Kines 370- Final Exam
Convert the polar coordinates of (202, 202 degrees) to rectangular coordinates.
(-187.3, -75.7)
Exercises that create excessive lordosis of the lumbarvertebrae should be avoided, including ____.
- double-leg raises -donkey kicks -back bends
The atlas ____.
-articulates with the skull at the atlantooccipital joint -has no spinous process -has transverse foramen for blood vessels to pass through
When bending forward at the hips ____.
-lumbar movement accounts for the first 50° to 60° offlexion, then anterior pelvic rotation occurs -the spinal and hip extensors contract eccentrically -the posterior fibers of the annulus fibrosus are in tension,while the anterior fibers are in compression
If rotating to the right, ____.
-multifidus on the right is active and longissimus andiliocostalis on the left are active -the right internal oblique and left external oblique areactive
Please match the plane with the axis perpendicular to it. 1. Mediolateral axis 2. anteroposterior axis 3. vertical axis
1. sagittal plane 2. frontal plane 3. transverse plane
Calculate the take off velocity for a jump based one the following hypothetical graph (jumpers weight=700 N).
1.40 m/s
Calculate the impulse of a force that increases at a constant rate from 0.0 to 3.0 N over 3.0 seconds and then decreases at a different constant rate from 3.0 to 0.0 N in 4.0 seconds.
10.5 Ns
A bobsled accelerates from rest at a constant rate of 3 m/s2 . How fast is it going after 3.5 seconds?
10.5 m/s
A gymnast wants to complete three revolutions when she is airborne for 1.77 seconds. How quickly must she rotateon average?a. 1.69 rad/sb. 10.65 rad/sc. 33.4 rad/sd. 18.8 rad/s
10.65 rad/s
The axon of motorneurons is fairly large, making it capable of transmitting impulses up to ____ m/s
100
The arm can rotate througha. 60° to 90°b. 90° to 110°c. 120° to 180°d. 250° to 280°
120-180
The football is kicked off with initial vertical velocity of 30m/s and initial horizontal velocity of 20m/s. How far the football can travel before landing on the ground? (up is defined as positive direction; gravitational acceleration is -9.81m/s2)
122.3m
Questions 1-4: A hockey stick 1.1 m long completes a swing in 0.15 seconds through a range of 85°. Assume a uniform angular velocity. What is the tangential acceleration of the end of the stick?a. 145 m/s2b. 132 m/s2c. 36.3 m/s2d. 72.6 m/s2
145 m/s2
Consider the following diagram of the biceps brachii acting on the radius in two joint positions. The angle of pull of the biceps brachii force changes from 15° to 30°. If the muscle force is 1,600 N and the attachment site of the muscle is 0.042 m from the joint axis, what is the change in joint torque applied by the biceps brachii from 15° to 30°?
16.2 N-m
The final angular velocity of a golf swing was 400°/s with a constant angular acceleration of 501°/s2. How far did the club rotate?a. 101°b. 319° c. 160° d. 200°
160°
If the net moment at a joint is 37.6 N-m and the angular velocity at the same instant in time is 4.40 rad/s, what is the angular power at that joint?
165 W
Fmuscle=100N, moment arm =0.2m. Please calculate the muscular torque.
20N.m
A bike wheel makes 1.5 revolutions with an average angu- lar velocity of 18 rad/s. You place your hand on the wheel to slow it down at a rate of 500°/s2. How much angular dis- tance is traveled before the wheel comes to a stop?a. 1064°b. 2152°c. 9.43 radd. 28.0 rad
28.0 rad
The ratio of glenohumeral movement to scapular movementthrough 180° of abduction or flexion is ____.a. 2:1b. 5:4c. 1:3d. 2:5
2:1
How many group assignments in total?
3
The center of mass of the following three-point system with masses of 6, 5, and 4 kg at the coordinates (6,0), (5,5), and (−4, −3), respectively, is ____.
3.0, 0.87
An individual runs 20 km in 89 minutes. What was the average speed in meters per second?
3.75
A 264lb football player tackles you at a constant velocity of 2.5m/s. What is his momentum?
300 kg.m/s
The cause of scoliosis is ____.
unknown
This characteristic of bone suggests that the stiffness depends on the rate of loading.
viscoelastic
During a volleyball serve, the ball leaves the hand with an initial velocity of 10 m/s angled 41 degrees from the horizontal. What are the horizontal and vertical velocities of the ball?
vx = 7.5 m/s; vy = 6.6 m/s
The biceps brachii can develop the most force ____.a. when the forearm is pronatedb. when the forearm is supinatedc. when the forearm is in the neutral positiond. when the shoulder is flexed
when the forearm is supinated
Which is not a class of bones?
wide
A quick stretch to to the muscle results in ____
The stretch reflex, Relaxation of the antagonists, and contraction of the agonists.
You slide down the same hill on a sled when (a) there is snow at the bottom and (b) there is just grass at the bottom when the hill levels off. Assuming you reached the bottom of the hill with the same velocity, why do you not travel as far before you come to a stop when on the grass?
The work done by the friction to slow you down happens faster on thegrass
The lever system of biceps curl belongs to ____________ class of lever.
Third
(T/F) An object's mass is a good estimate of its inertia
True
EMG activity is loosely related to muscle tension.
True
You will get points to participate some in-class activities.
True
Type I primary afferents of the muscle spindle transmit a signal related to ___
Velocity
Cartilage exhibits _______ characteristics.
anisotrophic
A force of 393 N is exerted 20 cm from the axis of rotation. What is the resulting moment of force?
b. 78.6 N-m
The right foot is _____ to the left foot.a. proximal b. contralateralc. inferiord. ipsilateral
b. contralateral
The most mobile type of joint is the _____ joint.
ball-and-scocket
In which foot type is there greater internal rotation of the foot relative to the tibia?
flat foot
Which motion is not resisted by the multiple ligaments crossing the hip joints?
flexion
The sacral movements are _______________.
flexion, extension, and rotation
Which is not an injury to the hand?a. Bennett fractureb. Boutonniere deformityc. Mallet fingerd. Olecranon bursitis
olecranon bursitis
These bone cells are responsible for sensing mechanical stress.
osteocytes
Which structure is not on the scapula?a. Inferior angleb. Coracoid processc. Glenoid fossad. Acromione. Radial notch
radial notch
Ulnar flexion takes place at the ____ joint.a. radioulnarb. ulnohumeralc. midcarpald. radiocarpal
radoiocarpal
A diathrodial joint is also known as a ______ joint.
synovial
The knee can flex through greater range of motion when the ______________.
thigh is flexed
At takeoff, the horizontal and vertical velocities of a high jumper are 2.0 m/s and 3.9 m/s, respectively. What are the resultant velocity and angle of takeoff.
v = 4.4 m/s; θ = 62.9 degrees
The process of bone resorption by osteoclasts takes approximately 3 ______.
weeks
An ice skater rotating around a vertical axis decreases in angular velocity from 450°/s to 378°/s in 9.6 seconds. Find the angular acceleration.a. −7.5 rad/s2b. −0.13 rad/s2c. 7.5°/s2d. −72°/s2
−0.13 rad/s2
During an elbow flexion exercise, the relative angle at the elbow is 103° at 0.67 seconds and 89° at 0.75 seconds. What is the average angular velocity of the elbow?a. −5.0°/sb. 5.0°/sc. −175°/s d. 175°/s
−175°/s
Convert the rectangular coordinates of (111,222) to polar coordinates.
