KINE 3311 Test 4
In which of the following events is performance likely negatively impacted at altitude?
10-km run
Endurance exercise training programs (e.g., 3 days/week @ 60% VO2 max for 12 weeks) typically results in a ______.
15-25% improvement in VO2 max
Heat stroke has a ____ fatality rate.
20%
Four-to-ten weeks of anaerobic training (high intensity exercise lasting 10-30 seconds) can increase the peak anaerobic capacity by ______ across individuals.
3-25%
Which of the following conditions would result in the highest vapor pressure in the air?
30°C, 75% relative humidity
Following a single bout of resistance exercise training, muscle protein synthesis can remain elevated above sedentary levels for as much as ______ in both trained and untrained individuals.
35-50
Heritability (i.e., genetics) determines approximately _____% of VO2 max variability in sedentary adults.
50
High responders to endurance exercise training (i.e., individuals that achieve large increases in VO2 max) can achieve up to ______% improvement in VO2 max following a prolonged and intense training program
50
A single bout of resistance exercise training increases muscle protein synthesis by as much as ______% above resting levels
50-150
Evaporation of one liter of sweat would result in the loss of ________ kcal of heat.
580
Heat acclimatization occurs generally within
7 to 14 days.
The convective heat transfer coefficient is ____ for water than for air.
70 times greater
During exercise ____________ of energy produced is released as heat
70-80%
In endurance-trained individuals, the lactate threshold occurs at about:
70-80% VO2max
It is estimated that _______% of the differences in muscle mass between individuals can be explained by genetic variation
80
Which of the following factors DO NOT contribute to the decline in VO2 observed during 84 days of detraining?
A decrease in maximal heart rate
In theory, concurrent resistance and endurance exercise training can impair muscle protein synthesis following a bout of resistance exercise. The proposed mechanism to explain this inhibition is _____________________________________.
AMP kinase activation of TSC2
Which of the following is used to simulate spaceflight in Earth-based research studies? Bed rest in humans Hindlimb unloading in rats Parabolic flights All of the above
All of the above
Which of the following occur as a result of hyperthermia? sweating skin vasodilation increased HR All of the above A and B only
All of the above
Which of the following occur with acclimatization to the heat? -earlier onset of sweating -increased rate of sweating-increased plasma volume -All of the above -B and C only
All of the above
Which of the following is a NEGATIVE side effect of increased ventilation upon arrival at altitude? -Reduced PaCO2-Impaired unloading of oxygen to the tissues (leftward shift of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve) -Negative feedback which slows breathing -All of the above are negative side effects of increased ventilation upon arrival at altitude -B and C only
All of the above are negative side effects of increased ventilation upon arrival at altitude
Which of the following is true concerning the increase in mitochondrial volume in endurance-trained muscle? It improves lactate clearance It improves fat oxidation It improves carbohydrate oxidation All of the above are true
All of the above are true
Growing evidence reveals that, independent of resistance exercise, ____________ can activate mTOR and promote small increases in muscle protein synthesis
Amino acid leucine
A muscle (i.e., prime mover) that results in movement of a limb in the desired direction is labeled as ____________
An agonist
Which of the following statements about body temperature homeostasis is correct?
Body temperature is a balance between heat loss and heat gain.
Which of the following is TRUE about fiber type CSA and resistance training?
Both Type I fibers and Type II fibers hypertrophy, but Type II fibers hypertrophy to a greater extent
The addition of myonuclei to growing muscle fibers ______________.
Both appears to be essential for optimal muscle hypertrophy in response to resistance training and is likely required to maintain the high level of transcriptional capacity needed to synthesize muscle proteins and allow muscle fibers to grow during resistance training are correct
How does spaceflight affect skeletal muscle in astronauts?
Causes muscle fiber atrophy resulting in decreased numbers of slow fibers; loss of thin myofilament actin. This causes myosin cross-bridges to detach sooner resulting in a lower force outpu
Which of the following statements are true about the effect of endurance training or detraining on mitochondria volume in human skeletal muscle?
Five weeks of endurance training can increase skeletal muscle mitochondrial volume by two times about normal. Seven days of detraining can reduce mitochondrial volume by 50% below the trained level. After a period of detraining, approximately 4 weeks of retraining is required to regain the lost mitochondrial volume
A single bout of resistance exercise training results in an increase in skeletal muscle protein synthesis. This exercise-induced increase in muscle protein synthesis can occur within _____ following the exercise session.
Hours
Following an acute bout of endurance exercise training, the increase in mitochondrial biogenesis occurs within _____ following the completion of the exercise session.
