Kine 2050 Chapter 2

In the context of selecting research methods, quantitative methods are used when _____.

social realities can be explained and understood by creating an overall view of a social world

Identify an accurate statement about in-depth interviews.

Conducting in-depth interviews is a time-consuming method of collecting data.

Social research

Investigations in which answers are sought to questions about social worlds by systematically gathering and analyzing data

Images

Visual representations of ideas, people, and things

Which of the following are questions that guide research when using a critical approach to study sports in society. (Check all that apply.)

What strategies effectively foster progressive changes in sports and the social worlds around them? How are sports organized, and who is advantaged or disadvantaged by existing forms of organization in sports?

Identify the questions that guide research when using a critical approach to study sports in society. (Check all that apply.)

Who accepts and who resists the organization of mainstream sports, and what happens to those who resist? What values, ideas, and beliefs are promoted through sports, and who is advantaged or disadvantaged by them?

Ethnographies are limited because it is difficult to know whether the knowledge they produce _____.

can be used to understand other social worlds that have not been studied

Research works should be published so that a researcher's contributions to sociology knowledge _____.

can be verified by a community of scholars who study sports and related sociology topics

A research organization plans to study how elite sportsmen cope with match pressure. For this study, the research group should _____.

conduct in-depth interviews of the players

A researcher is analyzing the effect of contact sport on the development of team spirit among teenage boys. To explain the conclusions on the thoughts of the boys and their values in the social worlds, the researcher would use the _____ theory.

cultural

Which of the following is a true statement about observational methods of collecting data?

Observations should be done from different vantage points to accurately study people.

Nonparticipant observers

Observers who are detached from the people and the situations being studied

Participant observers

Observers who are or become personally involved in the social worlds being studied

Nonparticipant observer

A sociology student analyzing the interaction of injured Major League Baseball players with their teammates by viewing Major League Baseball matches

Participant observer

A sociology student studying the effect of injuries on fellow players by analyzing the behavior of injured teammates in his local baseball league team

Alexis, a sociology student, plans to study the effect of recreational sports on the interactive skills of a group of children. What should she do to conduct the study using qualitative methods?

Alexis should interview the children

_____ are forms of practical knowledge that one uses to anticipate events, the actions of others, and the consequences of one's actions in various situations.

Personal theories

Research in the sociology of sport, unlike personal research, is designed to answer questions that go beyond the _____.

experiences and the social situations encountered by one person

Which of the following can be understood by using research and theories to study the deeper game associated with sports in society? (Check all that apply.)

The experiences of individuals and groups in the social worlds associated with sports. The social and cultural contexts in which sports exist. The social worlds that people create as they participate in sports. The connections between social contexts and sports.

Rank the five steps developed by Micheal Messner for producing knowledge in the sociology of sport in the order of their occurrence. Instructions

Develop research questions Select Appropriate Theory and research methods Collect and analyze data Use findings to produce conclusions Publish results so others can assess their validity and reliability

A research group is analyzing the effect of team sports on the development of children. Which of the following research questions should be developed to produce sociological knowledge in this research?

How do the children interact with others after playing team sports?

_____ are used in sociological research because they explain what we know about the origins, dynamics, and consequences of social interaction among people in particular social worlds.

Interactionist theories

Identify a purpose of using a critical approach to producing knowledge in the sociology of sports.

It allows one to see that everyone does not benefit from sports in the same ways.

Identify an accurate statement about sociological research in sports.

It uses data collected from people who are chosen because they can provide information to answer a particular question.

_____ are the explanations that people use, or the stories they tell, to explain and make sense of their choices and actions.

Narratives

_____ involve collecting information about people, media content, events, and social worlds; identifying patterns and unique features; and analyzing the information by using interpretive procedures and tests.

Qualitative methods

_____ involve collecting information (data) about people and social worlds, converting the information into numbers, and analyzing the numbers by using statistical procedures and tests.

Quantitative methods

Identify how questions should be formulated for survey questionnaires.

Questions should be clearly worded

Gender as meaning

Refers to the fact that in a particular culture people often learn to identify certain colors, names, and objects as "masculine" or "feminine"

Gender as performance

Refers to the fact that people "do" gender as they interact with others

Gender as organization

Refers to the ways that positions, roles, and responsibilities are structured around gender

The goal of some sociologists who do observational research is to _____.

extend or challenge our knowledge of familiar groups and social worlds

Narratives

Stories that people tell about themselves and their social worlds

A research group studied the effect of watching National Basketball Association (NBA) matches on television. College students who watched NBA matches on television were provided a questionnaire. The students were asked to answer the questionnaire and mail it back to the group. In this scenario, the research group used a(n) _____ to collect data.

Survey

_____ are important to sociologists because they are concrete representations of the values, beliefs, and moral principles around which people organize their ways of life.

Symbols

True or false: According to Micheal Messner, people associated with sports are most accurately viewed as passive objects determined by culture and society.

This is false. According to Micheal Messner, sports constitute a significant social world to study, and the people associated with sports are most accurately viewed as agents involved in shaping social worlds rather than passive objects determined by culture and society.