(248.2, 63.4 degrees)
During the latter portion of the swing phase of a walking stride, the knee is extended from 65° to 5° over a time period of 0.12 s. What is the angular velocity
-500
At rest, the electrical potential on the inside of the nerve has a valve of ___
-70mV
During an activity, if the initial angle (θi) of a segment was 180°, and the final angle (θf) was 100°, what was the angular displacement?
-80
Which of the following may lead to injury of the Achilles tendon?
-Repetitive vigorous contraction of calf muscles -Abrupt forward propulsion after backward movement
Standing strain in the workplace can be reduced by ____.
-avoiding prolonged static postures - standing on cushioned floor mats
which is(are) required by KINES 370?
-calculator Biomechanical Basis of Human Movement -(4th Ed.)
A fully flexed spine should be avoided because it ____.
-transfers load from the muscles to the passive tissues - decreases the tolerance to compressive loads -reduces the moment arms for the extensor muscles
Calculate the rotational energy of a segment, given mass of the segment is 2.2 kg, moment of inertia is 0.57 kg-m^2, and angular velocity is 25 rad/s.
. 178 J
A swimmer completes 10 laps in a 50m swimming pool, finishing where she started. What were the linear distance and the linear displacement?
. Distance = 500 m; Displacement = 0 m
. During walking and running ____.
. maximum lateral flexion is held longer when running
What's your take-home message by reading the article "Smart wearable and injuries prevention in runners" in Module 3?
...
If a skater is rotating during a spin at a constant angular velocity of 3.6 rad/s for 3.9 seconds, what is his angular acceleration?a. 14 rad/s2b. 0.92 rad/s2c. 0 rad/s2d. 1.1 rad/s2
0 rad/s2
Calculate the height of the center of mass above its starting height during a squat jump based on the following information: BW= 777 N, total vertical force=899 N, and time of force application= 0.93 seconds.
0.10 m
If the leg is at an angle of 35° below the horizontal, calculate the moment arm of the torque caused by the weight of the leg, given that the distance to the center of mass of the leg 0.17 m from the knee joint.
0.14 m
An object has a moment of inertia of 184 kg-m2. A torque of 84 N-m is applied to the object. What is the angular acceleration?
0.46 rad/s^2
An object has a moment of inertia of 150 kg.m2. A torque of 72 N.m is applied to the object. What is the angular acceleration?
0.48 rad/s2
Calculate the moment of inertia of a baseball bat about its proximal end if its mass is 2.1 kg and has a radius of gyration of 0.58 and a length of 0.869 m.
0.533 kg-m^2
Calculate the moment of inertia of a baseball bat about its proximal end if its mass is 2.1 kg and the center of mass is 0.504m away from the proximal end.
0.533 kg.m2
If a mass of 20.29 kg acts downward 0.29 m from the axis of rotation on one end of a board and another force of 85 N also acts downward, what is the moment arm of the second force to balance this system?
0.68 m
A female softball pitcher releases the ball with an angular velocity of 35.28 rad/s. It travels 12.5 m toward the batter in 0.372 seconds. What is the distance from her shoulder to the ball?a. 1.05 mb. 0.95 mc. 0.92 md. 1.02 m
0.95 m
The work calculated at time 1 and time 2 was 925 and 998 Nm, respectively. Calculate the power if the time interval was 0.049 seconds.
1,489 W
How much power is generated in the horizontal direction by a force of 950 N applied to an object at an angle of 40 degrees causing the object to move horizontally 4 m in 1.6 seconds?
1,819 W
A child's vertical takeoff velocity when jumping on a trampoline is 5.3 m/s. Assuming takeoff and landing heights are the same, how long is the child airborne?
1.08 seconds
Questions 1-4: A hockey stick 1.1 m long completes a swing in 0.15 seconds through a range of 85°. Assume a uniform angular velocity. What is the linear distance moved by the end of the stick? a. 94 mb. 77 m c. 1.6 m d. 1.3 m
1.6 m
A hockey stich 1.1 m long completes a swing in 0.15 seconds through a range of 85 degree. Assume a uniform angular velocity (angular acceleration is 0m/s2). What is the linear distance moved by the end of the stick?
1.6m
A vaulter is trying to reach a velocity of 7 m/s at the end of a 14 m runway. How quickly must he accelerate?
1.75 m/s2
Please order the subphases in stance phase during a gait cycle
1.Heel strike phase 2.Early flat foot phase 3.Late flat foot phase 4. Heel rise
A cyclist averages 99 rpm during a race. What was his angular velocity in radians per second?a. 5.18b. 622c. 99d. 10.36
10.36
A diver accelerates through a somersault at 802°/s. What is the angular displacement over 0.16 seconds?a. 20.5°b. 64.2°c. 128° d. 10.3°
10.3°
Usain Bolt finished 100 meter sprinting in 9.57s. What is the average speed of Usain Bolt in 100 meter sprinting?
10.44m/s
Questions 1-4: A hockey stick 1.1 m long completes a swing in 0.15 seconds through a range of 85°. Assume a uniform angular velocity. What is the tangential velocity of the end of the stick?a. 624 m/sb. 10.9 m/sc. 12.0 m/sd. 14.1 m/s
10.9 m/s
What is the torque generated at the elbow by a 206-N force pulling on the forearm at an angle of 110° from the horizon at a point 16.5 cm from the elbow's axis of rota- tion? The forearm is positioned horizontal to the ground.
11.6 N-m
The horizontal and vertical components of a force are 108 and 22 N, respectively. What is the magnitude of the resultant vector?
110N
The range of motion of the whole trunk segment isapproximately ____.
110° of flexion, 75° of lateral flexion, and 90° of rotation
2 rad is equal to ______ degree.
114.6
A pitcher releases the ball with an angular velocity of 900°/s. If the distance between hand and shoulder joint is 0.9m, what is the linear velocity of the ball at release
14.1 m/s
Please use first central different method to calculate the angular velocity at frame 4. Frame Time 0.08 Angular position is 1.1 The anular velocity at frame 4 is __________ rad/s
15
If an individual's leg exerts a force of 9 N as it moves 0.4 m within 0.2 seconds, what is the power generated by the leg?
18W
Baseball throwing: If the angular velocity of hand is 1000º/s and the length from axis of rotation to hand is 1.1 meters, what is the release velocity? (keep two decimals)
19.19
Ellipsoidal joints have ______ degrees of freedom.
2
Consider the following free body diagram. Using static analysis, solve for the moment at the elbow if d1 is 0.039 m, d2 is 0.142 m, and d3 is 0.450 m. What is the net muscle force?