Hours
PGC1-alpha function
Increase number of mitochondria
Which of the following factors do not contribute to the endurance exercise training-induced improvement in VO2 max?
Increased maximal heartrate
Which of the following is NOT an adaptation to resistance training?
Increased size of myobrils
What effect does months of endurance training have on capillary density in trained muscle?
It increases the capillary/fiber ratio
Following an acute bout of endurance exercise training, the rise in the activity of calcinuneurin, calmodulin kinase, and AMP kinases occurs within _____ following the exercise session
Minutes
The phenomenon that previous strength training accelerates the re-acquisition of both muscular strength and hypertrophy is commonly referred to as _________.
Muscle memory
____ is defined as the rate at which work is performed.
Muscular power
During the first four months of an endurance exercise training program, the initial increase in VO2 max is primarily due to
Neural adaptations
Which adaptation is thought to come first in response to resistance training?
Neural adaptations
What are the 2 types of adaptations that contribute to strength gains with resistance training (which is seen with initial gains in strength?)
Neural adaptations are responsible for the early increases in strength while an increase in muscle mass or hypertrophy are responsible for the later strength gains
Muscles receive a neural activation signal from motor neurons located in the spinal cord. This neural signal is referred to as ________.
Neural drive
Which of the following statements about resistance training is NOT true?
Resistance training DOES NOT promote hypertrophy and strength gains in people greater than 65 years ol
Which of the following variables is likely to be lower when exercising at altitude compared to at sea level?
SaO2
Aging is associated with a decline in strength, with most of the decline occurring after age 50. The loss of strength is due, in part, to a loss of muscle mass; this age-related loss of muscle mass is termed
Sarcopenia
By comparison to the rate of detraining following endurance training, the rate of detraining (i.e., loss of muscular strength) following a resistance training program is _________
Slower
An important physiological factor that may contribute to the inhibition of motor unit activation during resistance training is ____________.
The golgi tendon organ
Why do older adults have more difficulty staying warm in cold weather?
They have a lower metabolic rate
The heart rate and ventilatory responses to constant load submaximal exercise are lower (i.e., lower heart rate and lower minute ventilation) following an endurance training program. This training-induced adaptation is primarily due to changes in the
Trained skeletal muscle
Resistance training increases the specific force production of
Type I muscle fibers
Which fiber type conversion is most likely to occur with resistance training?
Type IIX -> Type IIA
Which of the following fiber type transformations is most likely with a few months of endurance (aerobic) training?
Type IIX to Type IIA
Long-duration spaceflight generally results in ______ in bone mineral density in astronauts.
a decrease
Which of the following statements are true about heat shock proteins a) All of these answers are correct. b) Repeated bouts of exercise in warm or hot environments increase their synthesis in cells. c) They stabilize and refold damaged cellular proteins. d) They assist cells in tolerating heat stress.
a) All of these answers are correct.
Development of which of the following would be most important to the performance of the cross country runner (5k distance)? muscular endurance muscular strength muscular power aerobic power
aerobic power
Physiological adjustments that help us keep warm in cold conditions include: shivering vasoconstricting our blood vessels to the skin uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following does NOT occur with spaceflight? decreased stroke volume decreased vascular function decreaseed aerobic capacity all of the above occur with spaceflight
all of the above occur with spaceflight
Resistance training results in an increase in the rate of contractile protein synthesis which is matched by _________________.
an increase in the synthesis of collagen in tendons and ligaments
The term hyperplasia refers to ________________.
an increase in the total number of muscle fibers
The primary adaptations that occur during heat acclimatization are
an increased plasma volume, earlier onset of sweating, and a higher sweat rate.
What part of the brain controls acute responses to an INCREASE in core temperature?
anterior hypothalamus
At high environmental temperatures, which of the following variables impact the amount of heat loss by evaporation? a) convective currents b) all of these answers are correct c) ambient temperature and relative humidity d) amount of exposed skin
b) all of these answers are correct
Which of the following is TRUE about blood volume during spaceflight?
blood volume is shift upward from the lower extremities
Prolonged inactivity of skeletal muscle leads to rapid muscle atrophy; this occurs due to:
both a decrease in muscle protein synthesis and increased protein breakdown in muscle fibers are correct
The increase in VO2 max that occurs following 16 months of endurance exercise training results from
both an increase in the maximal a-vO2 difference and an increase in maximal cardiac output are correct.
