: blood flow to a portion of the brain stops > hemorrhagic: blood vessel ruptures causing bleeding & pressure on brain structures 6) cerebral palsy: permanently disabling UMN condition resulting from damage to developing brain. Results in loss/impairment of control over voluntary muscles. Typical when baby is premature. Results in increased muscle tone 7) traumatic brain injury (TBI): may be focal (occurs at specific location in brain) or diffuse (many parts of brain are affected). Halts development in children either temporarily or permanently. > mild: a concussion, for instance (external disruption but no bleeding; maybe just bruising) > traumatic: brain damage causing the brain to bleed

Central nervous system (CNS)

consists of brain & spinal cord - peripheral nerves: nerves that come out of the CNS (connected to CNS via spinal cord) - upper motor neurons: anything involving brain (above spinal cord) - lower motor neurons: start from spinal cord & innervate skeletal muscles > symptoms of various conditions vary based on what neurons they affect

Constant error vs variable error

constant: measure of a person's accuracy - measure's average error (ex): skilled basketball player may have constant error in one aspect of their defensive positioning - easier to fix Variable: measures inconsistency in movement outcome - error is all over the place - harder to fix (ex): person is new to basketball and has many skills that need fixing

Female athlete triad

correlation consisting of 3 interrelated disorders 1) abnormal eating patterns 2) amenorrhea (diminished hormones) 3) premature osteoperosis (weak bones)

Health Related Quality of Life (HRQOL)

defined by WHO - state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being (not just absence of disease)

development shifts from ______ to _______

dependence (on others) to independence (on self)

Cephalocaudal process

development occurs in cephalocaudal process - head develops motor control which THEN shifts to rest of body

Postural control system

develops with age (following primitive reflex stage) functions to build up posture against gravity/maintain balance and fix orientation/position of segments that serve as a reference frame for perception & action with respect to external world. 3 main parts 1) sensory detection of body movements - vision (orientation of eyes and head in relation to surrounding objects) - vestibular (deals with gravitational, linear, and angular accelerations of head with respect to space); fluid in head for us to stay oriented - somatosensory (info concerning relative position of body parts to support surface and each other); what body picks up from surroundings like heat or pressure 2) integration of sensorimotor information within CNS: CNS determines what body needs to do 3) execution of musculoskeletal responses: how body responds to stimuli in environment/what body does to correct

Gross & fine motor skills

differentiation: in general, progression from gross/immature movements to precise/well-controlled/intentional movement occurs as humans age fine: movements controlled by small muscles or muscle groups (ex: cutting with scissors, playing piano) > increase with age gross: movements controlled by larger muscle groups (ex: rolling over, squatting, sitting) - use overall legs, arms, torso, and feet > adolescents

Kinetics terms

equilibrium: object is balanced & all forces acting on it are even gravity: mutual attraction between earth & an object (always located down toward center of earth) base of support: area beneath a person that includes every contact that person makes with supporting surface > if start to lose balance, body adjusts base of support (narrow base of support --> imbalance) line of gravity: imaginary vertical line passing through COG toward center of earth. center of gravity: average location of distributed weight

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

established to 1) protect rights & welfare of human subjects 2) assure that all applicable institutional policies & federal regulations related to research w/human subjects are followed 3) review subject recruitment materials & strategies

Belmont Report

ethical principles in the Belmont Report guide the review and conduct of human subjects research. Three principles: 1) respect for persons (voluntariness, informed consent) 2) beneficence (max benefits & min risks) 3) justice

convex vs concave portion

ex: shoulder flexion - involves "ball and socket" joint movement: humeral head slides downward (convex) and acromion of shoulder blade glides up in response, then back down (concave) convex - sliding is in the opposite direction of the angular movement of the bone

Different receptors in signaling

exterocepters ("cutaneous"): receptors on skin that receive touch, pressure, vibration, temperature, & pain proprioceptors ("subcutaneous"): muscles, tendons, joints, subcutaneous tissues & vessels that respond to position/movement, deep pressure, aching pain interoceptors ("visceral"): internal organs involved in homeostasis and organ function

physical fitness vs physical activity

fitness: ability of body to adjust to demands and stresses of physical effort and its thought to be a measure of health activity: any movement carried out by the skeletal muscles requiring energy

focal vs diffuse TBI

focal occurs at specific location of brain in a TBI --> leads to symptoms associated with injured part of the brain diffuse may occur in many different locations in the brain --> leads to widespread effects

transverse, frontal, sagittal planes

frontal plane: antero-posterior axis. Lies vertical and divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts >movements: abuction and adduction (ex: shoulder fly, hip adduction) sagittal/medial plane: lies vertically and divides body into left & right sides >movements: extension & flexion (ex: leg extension, arm curls, walking, squatting) transverse plane: runs horizontally & divides body into superior & inferior parts >movements: rotation (ex: hitting a baseball)