2,393 N
An individual is running around a turn with a 17 m radius at 6.64 m/s. What is the runner's centripetal acceleration?a. 2.59 m/s2b. 2.56 m/s2c. 0.39 m/s2d. 114 m/s2
2.59 m/s2
In the 6 minute walk test, participant finished 7 lap plus 40 meters. What is the displacement of this participant?
20m
Low back pain is most common in the age range of ____.
25 to 60 years
During the support phase of walking, the absolute angle of the thigh has the following angular velocities:Frame38394041Time (s)0.61670.63330.65000.6667Angular Velocity (rad/s)1.0331.5111.8822.190Calculate the angular acceleration at frame 39.a. 25.49 rad/s2b. 18.44 rad/s2c. 22.22 rad/s2d. 20.33 rad/s2
25.49 rad/s2
A 55-kg gymnast applies a vertical ground reaction force of 1,100 N at 0.17 m behind the center of mass during a forward somersault. Assume she is facing the right. What is the torque generated about the center of mass?
279 N-m
A 14,000kg truck is traveling at 20 m/s. What would be the velocity of a 10,000kg truck with the same momentum?
28 m/s
A hammer thrower releases the hammer after reaching an angular velocity of 16.2 rad/s. If the hammer is 180 cm from the axis of rotation, what is the linear velocity of the hammer at release?a. 29.2 m/sb. 11.1 cm/sc. 2916 m/sd. 9.00 m/s
29.2 m/s
When throwing the football, the player's arm, forearm, hand and the football are rotating around his shoulder joint. The location of each segment can be simply represented by the location its center of mass (COM). Please calculate the angular inertia he has to overcome to swing his upper extremity (including arm, forearm, hand) and football during throwing.
3.46 kgm/s2
During the swing of a bat through an arc of 2 rad (114.6°), what would be the linear distance that the tip of the bat would have traveled if the radius of rotation was 1.5 m?
3m
A running back is tackled with a force of 4,100 N by a linebacker weighing 1,000 N. What is the acceleration of the linebacker?
40.2 m/s2
The bone in the distal part of the femur is replaced every ______.
5 to 6 months
Consider the following free body diagram. Using static analysis, solve for Achilles tendon force that will place this system in equilibrium if d1 is 0.043 m, d2 is 0.041 m, and d3 is 0.126 m.
5,557 N
A triple jumper needs a velocity of 9.2 m/s to make a good jump. If he is accelerating at 1.65 m/s2 , how much time does he need to reach the velocity?
5.58 seconds
A consultant force of 160 N acts on an object in the horizontal direction. The force moves the object forward 75 m in 2.3 seconds. What is the object's mass?
5.64 kg
Cartilage reduces contact forces by _______.
50
If the static coefficient of friction of a basketball shoe on a particular playing surface is 0.58 and the normal force is 911 N, what horizontal force is necessary to cause the shoe 911 N,what horizontal force is necessary to cause the shoe to slide?
528 N
A force of 213 N is exerted 0.25 m from the axis of rotation. What is the torque?
53.25 Nm
A 1,300kg car starts to roll down a road with a 30% incline. People rush to stop it. Howmuch force must they apply to stop it?
6,377 N
A torque of 73 N-m results in an object rotating 52.72° in 0.86 seconds. How much angular work was done?
67.2 J
If you want to increase the running velocity after ___ m/s, your trainning should focus on the increase of stride frenquency
7
There are ____ carpal bones.a. 4b. 6c. 8d. 10
8
What is the pressure on the bottom of the foot for an 85kg person on the balls of one 2foot making contact over an area of approximately 100 cm?
8.34 N/cm2
A 4.12 N ball needs to be accelerating in the vertical direction at 20 m/s^2 to reach its target height. How much force must be exerted in the vertical direction to accomplish this?
8.4N
A top is spinning at 5.6 rev/s and starts decelerating at 0.66 rev/s2. How long will it take the object to stop?a. 0.12 secondsb. 3.7 secondsc. 6.6 secondsd. 8.5 seconds
8.5 seconds
A discus thrower rotates through the last 50° of a turn in 0.12 seconds. The distance from his shoulder to his hand is 1.00 m and the distance from the axis of rotation to the center of the discus is 1.17 m. Calculate the average linear velocity of the discus.a. 488 m/sb. 416 m/sc. 7.27 m/sd. 8.51 m/s
8.51 m/s
A 150 kg football player is running toward another player at 11.1 m/s. How much force needs to be applied over 2.0 seconds to bring him to a stop?
833N
A 100N force is applied to a box at an angle of 60 degree to the horizontal via a rope. How much force "lifts" the box and how much "pulls" it along the surface?
86.6 N; 50N
A 100 N force is applied to a bo at an angle of 60 degrees to the horizontal via rope.How much force "lifts" the box and how much "pulls" it along the surface?
86.6N,50N
Consider the following free body diagram. Using static analysis, solve for the muscle torque that will place this system in equilibrium, given mass of the leg and foot is 5.4 kg; distance from the knee joint to the center of mass of the leg-foot system 0.232 m; weight of the barbell 150 N; and distance from the knee joint to the center of mass of the barbell 0.514 m.
89.4 N-m
During a knee extension exercise, if angular velocity was 5°/s, how long would it take to complete 40° of angular displacement?
8s
The kicking phase of a football punt takes place over 0.25 seconds and includes hip flexion (89°) and knee extension (100°). If the thigh is 0.70 m long and the leg 0.68 m long, what is the tangential velocity of the foot resulting from these movements?a. 4.7 m/sb. 9.1 m/sc. 4.3 m/sd. 18.2 m/s
9.1 m/s
The stretch shortening cycle consists of ____ in the same muscle
A concentric contraction followed by an eccentric contraction.
The all-or-none principle refers to ____
A motor Unit
A single neuron and all the muscle cells it innervates is ____
A motor unit
Calculate the relative angle at the knee and the absolute angles of the thigh given the following positions in m: hip (2.000, 1.905), knee (2.122, 1.642), and ankle (1.897, 1.210).a. Abs = −65.1°; rel = −52.4°b. Abs = 114.9°; rel = −127.6°c. Abs = 114.9°; rel = 52.4°d. Abs = 24.9°; rel = 37.6°
Abs = 114.9°; rel = 52.4°
Which joint does the coracoacromial ligament cross?a. Glenohumeralb. Sternoclavicularc. Acromioclaviculard. None
Acromioclavicular
Two marbles have the same size and mass. Marble A is dropped from a height of 9.81 m and Marble B is given initial horizontal velocity of 9.81 m/s and vertical velocity of 0 m/s. Which marble will contact the ground first?
Both marbles will contact at the same time
The ability to shorten when stimulated is called _____
Contractility
As a person sits from a standing position, what is the predominant contraction type in the lower extremity?
Eccentric
Maximal force is generated in the muscle fibers during ____
Eccentric Contractions
During which of the following maximal contractions is the muscle tension greatest?
Eccentric contraction with the length greater than Lo.
The order of maximum potential force output by contraction type is ____
Eccentric, Isometric, Concentric
The connective tissue component of a skeletal muscle that surrounds fibers is called the _____
Endomysium
For every torque that is exerted by one body on another there is a/an _________ torque exerted by the second body on the first.