True or false: Knowledge production in science by publishing research work is a one-person job.

This is false. Knowledge production in science is never a one-person job. It always depends on the critical review of a community of scholars.

Using a critical approach, Micheal Messner's goal was to produce knowledge that could be used to _____.

find solutions to social problems

Micheal Messner, a well-known and respected sociologist, developed a(n) _____.

five-step process for producing knowledge in the sociology of sport

True or false: Micheal Messner's goal in his sociological research was to create knowledge that would ignore the injustices in the organization of sports.

This is false. Micheal Messner wanted to produce knowledge that would identify and eliminate injustices, and shrink the gap between what is and what could be in social worlds.

According to the conclusion of Micheal Messner's study, _____ is much more than a social category or trait that identifies a person; instead, it consists of interrelated meanings, performances, and organization that become important aspects of social worlds.

gender

According to Micheal Messner, youth sports were sites where people learned _____.

how to perform masculinity or femininity as they interact with others

Ryan conducts a study on the effect of physical injuries on the psyche of players. During data collection, he meets the affected players and asks detailed questions to gauge their mindset. In this scenario, Ryan uses _____ as his research method.

in-depth interviews

Using a critical approach to study the sociology of sports heightens one's awareness that _____.

knowledge about social worlds can be applied in many ways

Social theories

logically interrelated explanations of the actions and relationships of human beings and the organization and dynamics of social worlds

A research group plans to study the effect of audience support on a player's performance. For this study, the research group wants to use a quantitative method. Identify how the research group should conduct this study.

The group should collect and analyze data on the performance of the player in home and away conditions.

A researcher performed a study on the effect of children participating in contact sports. He concluded that children who started playing contact sports at an early age developed better social interaction skills. The sociological knowledge from this study would help to _____.

make more fully informed choices about sports for children

The goal of one's personal, experience-based data collection and theorizing is to _____.

make sense and gain control of one's life and the social worlds in which he or she lives

In the context of Micheal Messner's research on sports and gender, _____ were used because they explain the ways that people think and express their values, ideas, and beliefs as they live together and create social worlds.

cultural theories

The sociology of sport is concerned with the _____.

deeper game associated with sports in society

Sociology of sport knowledge can help people _____.

detect bias and validity problems in their personal theories

Qualitative methods are used when researchers want to _____.

discover the meanings and ideologies that underlie what people say and do

Fieldwork that involves both observations and interviews is known as a(n) _____.

ethnography

Micheal Messner, in his research on the connection between sport and gender, focused on the ways that ideas and beliefs about _____ were included in the narratives that were used in the context of youth sports.

masculinity and femininity

Producing knowledge in sociological research always begins with _____.

observations of the world followed by the development of research questions

In-depth interviews are used instead of written questionnaires when researchers seek _____.

open-ended information about the details and underlying meanings of what people say and do

A research study discovered that the number of women who officiate in games is far lesser than the number of officiating men. This finding is an illustration of gender as _____.

organization

The coach of a college football team told his players to act more manly and be aggressive on the field. The coach's instruction to his players to act manly is an example of gender as _____.

performance

Experience-based theories that are summaries of one's ideas and explanations of social life and the contexts in which it occurs are referred to as _____.

personal theories

Interactionist theories focus on _____.

processes of social learning and development

An ethnography is fieldwork that _____.

provides detailed descriptions and analyses of particular people and social worlds

A research group studied the cause of depression among several young players playing in the NCAA Basketball Championship. For this study, the researchers interviewed several young players from different teams. This study used the _____ method.

qualitative

A research was conducted by a sports magazine on the effectiveness of left-handed pitchers in baseball. For this purpose, the earned run averages of right-handed and left-handed pitchers were collected from the Major League Baseball database and compared. In this scenario, the researchers used the _____ method for their research.

quantitative

Research in sociology shows that people represent themselves and their groups with symbols and names that _____.

reaffirm their favored identity

Structural theories focus on the ways that _____.

relationships are organized and how they influence people's access to resources

Social research and social theories go hand in hand because _____.

research is used to create and test the validity of theories

Micheal Messner referred to identifiable social places or contexts as _____.

sites

Micheal Messner's research findings on the connections between sport and gender provided evidence that sports are _____.

sites where ideas and beliefs about gender and other important aspects of our lives are created, reproduced, and changed

Interactionist theories use concepts such as _____.

socialization, role models, significant others, self-concept, identity, labeling, deviance, and stereotyping

Structural theories emphasize concepts such as _____.

status, roles, groups, authority, power relations, social control, social inequality, social institutions, organizations, and societies

A research group decided to analyze the impact of sports events on the social life of a particular city. For this purpose, the research group analyzed newspaper reports and news coverage of all the Major League Baseball matches held in that city. The research group used data from the past five years for their analysis. The research method used by the group is called _____.

text analysis

Research based on cultural theories focus on _____.

the processes through which people create, maintain, and change ideas and beliefs about their lives and the social worlds in which they live

Ethnographies are limited because _____.

they focus on particular social worlds

Cultural theories utilize concepts such as _____.

values, norms, ideas, beliefs, ideology, symbols, and language associated with sports