Biometrics

height, weight, BMI blood pressure cholesterol triglycerides

High achievers vs low achievers

high achievers: > ascribe success to intrinsic factors that they can control such as endurance and drive - internalize things they can control > goals for certain tasks > high belief in abilities & feel achievements are in their control > seek challenges low achievers: > ascribe success to factors outside their control & ascribe failure to external factors > goals for certain outcomes > low perceived confidence & feel achievements are out of their control > avoid challenges & seek easy tasks

Nuremberg code

human subjects research guidelines and regulations

Inverted U Hypothesis

idea that there is an optimal level of arousal for peak performance there is NOT an optimal level of anxiety for peak performance across all sports - varies per person and per sport

Lean body mass

in vivo concept - essential for normal physiological functioning. Difference between LBM and FFM? LBM includes lipid-rich essential fat stores in bone marrow, brain, spinal cord, and internal organs. >>Same numerical value as FFM but different tissue composition

Aphasia

inability to speak

Lean body mass (LBM) vs fat free mass (FBM)

interpretations are the same - body mass that excludes fat

Intra-rater reliability vs inter-rater reliability

intra: how well the same person can take a measurement and receive consistent results inter: how well different people can take a test and get the same result

Process for signaling

involves... - neuron: nerve cell of the CNS that helps send signals between various parts of the body - action potential: signal that goes from nerve to muscle. Moves through nerve, to end of nerve, and releases and then changes into muscular action potential with aid from vesicles in nerve and sodium ions - sodium ions: help conduct chemical signals from nerve cell to muscle PROCESS: Axon (end of nerve cell) approaches muscle and extends multiple branches. Each branch forms synapse (neuromuscular junction) with individual muscle fibers. Action potential reaches junction ("presynaptic terminal"). Calcium ions enter terminal and cause vesicles to release acetyl-choline into the synapse. ACh diffuses across cleft and then binds to receptors. Signal has been received - muscular action potential ("post synaptic action potential") is then triggered and spreads throughout the fiber. Acetyl choline is broken down. "Motor unit" is the set of muscle fibers that contracts after the signal is received.

Coordination Terms

kinesthesia: awareness of movement due to joint and muscle receptors proprioception: body's ability to transmit position sense/where the part is in space (ex: you can eat without looking in mirror) coordination: smooth pattern of activity is produced thru a combo of muscles acting together with appropriate intensity and timing agility: ability to control the direction of a body or segment during rapid movement

Feedback

knowledge of results: was I successful? Did we win? knowledge of performance: how did I do? What was my form like? >>acquisition phase - motor skills improve when individual receives knowledge of results >> retention/long term - knowledge of performance is more helpful - make changes by analyzing performance

Emotional Well Being (sport psych)

level of arousal on spectrum where performance is optimal (varies per individual). Applies in performance in sports, academics, etc. Arousal: general physiological and psychological activation varying on spectrum of deep sleep to intense excitement. For most, optimal performance is in middle of spectrum > increased arousal and state anxiety lead to muscle tension; can interfere with coordination anxiety: negative emotional state in which feelings of worry & apprehension are associated with arousal of the body > state anxiety based on situation > trait anxiety based on personality

Likelihood ratio

likelihood that a given test result would be expected in a patient with a target disorder compared to likelihood that the same result would occur in someone without the target disorder. > higher (+) likelihood ratio is better (+): positive test is __x more likely in a patient with the condition than in a patient without the condition +LR = Sn / (1-Sp) (-): negative test is __x more likely in a patient without the condition than in a patient with the condition -LR = (1-Sn) / Sp

-plegia

loss of movement or sensation in various parts of body depending on the condition. ones that are common in SCI (spinal cord injury) > Paraplegia: affects lower half of body > Quadriplegia: affects all 4 limbs common in CVA (cerebral vascular accident) > Hemiplegia: affects one side of body (ex: due to CVA - if affects one side of brain may affect other side of body)

"minimal weight"

lowest an individual can weight before compromising FFM stores. Males is 3% body fat; females is essential body fat PLUS sex-specific = 12% body fat

Dangerous waist to hip ratio

males 0.9 females 0.85 (increases risk for cardiovascular disease)