Equal and opposite
In a question 4, if the 380 N force is the anterior force applied by a foot on the ground when walking, what will the person do?
Fall, because the frictional force is less than the applied force.
(T/F) A force couple produces only rotation without translation because the two torques act in the same direction
False
(T/F) A pole vaulter in flight has only kinetic energy
False
(T/F) A shuffleboard puck slows down as it slides on the floor. Its change in energy is equivalent to the change in power
False
(T/F) Backspin imparted on a golf ball is an example of the Magnus effect, in which low pressure on the bottom and high pressure on the top result in the ball lifting upward
False
(T/F) By convention, clockwise torques are considered to be postive
False
(T/F) During walking, the magnitude of GRF from highest to lowest is vertical, mediolateral, and anteroposterior
False
(T/F) Frictional force depends on the contact area, and the coefficient of friction between the two objects of interst
False
(T/F) Increasing an object's stability can be done by raising the height of the center of mass or increasing its mass
False
(T/F) Moment of inertia about an axis always passes through the center of mass of a segment
False
(T/F) Potential energy is proportional to an object's mass and inversely proportional to its height from the ground
False
(T/F) Resistance of a thigh to rotate about its longitudinal axis is greater than its resistance to rotate about a mediolateral axis
False
(T/F) Second-class levers require large effort forces relative to resistance forces and maximize the speed of movement
False
(T/F) The direction of the torque vector changes the force vector rotates around the axis of rotation
False
(T/F) The final acceleration in the golf club during the downswing is attributed to the moment of inertia decreasing as the club center of mass gets closer to the axis of rotation
False
(T/F) The moment arm for muscle force remains constant throughout the entire range of motion
False
(T/F) The moment arm is always measured from the point of application of the force to the axis of rotation
False
(T/F) The normal force is always directed vertically
False
(T/F) The only force creating a moment about the shoulder when an arm is held out to the side is the weight of the entire arm
False
(T/F) To work your deltoids more during a lateral arm raise, bend you elbows slightly, bringing the weight closer to your trunk
False
(T/F) When a force vector is resolved into its orthogonal components, the magnitude of the resultant vecotor is alwasy larger than any of the components
False
A 2D reference frame has two axes and two planes
False
A fatigue fracture is also known as a traumatic fracture.
False
A golf swing is best modeled as a single pendulum, with the arm, wrist, and club all rotating about the shoulder
False
A hamstring-to-quadriceps strength ratio less than 0.75 may indicate a strength imbalance.
False
A lever amplifies the force of movement.
False
A meniscus is found in both the knee and ankle joints
False
A muscle can have more muscle fibers than motor units.
False
A nerve action potential becomes a muscle action potential at the node of Ranvier.
False
A radius and a radian are the same thing
False
A radius and a radian are the same thing.
False
A stride is defined as the time between right and left heel contacts.
False
All muscles attach to the bone through a tendon
False
All of the fibers within a muscle have the same fiber type.
False
All of the motor units in a muscle are activated at the same time.
False
Angular momentum increases if moment of inertia increases and decreases when angular velocity decreases.
False
Assuming your mass is constant when you sleep, you can decrease pressure by lying on your back versus your side.
False
Bone is strongest when it is in tension.
False
Bone remodeling only takes place after age 40.
False
Bones use inactivity as a stimulus for bone growth.
False
Calcium ions are stored within the synaptic terminal
False
Cancellous bone constitutes about 80% of the skeleton.
False
Cancellous bone is also known as compact bone.
False
Choking up on a golf club increases the tangential and angular velocities of the club head.
False
Cortical bone is more porous than cancellous bone.
False
Displacement and distance are scalar quantities
False
During a contraction of increasing strength, recruitment will take place before rate coding.
False
During a long, jump only translational motion occurs
False
During cycling, the quadriceps are activated eccentrically and concentrically while the hamstrings are silent
False
During running, hip flexion, knee extension, and ankle dorisflexion occur during initial ground contact
False
During walking, ankle joint is doing dorisflexion during heel strike phase.
False
EMG measures the electrical activity in the heart.
False
Eccentric muscle actions are used to raise a load from the floor
False
External tibial rotation accompanies flexion at the knee joint.
False
Faster concentric actions can produce more force than slower ones.
False
Flat bones make the best levers for muscles.
False
For cyclical movements, time is plotted on the x-axis and a segment angle is plotted on the y-axis
False
Forefoot strike running will result in two peaks in ground reaction force
False
GPS watch records acceleration/time data, but Fitbit with accelerometer records position/time data.
False
Hematopoiesis takes place within the cortical bone.
False
Hip hyperextension is always greater in running than walking because velocity is greater.
False
How far a projectile travels is only determined by the initial horizontal velocity.
False
If you forget to submit your assignment before the deadline, you will get credits from the late work with a penalty in KINES 370.
False
In the first half of stance, the rearfoot goes from everted ti inverted in most runners
False
Increasing an object's stability can be done by raising the height of the center of mass or increasing its mass
False
Knee flexion, as during sitting, tightens the ACL.
False
Maximum muscle power occurs during an isometric contraction
False
Maximum muscle tension can be generated at a muscle length slightly less than the resting length.
False
Motor units start producing force at a stimulation frequency of 60%
False
Once bone is formed the shape cannot change.
False
Osteoporosis is an inflammation of the bone tissue.
False
Padding inside of the football helmet can reduce the risk of concussion.
False
Points 1 and 40 cm from the center of a merry-go-round have the same angle and tangential velocities
False
Radians and degrees are appropriate inits to calculate the linear displacement from an angular displacement.
False
Relative joint angles are always calculated as proximal segment angle minus distal segment angle
False
Schwann cells cover the dendrites of an alpha motoneuron
False
Stength gain during the first four weeks of a strength training program is typically the result of an increased physiologic cross section.
False
Stride length and step length are synonyms
False
Strong contractions of the hip adductors are capable of causing an avulsion fracture on the greater trochanter.
False
T or F? Sagittal plane motion of the ankle is called pronation and supination.
False
Tangential and centripetal acceleration are always parallel to each other in angular motion
False
The EMG signal varies from 5 to 10 V
False
The Golgi tendon organ senses muscle tension.
False
The angle of inclination of the femur is smallest at birth and continues to increase throughout life.
False
The dark banding seen in muscle tissue is the result of actin.
False
The fiber force in a pennate muscle is in the same direction as the tendon
False
The firing frequency of a motor unit does not change during a contraction.
False
The hamstrings are best exercised in a standing position
False
The hip muscles can generate the greatest strength in flexion
False
The horizontal velocity of a shot put is slowed down by gravity 9.81 m/s every second it is in the air
False
The law of cosines allows one to calculate segment angles not at right angles to each other
False
The leg is superior compared to the head when this person is hanging upside down.
False
The maximum on a position by time graph indicates the point where velocity is also maximum
False
The most effective stretching technique uses ballistic actions.
False
The muscle moment arm does not affect the torque a muscle can produce
False
The muscle spindle detects both velocity of stretch and tension of the muscle fiber
False
The portion of a stress-strain curve up to the yield point is called the plastic region.