In response to a decrease in body temperature, humans often exhibit ____________ upon response to cold.
both peripheral vasoconstriction and shivering are correct
Cold acclimation results in which of the following physiological adaptations? a) improved ability to prevent large decreases in skin temperature during cold exposure. b) improved ability to sleep in cold environments. c) All of these answers are correct. d) increased nonshivering thermogenesis
c) All of these answers are correct.
Heat production can be increased through a) non-shivering thermogenesis. b) the action of thyroxine and catecholamines. c) All of these answers are correct. d) shivering.
c) All of these answers are correct.
Which of the following occurs as a result of upright standing in a 1G environment (before any reflex or neural adjustments)?
central blood volume decreases
The transfer of heat from the body into molecules of cooler objects in contact with its surface is called
conduction.
Which of the following represents heat exchange through the flow of water or air over a surface (such as the skin)?
convection
An increase in body core temperature results in
cutaneous vasodilation
Hypothermia is defined as a significant
decrease in body core temperature.
With a drop in core temperature, VO2max:
decreases
The hormone responsible for the increased RBC formation in response to altitude is:
erythropoietin
The primary method of heat loss during exercise is via:
evaporation
A high percentage of body fat results in an increased ability to lose body heat during exercise
false
All of the astronauts that faint during a 10-minute postflight stand test do so because they become hypotensive.
false
Altitude affects exercise performance in endurance events in men but not women.
false
During the first several hours or days at altitude, plasma volume INCREASES resulting in an INCREASE in hematocrit.
false
In general, extensor muscles atrophy to a greater extent than flexor muscles with long-duration spaceflight
false
VO2max is reduced at altitude, but the same absolute submaximal exercise intensity (e.g., cycling at 125 watts) would feel the same as it does as sea level.
false
Resistance training results in a __________________.
fast-to-slow shift in muscle fiber types
Which of the following is arranged in degree of seriousness of heat-related illness (from least severe to most severe)?
heat cramps -> heat exhaustion -> heat stroke
Which of the following is associated with cessation of sweating?
heat stroke
Humans and other animals that maintain a rather constant body temperature are called
homeotherms
Spaceflight studies in rats show an increase in ____ fiber population post-flight
hybrid
The increase in muscle size due to increase in number of muscle fibers is called:
hyperplasia
The body's thermostat is located in the
hypothalamus.
Which of the following factors DO NOT contribute to the endurance exercise training-induced increases in fat metabolism during exercise?
increased fat storage in the liver
Exercise in the heat is associated with accelerated fatigue due, in part, to
increased free radical production in the active skeletal muscles.
Which of the following endurance training adaptations does NOT result in lower lactate production in the contracting muscles?
increased glycogen utilization
Which of the following physiological factors does NOT contribute to the endurance exercise training-induced increase in the maximal a-vO2 difference?
increased hemoglobin in the blood
Which of the following endurance training adaptations assist in maintaining acid-base balance during exercise
increased mitochondrial volume in skeletal muscle
Which of the following training adaptations does occur in skeletal muscles following 4-10 weeks of anaerobic exercise training?
increased muscle buffer capacity increased activities of myokinase and creatine phosphokinase increased activities of key glycolytic enzymes
Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to the endurance exercise training-induced improvement in stroke volume during exercise?
increased peripheral resistance
The enhanced capacity of the trained muscle to use fatty acids as a fuel results in
increased uptake of fatty acids.decreased utilization of muscle glycogen.sparing of blood glucose.
Endurance training has been shown to reduce the oxygen deficit in subjects performing a bout of submaximal exercise. This is likely due to
increases in the number of mitochondria and capillaries.
The type of training that consists of repeated bouts of moderate- to high-intensity exercise interspersed with periods of rest or light activity is called:
interval training
What effect does exercise in the heat have on stroke volume?
it decreases it
The gravitational force on Mars is ____ on Earth
less than
Which of the following modalities of altitude training appears to be most effective?
live high, train low
The higher the relative humidity, the __________ vapor pressure gradient between the skin and the environment.
lower
A major regulator of protein synthesis and muscle size is ____________.
mTOR
The signalling protein that is key for protein synthesis in skeletal muscle is:
mTOR
The removal of damaged mitochondria in skeletal muscle and other cells is called
mitochondria endocytosis.