Massed vs distributed practice

massed: shorter period of time - get a lot of information but not good for long-term retention unless maintained over long period of time (ex: preseason training 2-3 times a day; work on free throws for practice all week). Better in short-term distributed: longer period of time - practices are spread out. Change up exercises & vary situations in practice > increases learning, retention, and error --> increases cognitive work driving = not much variability so don't use thinking skills much

Aspects of development - maturation & growth

maturation (qualitative) - functional changes in human development growth (quantitative) - structural aspect of development *note - sequence of development is the same across people but rate of development varies between people

Goniometer

measures body angles. Has body, fulcrum, stationary arm, and moving arm. Designed like a protractor fulcrum is placed over a joint; stationary arm aligned with inactive part of a joint; moving arm aligned with moving part of joint

Subdivisions of motor behavior

motor control: study of neurophysiological factors affecting human movement motor learning: study of processes involved in acquiring & perfecting motor skills motor development: how motor patterns develop over a period of time from birth until older age > development refers to progressions & regressions that occur throughout lifespan

integration

motor systems function together as ability progresses

abduction & adduction

movements on the frontal plane abduction: away from body adduction: toward body

flexion & extension

movements on the sagittal plane flexion: such as curling bicep inward toward body (point of axis is elbow) extension: extending hand outward for instance

typical body composition

muscle - 45% males, 36% females essential fat - 3% males, 8 to 12% females (lowest amount that each can have before compromising fat-free mass storage) non-essential storage fat (subcutaneous) - 12% males, 15% females bone - 15% males, 12% females other - 25%

things to take into account when determining practices

nature of the task gender age (NOT weather)

neurological danger zones

nerves & neuromuscular junctions nerves: dangerous if myelin (outside coating of nerve that protects cell) is lost or if compression occurs due to injury neuromuscular junction: where muscles & neurons meet - if something is wrong muscle contraction signal may not be received

Force

one object acts on another. Can be push (compression) or pull (tension). Movement/net force occurs when one side has larger force than other side

Nagi Disablement Model

pathology: diseases, injury, congenital or developmental condition (ex: Plantar Fascitis, bursitis) impairments: dysfunction & structural abnormalities in specific body systems (ex: limited shoulder rotation) functional limitations: restrictions in basic physical and mental actions (ex: struggle to ambulate, reach, stoop, climb stairs, squat, see, etc) disability: difficulty doing activities of daily life (job, sport, household management, hobbies, recreation, socializing, etc)

moment arm

perpendicular distance between a force's line of action and the axis of motion/rotation. Always in meters (m) a muscle with a small moment arm needs to produce more force to generate the same torque as a muscle with a larger moment arm.

Anatomical position

person stands erect with feet together, eyes forward, palms out axial region: main axis of body appendicular region: limbs

Balance

process of maintaining the body's center of gravity within varying bases of support. Both a static and dynamic process. factors affecting balance: 1) motor (muscular weakness) 2) sensory (proprioceptive deficits) 3) ROM deficits 4) other factors - vision, vestibular (ear) impairments, brain involvement (cerebellum)

Work

product of force and displacement (unit is Joules). W=F*d

Orientation of Sport and Exercise Psychology

psychophysiological: study behavior through underlying psychophysiological processes in the brain (reward centers in brain, blood flow to brain, health & well-being of nervous system) social-psychological orientation: looking at an individual's interactions w/environment cognitive-behavioral orientation: study how behavior is determined by both environment and cognition

Power law of practice

rapid improvement at first but systematically smaller amounts of progress as practice continues

Power

rate of doing work (unit is Watts) - work over time. P = w/t OR force*velocity

Relative risk (RR)

ratio of event occurring in group when exposed to risk of event in a non-exposed group. a ratio... X (event when exposed) / X (event when not exposed) = [a/(a+b)] / [c/(c+d)] ex: if probability of lung cancer in smokers is 20% but only 1% in non-smokers what is the RR?

Overtraining

refers to short cycle of training with excessive training loads that are near or at maximum capacity. Leads to inflammatory response within body (resting heart rate goes up). Normal with rest/taper in training, but if not proper, may lead to deteriorated performance (staleness and/or burnout) staleness vs burnout > staleness: physiological state of overtraining which manifests as deteriorated athletic readiness. An athlete has difficulty maintaining standard training regimens and can no longer achieve previous performance results > burnout: exhaustive psychophysiological response from frequent or extreme excessive training and competitive demands

primitive reflexes

reflex actions originate in the CNS (brainstem!!) and are exhibited by newborn. Disappear by 3rd-6th month after birth (if not gone, neurological problem - these aren't exhibited by neurologically intact adult). as primitive reflexes disappear, postural reactions appear > palmer reflex: object placed in infants hand & infant grasps it > asymmetric tonic neck reflex: one sided movements - turn head to side causes extension of arm and leg of baby. *precursor of hand-eye coordination > moro reflex: response to stress or disturbance - full body extension > babinski reflex: toes fan when firmly stroke foot sole (adults scrunch toes down) > Gallant reflex: touching side of child's spine results in child rotating hip to that side > swimming reflex: baby put into water & makes well-coordinated swimming movements