False
The right hand rule is used to determine if a right or left horizontal is used to measure segment angles
False
The sarcoplasm is the actual contractile unit of the muscle.
False
The segment angle between the trunk and the arm abducted out to the side is 90 degrees
False
The soleus muscle consists of primarily type II fibers.
False
The stiffness of a material can be determined by calculating the slope of the plastic portion of the stress-strain curve.
False
The vastus medialis is only active from 90 degrees of knee flexion until full extension
False
There are 10 quizzes in total, and you can select two quizzes that won't be counted into the final grade.
False
There is a double stance phase in the gait cycle of running
False
To calculate linear velocity when kicking a ball, your thigh length is the radius of the rotation about the hip.
False
Using digitization, calculating shoulder abduction and adduction during a jumping jack is a qualitative analysis
False
When a force vector is resolved into its orthogonal components, the magnitude of the resultant vector is always larger than any of the components.
False
When muscle is stretched it returns to its resting length because of its contractility prosperities.
False
You will get extra credits for KINES 370 if you have done some research-related activities within BSU.
False
____ Abduction at the shoulder joint is limited when the arm is externally rotated.
False
____ External rotation is the strongest joint action in the shoulder.
False
____ In elevation and depression the clavicle moves anteriorly and posteriorly.
False
____ The acromioclavicular joint connects the upper extremity to the trunk.
False
____ The annular ligament wraps around the radius at the distal end.
False
____ The carrying angle at the elbow is lesser in females.
False
____ The glenoid labrum is a ligament that crosses the glenohumeral joint.
False
____ The scapula is connected to the humerus at the scapulothoracic joint.
False
____ The shoulder complex is composed of three joints.
False
____ The weakness in carpal tunnel syndrome is caused by impingement of the ulnar nerve.
False
____ Typical carrying angles are 120° to 180°.
False
if the muscle torque is equal to the resistance torque (i.e., torque due to the weight being lifted) the muscle would contract concentrically.
False
T or F? Medial rotations are also known as external rotations.
False. A medial rotation is also known as an internal rotation.
T or F? When the joint angle between two segments increases, the action that occurs is flexion.
False. Flexion is when the joint angle b/w two segments decreases. When it increases, it is extension.
T or F? Plantarflexion occurs at the knee joint.
False. In plantarflexion, you increase the angle between the foot and the shank.
T or F? The transverse plane has a longitudinal axis.
False. It is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis.
T or F? Medial and lateral are the same as left and right.
False. Medial means toward the midline of the body, and lateral means away. So this is all relative.
T or F? The elbow joint has primarily 3 df.
False. Only 1 df.
T or F? The axial skeleton includes the upper and lower extremities.
False. The appendicular skeleton contains the upper and lower extremities. The axial skeleton contains the head, neck, and trunk.
T or F? All human joints have at least 3 df.
False. The elbow is uniaxial and the wrist is biaxial.
T or F? A mediolateral axis runs from front to back.
False. The mediolateral axis is the same as the sagittal plane, and it runs from left to right halves.
T or F? The anatomical position is the only position used by biomechanists.
False. There is also the fundamental position.
T or F? There is only one cardinal plane in the human body.
False. These are planes positioned at any right angles and intersect the center of mass (sagittal, frontal, transverse, etc.)
T or F? The axes of a reference frame intersect at the origin.
False. They intersect at right angles.
T or F? Functional anatomy is the science of the structure of the body.
False. This definition is for anatomy. Functional anatomy is the science of the body components necessary to perform a human movement.
Elbow joint is able to perform_____.
Flexion/Extension
Muscle torque differs from muscle force because ____
Force does not consider the duration of the contraction
Consider the following free body diagram. Using static analysis, solve for the horizontal and vertical forces of C that will maintain this system in equilibrium if A= 331 N, B=79 N, and W=50 N.
F= 59.6 N; F= 342.5 N
Both active and passive tension can be generated at muscle lengths ____
Greater than Lo
An object is spinning at a constant angular velocity of 1000°/s. If it spins for 2.0 seconds, what is the angular distance traveled?a. 2,000 radb. 34.9 radc. 500 radd. 8.73 rad
34.9 rad
Suppose an individual moves from point s1 (1, 0) to point s2 (1, 11) to point s3 (−4, 4) and ends at point s4 (2, −7). What are the horizontal, vertical, and resultant displacements?
Horizontal = 1 unit; vertical = −7 units; resultant = 7.1 units
The peak ground reaction force during the running is 4 time of the boby weight. Assuimng the contact area between feet and running shoes is about 80cm2, please calculate the pressure being applied to feet when the peak ground reaction force occured. (body mass = 70kg.)
343350 pa
A baseball leaving the bat at 46° at a height of 1.2 m from the ground clears a 3-m high wall 125 m from home plate. What is the initial velocity of the ball (ignore air resistance)?
35.3 m/s
During walking, the knee joint generates 60 N-m of exten- sor torque during the same interval of the stance phase when the knee joint moved from 8.02° of flexion to 14.9° of flexion in 0.02 seconds. Determine the power of the knee joint muscles.
360 W
Functional training ____
Incorporates balance and coordination into each exercise.
EMG can give ____
Information about muscle activation.
Fibers of the muscle spindle are called ____
Intrafusal
Which is not true of the gluteus maximus?
It contributes to hip extension strength than do the hamstrings
A 4.12 N ball needs to be accelerating in the vertical direction at 20 m/s^2 to reach its target height. How much force must be exerted in the vertical direction to accomplish this?
366N
Which is true of the patella?
It moves medially into the groove as the knee begins to flex
In regard to the plantar fascia, which is not true?
It originates at the calcaneus and inserts on the talus, cuneiforms, and navicular
Where is the center of mass of a segment in space if the proximal end is at (213, 400) and the distal end is at (378, 445) and the center of mass is 42.9% from the proximal end of the segment?
381, 142
A 608 N woman drives from a 10 m platform. What is her potential and kinetic energy 7 m into the dive?
KE=4,255J;PE=1,825J
The main factors that influence flexibility are ____
Length of the antagonistic muscles, Viscoelasticity, and Neurologic innervation of the stretched muscle.
An object is being pushed by a stick horizontally across a table at a constant velocity. Which is(are) true?
Linear acceleration equals zeroThe applied force is equal to the kinetic frictional forces
Disk protrusions are most common in which region?
Lumbar
Muscle spindles ____
Make monosynaptic connections with motoneurons and send info to the cerebral cortex.
Compared with a pennate muscle of the same volume, a fusiform muscle will have ___
More sacrcomeres in series
The GTO is sensitive to ___
Muscle Tension
What is the muscle structure from smallest to largest?
Myofilaments, myofibrils, fibers, fascicles, muscle
Strength gains during the first eight weeks of an exercise program are primarily due to ____
Neural Factors
A single motor unit may innervate ____ fibers.
None of the above
How much torque must be generated by the hip flexors to hold an 80-N ankle weight straight out at a 90° position? The ankle weight is 0.73 m from the hip joint. The thigh and leg weighs 130 N. The moment arm for the hip flexors muscle is 0.08 m.
