Kine 2050 Chapter 4

In the context of neoliberalism, which of the following was a social change that impacted organized youth sports?

The visibility of high-performance and professional sports increased awareness of organized competitive sports as a valued part of culture.

Neoliberalism led to or intensified many social changes that impacted youth sports. Identify these changes. (Check all that apply.)

There was a change in what it meant to be a "good parent." The number of families with both parents working outside the home increased dramatically.

How did the women's movement, fitness movement, and government legislation in the 1970s impact organized sports in the United States?

These changes stimulated the growth of sports programs for girls.

The Long-Term Athlete Development (LTAD) model is a four-stage model for training athletes. Identify the four stages. (Check all that apply.)

FUNdamentals Training to Train Training to Win Training to Compete

True or false: Research shows that the enjoyment of young people who participate in competitive youth sports increases as parents spend more money on their participation.

False

Which of the following are characteristics of alternative sports? (Check all that apply.)

They are generally democratic in that participants negotiate the norms that coordinate their activities. Participation is voluntary and does not occur on a fixed schedule.

When people and organizations go into low-income areas in wealthy countries and create youth sport programs, the programs often focus on _____.

increasing self-esteem among young people so they can escape the conditions that led others to label them as "at-risk"

The idea that sports can be used as a tool to change the world is based on the great sport myth and the neoliberal belief that _____.

individuals and their families are responsible for shaping their own lives

Unlike the United States, youth sports in other wealthy nations were organized to _____.

reflect research-based guidelines that gave priority to the needs of children

The pay-to-play approach that is built into the skills and excellence model in the United States _____.

reproduces the patterns of income and wealth inequality in the society as a whole

Many people in wealthy nations other than the United States thought that youth sports _____.

should be regulated by national sports ministries and government agencies concerned with child welfare

The Physical Literacy and Lifelong Participation model is endorsed by people who think that youth sports _____.

should provide children with opportunities to play so that they develop the ability, confidence, and desire to stay active throughout their lives

According to Bogage (2019), the children who participate in skills and excellence programs quickly realize that they are part of a(n) _____, which means that children who do not make the cut are removed from the programs.

"up or out" system

Tom Farrey and his staff identified major stakeholders that would benefit from youth sports organized to produce physical literacy and lifelong participation. Identify these stakeholders. (Check all that apply.)

Community recreation groups Parents Public health Education

Match the major stakeholders identified by Tom Farrey and his team (in the left column) with the benefits that each would experience if Project Play's Sport for all/Play for Life approach was embraced and implemented in communities (in the right column). Instructions

Community recreation groups> Participation creates sustainability.. National sport organizations> Kids are the future. Policymakers and civic leaders>, Sports create thriving communities and engaged citizens .Parents> Active kids do better in school and at home. Public health> Sport and physical activity are preventive medicine. Business and industry>It is always good business to invest in kids.

On what factors do youth sports organized to produce growth and development generally focus? (Check all that apply.)

Creating physical and social skills that are useful in achieving personal success Building the knowledge needed to make good choices Reforming habits that put young people "at-risk

Overall, the majority of youth sport coaches in the United States have no coaching education and use their own sports experiences as their guide. According to Epstein (2019), this means that most practices are _____.

highly structured with little time for free play

Match the effects produced by various youth sports programs (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column). Instructions

Fertilizer effect-If sport participation is tilled into the lives of young people, it will increase self-confidence, create personal responsibility, and lead to constructive choice-making. Car wash effect-Sport participation removes negative attitudes and deviant tendencies so that young people stay out of trouble and become accountable for their choices and actions. Guardian angel effect-Sport participation provides adult role models and mentors that put young people on a path to education, personal achievement, and occupational success.

_____ are an action-centered form of play that occurs when children agree to the rules they will follow as they play together.

Informal games

Identify a true statement about the Long-Term Athlete Development (LTAD) model.

It emphasized play and the acquisition of physical literacy.

Identify a true statement about Coaches Across Continents (CAC).

It emphasizes a continuous and sustainable process of social impact controlled by local people.

Identify the statements that support the notion that Project Play went beyond the Long-Term Athlete Development (LTAD) model and the American Development Model (ADM). (Check all that apply.)

It gave explicit priority to the goal of lifelong participation over the goal of producing elite athletes. It directly addressed the need to provide participation opportunities to all children, regardless of ability and where they lived.

Identify true statements about youth sport programs in low-income areas of wealthy countries. (Check all that apply.)

Most of these programs provide safe, adult-supervised opportunities to play sports after school, on weekends, and during school breaks. These programs are based on the assumption that participation in organized sports contributes to personal growth and development.

Which of the following terms refers to an ideology that emphasizes free markets and economic deregulation, privatization and the reduction of government power, the pursuit of self-interest, and competition to boost efficiency and stimulate progress?

Neoliberalism

Identify a true statement about the events in the United States during the childhood years of the first wave of baby boomers in 1950s and 1960s.

Organized youth sports grew dramatically.