Body Mass Index (BMI)

relationship between weight & height underweight: <18.5 healthy: 18.5-24.9 overweight: 25-29.9 obese: >30 *flaw - does not distinguish between different types of body mass (fat, muscle, bone)

Body composition

relative amounts of fat mass and fat-free mass four ways to look at it: 1) medical 2) anthropological 3) performance 4) appearance

Effect of arousal on perception in performance

relaxed: too wide of field of vision anxious: too narrow field of vision optimal performance level: not too narrow or wide

afferent vs efferent pathway

remember: A → E (to → fro) afferent: message TO the central nervous system (ex): involuntary action such as pain - sensory neuron responds to external or internal stimuli, reaches spinal cord, and involuntary action is processed. Spinal cord determines appropriate response and sends signal in efferent pathway efferent: message FROM central nervous system (ex): spinal cord determines appropriate response to internal or external stimuli and sends signal via efferent pathway to alpha motor neuron. Motor neurons carry out response such as pulling away from a hot flame.

Cardiorespiratory fitness

requires oxygen to get to muscles. Aerobic function is measured by VO2 max Vo2 max: maximal rate of aerobic metabolism. Dependent on muscular endurance but relies on ability to deliver O2 to the muscles

Atrophy

result of lower motor neuron injury. Degeneration of muscle cells leading to decrease in muscle size OPPOSITE is hypertrophy (ex: weightlifter increases muscle size)

Goniometry

science & technique of measuring angles. WHY? > find impairment in muscles/joints > establish a diagnosis > document improvement following injury or impairment measure using goniometer, electrogoniometer, or leighton flexometer (which is gravity based)

CITI training basics

signed consent may be waived under certain circumstances it is inappropriate to deny subjects access to potential benefits of participating in research because they don't speak English or because of another discriminatory reason informed consent - subject must sign this form before participating in a research study HIPAA Identifiable data: fax numbers, email address, street address, license number, zip code (NOT HEIGHT/WEIGHT) vulnerable populations that receive additional protection from DHHS (health & human services) - pregnant women - fetuses - neonates - prisoners

Open vs closed skills

sports have a blend of both open: occur in an unpredictable environment (ex: returning a punt or other sport where contact is involved) > practice for an open skill should include high variability closed: predictable environment (ex: brushing teeth, gymnastics routine, basketball free throw)

Biomechanics

study of internal and external forces acting on the human body, and the effects produced by these forces. subdivisions are kinematics and kinetics

Orientation & directional terms

superior (cranial): toward the head end/upper part of body; above inferior (caudal): away from head end/lower part of body; below anterior (ventral): toward or at front of body; in front of posterior (dorsal): toward or at back of body; behind medial: toward or at midline of the body lateral: away from midline of body proximal: close to origin of body part or point of attachment of a limb distal: far from origin of a body or point of attachment of a limb ipsilateral: on the same side contralateral: on opposite sides

Activity scales

tests with aim to estimate physical activity Tegner - Godin leisure time exercise questionnaire

Sensorimotor flexibility

the ability of the sensorimotor system to adapt to constraint to produce a task

Constant error

the measure of a person's accuracy

Range of motion (ROM)

total amount of motion available at a joint. Each specific joint has its own normal ROM for each motion active & passive > active: person moves joint through arc as far as possible. helps determine willingness to move, muscle strength, & coordination. Achieved by VOLUNTARY movement (ex: touch hands to toes) > passive: excursion or arc of joint when person is relaxed (no muscular work). Gives info about integrity of joint. Generally more than active ROM. Achieved by external effort (ex: trainer stretches your hamstring)

Diagnostic test vs reference test

two different ways to go about testing for a condition reference test: more invasive, riskier, more expensive. More accurate. diagnostic test: less invasive and cheaper but less accurate.

Feedback control vs feedforward control

two types of control schemes for systems that react to changing environmental conditions feedback: reflex through which we unconsciously contract our muscles when we feel a stretch feedforward: prepare muscles for movement (ex: bracing self for a jump or before someone punches you)

Neuromuscular Junction

where muscles & neurons meet. Nerves send signal to tell muscles to contract