Not enough information
In the release phase of bowling, the bowler's arm and forearm travel through 0.24 and 0.28 rad, respectively, in 0.03 seconds. The length of the arm is 0.82 m and the fore- arm 0.51 m. What percent contribution to the tangential velocity of the ball comes from the rotation of the forearm? a. 42%b. 58%c. 35%d. 65%
42 %
Electromechanical delay is ____
Onset of EMG to onset of force.
An individual lifts an 80 kg weight to a height of 2.02 m. When the weight is held overhead, what is the potential energy? What is the kinetic energy?
PE=1585Nm,KE=0Nm
The Ruffini endings respond to ___ and ____
Pain, Velocity
What is the momentum of a 70-kg runner sprinting at 6.3 m/s?
441 kg.m/s
Which form of EMG can have both positive and negative values?
Raw
Which group contains examples of flat bones?
Ribs, skull, scapula
The hip extension/flexion occur at _________ plane.
Sagttial
Which is false in reference to spinal injuries?
Scheuermann disease results from wedging of the cervicalvertebrae
Which class of lever always favors the effort force?
Second class
Muscle can produce the greatest tension when the length is____
Slightly greater than resting length
If the braking impulse in an anteriorposterior GRF by time curve for running is larger than the propulsion impulse, what is the runner doing?
Slowing down
In this role, muscle is active to secure a bone so that movement in and adjacent segment can occur.
Stabilizer
What is total energy of the segment, given that mass is 3.9 kg; vx is 1.45 m/s; vy is 2.78 m/s; moment of inertia is 0.0726 kg-m2; angular velocity is 9.0 rad/s; and the height of center of mass is 0.67 m?
47.74 J
Identify all external force(s) being applied to the person in this picture.
Support force Gravity
____ Placing the wrist in slight extension can increase finger flexion strength.
T
____ Torques in the elbow can reach 24 Nm during a push-up.
T
The series elastic component in a muscle is hypothesized to be located in the ____
Tendon and Cross-bridges
Which muscle is not a rotator cuff muscle?a. Teres minorb. Teres majorc. Supraspinatusd. Subscapularis
Teres major
You stand on a 2% incline and later on a 10% incline. In which situation is frictional force lower?
The 10% incline, because the normal force is less
When a motor unit fatigues ____
The EMG amplitude increases and force decreases.
You are holding a 24 Kg kettle bell in an isometric position with your elbow at 90 degrees. The moment arm of the dumbbell is 22cm about the elbow joint axis. What torque is created by this kettle bell about your joint axis?
51.79Nm
Which is true of a cyclist's pedals?a. The angular velocity is zero if his angular acceleration iszero.b. The angular displacement is always equal to the angulardistance traveled.c. The angular distance is always greater than or equal tothe angular displacement.d. Centripetal acceleration always points away from the axisof rotation.
The angular distance is always greater than or equal tothe angular displacement.
Questions 1-4: A hockey stick 1.1 m long completes a swing in 0.15 seconds through a range of 85°. Assume a uniform angular velocity. What is the average angular velocity of the stick?a. 12.8 rad/sb. 567°/sc. 10.9 rad/sd. 623°/s
567°/s
In one gait cycle during walking, the stance phase is about____% of the entire cycle.
60
What is the angular momentum if the force is 66 N, the lever arm is 7.7 m, and the time is 1.2 seconds?
610 kg-m^2/s
Which scenario describes an eccentric contraction?
The knee is flexing as the knee extensor muscle group is active
Which is not true during cycling?
The plantarflexors are active while the dorsiflexors remain silent
Power is ____
The product of force and velocity.
Why do the deltoids need to generate a greater torque when your arm-forearm is closer to your side versus straight out at 90°?
The torque is less because the moment arm of the center or mass of the arm-forearm is less.
Which state is true when comparing walking and running?
There is a braking phase in both.
Cancellous bone is greater than _% porous.
70
A merry-go-round has a radius of 3.0 m. Child A runs around, pushing it with a velocity of 4.0 m/s. It takes Child B 4.71 seconds to make one revolution when he pushes the merry-go-round. Which child pushes it faster?a. Child Ab. Child Bc. They are equald. Not enough information
They are equal
A force of 300 N is applied at a point 1.3 m from the axis of rotation, causing a revolving door to accelerate at 309.4 deg/s2. What is the moment of inertia of the door from its axis of rotation?
72.2 kg-m^2
Which is true of the abdominal muscles?
Transverse abdominis contracts to increase abdominalpressure and spinal stabilization
"Mechanical Advantage > 1" indicates the effort arm exceeds the resistance arm, which favors the effort force.
True
(T/F) A force has to be applied over some time interval for an impulse to be generated
True
(T/F) A positive net moment indicates that angular acceleration is occuring
True
(T/F) An MA > 1 indicates the effort arm exceeds the resistance arm, which magnifies the moment created by the effort force
True
(T/F) An object in motion will not stop unless some external force acts on it
True
(T/F) Angular momentum increases if moment of inertia increases and decreases when angular velocity decreases
True
(T/F) Assuming your mass is constant when you sleep, you can decrease pressure by lying on your back versus your side
True
(T/F) Decreasing moment of inertia by going from a laid out to tucked body position when doing a backflip allows one to rotate quicker
True
(T/F) During the stance phase of running, positive power at the hip, knee, and ankle joints indicates eccentric contractions
True
(T/F) Force is a vector
True
(T/F) Gravity and friction are examples of external vertically
True
(T/F) Hip joint power is proportional to hip joint moment and the velocity the thigh is rotating
True
(T/F) If a 100 N force is applied to lift an object with a mass of 10 kg, that object will be accelerate upward
True
(T/F) In order for a force to cause a rotation, it must not pass through the pivot point
True
(T/F) Laminar flow is most likely to occur when the object passing through the fluid is small, has a smooth surface, and is moving slowly
True
(T/F) Once a gymnast leaves the vault, angular momentum remains constant while airborne if air resistance is neglected
True
(T/F) Only the force component tangential to the rim of a wheelchair causes propulsion
True
(T/F) Person A, who has half the mass of Person B, will be able to cause the same impulse on an object as Person B if she moves with twice the velocity of Person B
True
(T/F) Rotational kinetic energy of the foot is more influenced by the foot's angular velocity than its moment of inertia
True
(T/F) The amount of energy transmitted from you to the water when swimming is proportional to the disturbance of the water
True
(T/F) The center of pressure under your left foot when standing may be in location of zero pressure
True
(T/F) The moment of inertia about an axis through the center of mass is less than the moment of inertia about any other perpendicular axis running through any other point on the segment
True
(T/F) Third-class levers, where the effort and resisting forces are on the same side of the fulcrum, are most prominent in the body
True
(T/F) Total body angular momentum can be increased during a dive by forcefully swinging the arms downward
True
(T/F) Two pushing and pulling forces acting on the same point at the same time can be added together and represented as one resultant force
True
(T/F) When you are standing still, the sum of all of the external forces acting on your body always equals zero
True
(T/F) While you can pull or push an object, your muscles can technically only pull, or create tensile forces
True
(T/F) You performed vertical jumps on a force platform two times. The time you generate greater vertical impulse was the time you jumped higher
True
A deep squat position is a vulnerable position because it results in shear force at the knee.