Which of the following statements are true of the current trends in youth sports that are organized around a privatized and commercially driven skills and excellence model in the United States? (Check all that apply.)

Overtraining, burnout, and injury rates have increased. Many programs face a growing shortage of referees as coaches and parents have become more vocal and critical of their calls.

According to Coakley (2019), the growing promotion and acceptance of the skills and excellence model were associated with many social and cultural changes. Identify these changes. (Check all that apply.)

Parents felt obliged to be sideline coaches, agents, advocates, and advisors for their children. The patterns and priorities in children's play shifted so that free play and informal child-controlled games faded.

Identify the dual notion on which the Project Play report, Sport for all, play for life: A playbook to get every kid in the game was based. (Check all that apply.)

Play and physical literacy were prerequisites for the successful recruitment and retention of young people in youth sports. Lifelong participation in sports and physical activities was crucial for improving health and well-being in the United States.

Match various youth sports programs (in the left column) with the effect they have on young people (in the right column). Instructions

Programs that focus on building knowledge-They have a fertilizer effect on young people. Programs that focus on reforming the habits of at-risk youth-They have a car wash effect on young people. Programs that focus on physical and social skills-They have a guardian angel effect on young people.

The evaluation research commissioned by Coaches Across Continents (CAC) has documented that Purposeful Play is effective because _____.

it is fun and engaging for both children and facilitators

The majority of youth sport coaches in the United States have no coaching education and use their own sports experiences as their guide. Identify the outcomes of this approach. (Check all that apply.)

The experiences of children in youth sports vary greatly from one team and program to the next. There are no general principles serving as a framework for the provision of positive experiences.

Beginning in the 1980s, an increasing amount of children's after-school time and physical activity occurred in adult-controlled organized programs. This growth was partly related to changing ideas about family life and childhood that were influenced by _____.

neoliberalism

Which of the following occur when children are put into organized sports before they learn how to cooperate through informal, player-controlled games? (Check all that apply.)

Youth sports come to depend on external rule enforcement by referees and umpires. Children do not understand why rules exist or why they should follow them during games.

The guiding theory of Coaches Across Continents (CAC) is that meaningful and sustainable change occurs through _____.

a bottom-up, inside-out, community-building process

According to Johnson (2019), as youth sports became increasingly structured and controlled by adults, some young people sought alternatives that _____.

allowed them to engage more freely in physical activities on their own terms

___________ __________are unstructured, participant-controlled activities that are substitutes to organized sports.

alternative sports

With the growing promotion and acceptance of the skills and excellence model, coaches focused more and more on _____.

competitive success in sport-specialized, year-round programs

Informal games help children learn that _____ is the foundation for the existence of competitive games and sports.

cooperation

The _________ ________is a perspective in which the experiences of young people are evaluated in terms of the progress made in developing on-the-field skills in a specific sport, moving up to higher levels of competition, and building a record of competitive success.

performance ethic

During the 1950s and 1960s, most sport programs were for boys eight to fourteen-years-old, and they were organized with the belief that playing sports would _____.

prepare them to be upstanding citizens and economically successful men

In the context of Coaches Across Continents (CAC),________ ________ is a theory-based self-directed learning methodology that establishes educational environments in which children have control over the games and sports that they play with each other, and are responsible for dealing with challenges, resolving conflicts, and sustaining group participation in the action.

purposeful play

The most dramatic change associated with unregulated, pay-to-play youth sports in the United States was that it _____.

reduced participation by children from families that lived paycheck to paycheck

Which of the following are guidelines around which the Project Play strategy for changing the culture of youth sports and linking them to lifelong involvement in physical activities is organized? (Check all that apply.)

Ask kids what they want Encourage sport sampling

Identify an accurate statement about the impact of the women's movement, the fitness movement, and government legislation prohibiting sex discrimination in education in the 1970s on the participation of girls and women in sports.

By the 1990s, most countries had organized youth sports for girls and most of them resembled the programs provided for boys.

Identify an accurate statement about alternative sports.

They involve self-selected challenges without keeping score.

The Project Play strategy for changing the culture of youth sports and linking them to lifelong involvement in physical activities is organized around a "playbook" consisting of several guidelines. Identify some of these guidelines. (Check all that apply.)

Train all coaches Design for development Revitalize in-town leagues Emphasize prevention

True or false: Youth sport programs organized around the growth and development model increased rapidly through the twenty-first century as media coverage alerted people in the Northern hemisphere to the plight of children facing the absence of opportunities to play.

True

True or false: Youth sports programs that are organized around the skills and excellence model emphasize the performance ethic.

True

One of the goals of the Physical Literacy and Lifelong Participation model is producing physical literacy, which is defined as _____.

the ability, confidence, and desire to stay active throughout life

When children do not understand rules or rule enforcement by referees, _____.

the foundation for fair play and sportspersonship is missing in organized youth sport programs

Children who fail to make the cut in skills and excellence programs often drop out of organized youth sports altogether because _____.

they consider recreational programs to be second class