Endurance exercise training results in an increase in mitochondria volume within skeletal muscle fibers. The process of synthesizing mitochondria in cells is called ______.
mitochondrial biogenesis
Uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation results in:
more heat generation
The type of training that utilizes the stretch-shortening cycle to produce greater force is called:
plyometrics
Individuals that perform 6 months of cycle training will show the greatest improvement in VO2max when tested on the cycle ergometer. This describes the:
principle of specificity
The principal means of heat loss at rest in a cool indoor environment (20°C/low humidity) is via
radiation
Which of the following could be a mechanism of heat gain in a hot and sunny environment?
radiation
Which of the following represents transfer of heat via waves.
radiation
The theory that altitude training should improve sea-level performance is based on the increase in ___ with altitude exposure.
red blood cell volume
Which of the following factors would likely cause a person to stop exercise at a lower workload at altitude?
reduced delivery of oxygen to the tissues
The primary challenge at altitude is
reduced partial pressure of oxygen
The primary challenge at altitude is:
reduced partial pressure of oxygen
Which of the following cardiovascular problems do a majority of astronauts experience on return to Earth from spaceflight?
reduction in arterial pressure and decreased brain perfusion during orthostasis
Exercise performance in endurance events is impaired in a hot and humid environment. Which of the following physiological factors does NOT have a negative impact on exercise performance in a hot and humid environment?
respiratory dysfunction
Compared to exercise in a cool environment, prolonged exercise in the heat
results in a more rapid onset of muscular fatigue.
Which track & field events are affected positively in competition at altitude?
short distance events
Which of the following responses has been shown in ground-based spaceflight simulation studies?
smooth muscle atrophy of peripheral arteries and diminished ability to vasoconstrict
Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched? -Training adaptation: increased plasma volume -Training adaptation: improved cardiovascular function -Spaceflight adaptation: increased red blood cell mass -Spaceflight adaptation: skeletal muscle atrophy
spaceflight adaptation: increased red blood cell mass
Endurance training results in increased mitochondrial and capillary density in muscle but has no effect on muscle glycolytic capacity. This is an example of what training principle?
specificity
The fact that low-intensity, high-volume training does not improve sprint-type performance is based on the principle of:
specificity
Cross-sectional studies demonstrate that the physiological variable responsible for the large variation in VO2 max across the normal (untrained) population is maximal
stroke volume.
The primary source of heat production during exercise is
the contracting skeletal muscles
Following several weeks of endurance exercise training, the capacity to transport glucose into skeletal muscle fibers is increased. Which of the following training-induced changes contribute to this training effec
the increase in the number of GLUT4 glucose transporters
Neural drive is defined as
the magnitude of the efferent neural output from the central nervous system to the motor units and the muscle fibers that they activate
The principle of specificity of training refers to the fact that exercise training is specific to
the muscles involved in the activity.the fiber types recruited.the principal energy system (i.e., aerobic vs. anaerobic) involved in the activity.
The term cross-education refers to ___________________.
the observation that if one limb engages in resistance training, muscular strength increases in the untrained (contralateral) limb
In which of the following bones would you expect to see the greatest decrease in bone mineral density as a result of long-duration spaceflight?
tibia
Cold acclimatization results in an improved ability to sleep in a cold environment
true
Dehydration that results in a loss of 1-2% of body weight is sufficient to impair exercise performance.
true
During exercise in a hot and humid environment, heat loss via evaporation is decreased compared to exercise in a cool and low humidity environment.
true
During exercise, body temperature is regulated by making adjustments in the amount of heat that is lost.
true
In general, during exercise in a thermoneutral environment, the increase in core temperature is directly related to the exercise intensity
true
In theory, altitude training should improve sea level performance
true
One of the potential problems with traditional altitude training studies is that it is hard to separate the true effects of altitude from the "training camp" effect.
true
Pre-cooling the body before performing prolonged exercise in a hot and humid environment has been shown to significantly improve performance.
true
TRUE OR FALSEIndividuals with a high percentage of body fat have an advantage over lean individuals in tolerance to cold
true
The evaporation of 1,000 ml of sweat results in the loss of 1,000 kcal of heat.
true
The reason that traditional altitude training doesn't appear to work may be related to the reduced exercise capacity at altitude, resulting in a detraining effect that negates the increase in red blood cell volum
true
The reason that traditional altitude training doesn't appear to work may be related to the reduced exercise capacity at altitude, resulting in a detraining effect that negates the increase in red blood cell volume.
true
Training in a cool environment while wearing warm clothing (e.g., sweats) promotes heat acclimatization.
true
When ambient temperature is similar to or higher than skin temperature, there is minimal (or no) loss of heat via dry pathways
true
When ambient temperature is similar to or higher than skin temperature, there is minimal (or no) loss of heat via dry pathways.
true
With spaceflight, the soleus muscle atrophies to a greater extent than the gastrocnemius muscle.
true