True
A larger Q-angle increases the valgus stress on the knee joint.
True
A motor pool is a group of neurons that innervate a single muscle.
True
A muscle with a small innervation ratio has fine control over tension in the muscle.
True
A single action potential causes a muscle twitch.
True
Acceleration is defined as the time rate of change of velocity
True
After you jump off the ground, the gravity is the only external force being applied to your body before landing. (ignore the resistance force in the air).
True
An ankle joint with an angular velocity of -2.4 rad/s is plantarflexing
True
Articular cartilage has no blood supply.
True
As long as the distance between your center of mass and the earth's center of mass is constant, so is gravity
True
Bone becomes stiffer when the rate of loading is high.
True
Bowleggedness is also termed genu varum.
True
Calcium ions must be present for cross-bridges to form.
True
Capsular ligaments are part of the joint capsule.
True
Center of pressure is the vertical projection of the center of gravity in standing
True
Centripetal acceleration is proportional to the inverse of the distance of an object from the axis of rotation
True
Change in velocity is equivalent to the area under an acceleration by time curve
True
Contact force is the force that requires contact to be enforced.
True
Cortical bone is stronger than cancellous bone.
True
Coxa vara, which is more common in athletic females than males, increases the effectiveness of hip abductors,
True
Decreasing angular inertia by going from a laid out to tucked body position when doing a backflip allows one to rotate quicker.
True
Dendrites act as receivers for information transmitted by other neurons.
True
Depolarization occurs in both the nerve and the muscle.
True
During a static analysis, the acceleration is zero.
True
During walking, ankle joint is doing plantarflexion during heel strike phase.
True
Each muscle fiber is covered by perimysium.
True
Except for the few individuals who can hyperextend their knees, the knee joint is always flexed and therefore a positive relative angle
True
First central difference method can be applied to angular kinematics studies to calculate instantaneous angular velocity from angular position/time data.
True
Forefoot valgus, or pronation, occurs when the lateral side of the forefoot lifts.
True
Hip flexors are best exercised in a supine position because of their bi-articular nature.
True
Horizontal acceleration of a golf club head is less than its maximum at the moment of impact in a golf swing
True
If the right knee rotates counterclockwise about the foot, which is on the ground, angular velocity is positive
True
In a golf swing, the club head is near its maximum horizontal velocity when contacting the ball
True
In a pure elastic material the mechanical energy is fully recovered after a deformation.
True
In an open-chain position, anterior tilt of the pelvis accompanies hip extension.
True
In general, knee flexion angle is greater at foot contact when running versus walking.
True
In single leg stance, load at the hip joint is about three times BW because of abductor muscle contraction.True
True
In the diving, angular iinertia can be increased by extending arms and legs out
True
In the up-flight phase of vertical jump, the motion is slowing down; Meantime, the direction of velocity is up but the direction of acceleration is down toward the ground.
True
It would be great if you can turn on the camera during class activities.
True
Joints have less friction than ice.
True
Lengthening of a muscle before contraction increases the force in a concentric contraction.
True
Most movement in a triple axel in ice skating occurs in the transverse plane
True
Muscle compartments are separated by fascia.
True
Muscle force is related to the physiologic cross-sectional area
True
Muscles Shorten by 50% to 70% of their resting length. T or F
True
Nerve impulse can reach velocities up to 100 m/s
True
Pennate fiber arrangements have a pennation angle
True
Radians, degrees, and revolutions are appropriate units for angular distance and displacement
True
Range of a projectile is maximized using a projection angle less than 45 degrees if landing height is lower than release height
True
Relative angles do not provide information on orientation of the body or segments in space
True
Running velocity is a product of stride length and stride rate, therefore, increasing one increases velocity
True
The elevator starts from rest and moves upward with a consistant acceleration of 3m/s. How much support force is applied to the person who is in the elevator? (body mass =60kg)
768.6 N
Sarcopenia is the loss of muscle mass seen in aging.
True
Sartorius, gracilis, semitendinosus, semimembranosus and popliteus internally rotate the tibia.
True
Shear stress is parallel to the plane of the cross section.
True
Shoulder joint allows the arm to move in sagittal, frontal and transverse planes. Therefore, shoulder joint has 3 degree of freedom.
True
T or F? A joint that has 2 df can also be called a biaxial joint.
True
T or F? A relative angle is the same as a segment angle.
True
What is the work done on the segment given the following information? The time between frames is 0.01 seconds.
77.2 J
T or F? Kinesiology is the study of human motion.
True
T or F? Lateral flexion applies only to the movement of the head or trunk.
True
T or F? Lower extremity motion in running occurs mostly in the sagittal plane.
True
T or F? Movement is a change in place, position, or posture occurring over time.
True
The absolute angle of the trunk when standing upright is 90 degrees.
True
The area under a velocity by time graph represents the displacement
True
The balance performance can be assessed by the center of pressure related measures during standing
True
The final exam will be an on-line test
True
The hip joint has good ligamentous support in all movement directions.
True
The largest tensions can be developed in a muscle through eccentric contractions.
True
The lateral ankle is more prone to sprains than the medial side.
True
The male pelvis is narrower than the female pelvis
True
The meniscus of the knee is a type of fibrocartilage.
True
The metaphysis is located between the epiphysis & the diaphysis of long bones.
True
The patellofemoral force is greater going downstairs than going upstairs.
True
The physiologic cross section of a fusiform muscle is the same as the anatomical cross section.
True
The shaft of a long bone is called the diaphysis.
True
The slope of a line tangent to a velocity by time curve indicates instantaneous acceleration
True
The stretch reflex utilizes autogenic facilitation.
True
The tarsals are short bones.
True
The x- and y-axes in a 2D rectangular reference system are always oriented horizontally and vertically, respectively
True
To calculate angular velocity when kicking a ball, your thigh length is the radius of rotation about the hip
True
Torque is not a force but the effect of a force in causing a rotation.
True
Vectors can be subtracted graphically by taking the opposite of one and placing its tail at the head of another vector
True
Velocity is a vector
True
Velocity is the term to describe the rate of change of position; accerlation is the term to describe the rate of change of velocity.
True
Weight-bearing pronation consists of dorsiflexion, abduction, and eversion.
True
When a motoneuron fires and sends a signal, all of the fibers in the motor unit will contract.
True
You are expected to finish the reading materials on Wednesday.
True
You stand on a scale to get your weight. The scale doesn't measure your body weight directly. Actually, the scale measures the force that it pushes back to balance off your body weight.
True
____ Adduction strength of the shoulder is greater than abduction strength.
True
____ Scapulohumeral rhythm refers to the movement of the shoulder complex as a whole.
True
____ The biceps brachii is most effective as a flexor when the forearm is supinated.
True
____ The brachialis muscle is the elbow flexor with the smallest moment arm at 100°.
True
____ The clavicle is frequently injured by direct trauma.
True
____ The coracohumeral ligament is taut when the arm is adducted.
True
____ The distal end of the radius is the most frequently fractured area of the body.
True
____ The glenoid fossa is the socket of a ball-and-socket joint.
True
____ The last phase of throwing is the deceleration phase.
True
____ The lateral epicondyle is a site of injury because of tension in the wrist extensors.
True
____ The scapulothoracic joint is a physiologic joint.
True
____ There are two radioulnar articulations in each forearm.
True
center of gravity can be outside of the body.
True
heel strike runner may have a high risk of tibial stress fracture.
True
moment of inertia is influenced by mass and distribution of mass
True
ngular displacement can only range from 0 to 2pie but angular velocity can range from negative to positive infinity
True
T or F? Statics is a branch of mechanics that studies systems that are not moving
True.
T or F? The axis of rotation is always perpendicular to the plane of motion.
True.
T or F? The right arm is ipsilateral to the right leg.
True. (Ipsilateral means on the same side).
T or F? Any angular motion has an axis of rotation.
True. The axis can run through a joint, through the center of gravity, or about an external axis.
The sequence of motor unit recruitment is usually ____
Type I, Type IIa, Type IIb
Figure 8-11 depicts the path of a runner. If the runner starts and ends at the end of each block, and if each block is a square with lengths of 180 m, what is the magnitude of the resultant displacement of the runner?
805 m
The initial velocity of a baseball is 35 m/s at 10°. It was released at a height of 2.0 m. How high above the ground and how far horizontally is the object when it is 1.12 seconds into the flight?
Vertical = 2.66 m; horizontal = 38.61 m
A softball player is only physically capable of swinging the bat at 600°/s. Can she increase the velocity of the ball she hits without further training or using a different bat?a. Yes, grasp the bat closer to the bottom so the radius ofrotation increases.b. Yes, grasp the bat closer to the barrel so the radius ofrotation decreases.c. No, she'll have to increase angular velocity or increasethe mass of the bat.d. Angular velocity does not affect tangential velocity ofthe ball after impact.
Yes, grasp the bat closer to the bottom so the radius ofrotation increases.
An aging spine does not result in ____.
a greater fluid region in the disk
You are trying to make an abdominal crunch more difficult. Which of the following will accomplish?
a. Hold your arms behind your head instead of across your chest.
Contracted at the same time, the erector spinae musclescreate _____, but if contracted unilaterally, they create_____.
a. extension, rotationb. extension, lateral flexion
A joint moving in the sagittal plane in which the relative angle extends past its zero position undergoes ______.a. hyperextensionb. hyperflexionc. hyperadductiond. hyperabduction
a. hyperextension
The sagittal plane bisects the body into _________.a. right and left portionsb. top and bottom portions.c. front and back portions.d. none of the above.
a. right and left portions
Radial flexion takes place on ______.a. the thumb side of the handb. the little finger side of the hand.c. the big toe side of the foot.d. the little toe side of the foot.
a. the thumb side of the hand
The greatest strength output in the shoulder is generatedin _____.a. extensionb. flexionc. abductiond. adduction
abduction
Rotator cuff problems can be exacerbated by shoulder ____.a. flexionb. extensionc. abductiond. adduction
adduction
When the spine undergoes a combined flexion and lateralbending, stress is put on the:
annulus fibrosus
Hyaline cartilage at the ends of long bones is called _________.
articular cartilage, fibrocartilage, fibrous cartilage
This structure improves the fit between articulating bones.
articular fibrocartilage
During a knee extension exercise, the knee extensor mus- cle group is applying a torque of 250 N-m in an isometric contraction against the machine pad. If the knee joint angle is being held at an angle of 38° below the horizontal and the machine pad is 0.35 m from the knee joint, how much force is being applied at the pad?
906.5 N
Which of the following is an example of quantitative analysis?a. A coach correcting a free throwb. Determination of the force acting on the femur in a long jumperc. A physical therapist watching a patient exercised. All of the above
b. Determination of the force acting on the femur in a long jumper
Which of the following are examples of a static analysis?a. A weight lifter lifting a barbell over his head.b. The movement of a spaceship coasting through space.c. Takeoff of a spaceship from earth.d. None of the above.
b. The movement of a spaceship coasting through space.
Compared to the anatomical position, the shoulder is more ______ in the fundamental position.a. flexedb. adductedc. abductedd. extended
b. adducted
In a whiplash injury, ____.
b. the neck hyperextendsc. strain develops on the anterior spine, while the posterioris compressed
The axes of a relative reference system arealigned _____.a. horizontally and verticallyb. with a segment of the bodyc. with the groundd. none of the above
b. with a segment of the body
A triaxial joint has how many degrees offreedom?
c. 3
Which of the following could be considered in a kinematic study?a. The force between a runner and the starting blocksb. The torque developed by the muscles crossing the knee joint in a runnerc. The change in position of a runner over time.d. none of the above
c. The change in position of a runner over time.
The ankle joint is ______ to the knee joint.a. proximalb. medial c. distald. anterior
c. distal
A close-packed position exists for the apophyseal jointswhen ____.
c. the atlas and axis are in flexion
Which of the following does not limit plantarflexion range of motion?
calcaneus
A standing person has ______ forces on the inferior portion and _____ forces on the superior portion of the femoral neck.
compressive, tensile
To lift the arm against gravity you would use a(n) _____contraction.a. eccentricb. isometricc. concentric
concentric
Zero acceleration indicates that velocity is
constant
Motion in the frontal plane takes place aboutwhich axis?a. Longitudinalb. Mediolateralc. Transversed. Anteroposterior
d. Anteroposterior
Motion in the frontal plane takes place about which axis?a. longitudinal b. mediolateral c. transversed. anteroposterior
d. anteroposterior
Most human movements take place in _____.a. the sagittal planeb. the frontal planec. the transverse planed. multiple planes
d. multiple planes
Most human movements take place in ______.a. the sagittal planeb. the frontal planec. the transverse planed. multiple planes
d. multiple planes
Which of the following could be considered in a kinetic study?a. The velocity of a runner during a race.b. The acceleration of a runner during the start of a race.c. The torque developed by the muscles crossing the knee joint in a runnerd. none of the above.
d. none of the above.(Kinetics looks at forces that cause motion, like magnitude, direction, line of action, and point of application.)
The kinematic chain for a particular motion is _____.a. the flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, andinternal/external rotationb. the positions, velocities, and accelerationsc. the ligaments, bones, and muscles that restrict thedegrees of freedomd. the summation of degrees of freedom in adjacentjoints
d. the summation of degrees of freedom in adjacentjoints
Injury threshold _____ with repetition.
decreases
Velocity is calculated as
displacement divided by time
Most of the muscles acting at the wrist and fingers areconsidered _____.a. concentricb. eccentricc. intrinsicd. extrinsic
extrinsic
Identify all joint angles
f, d, b,
During failure the stress in a material will _________.
fall to zero
Fusiform fiber arrangement is a type of pennate architecture
false
The amplitude of an action potential decreases the closer it gets to the muscle.
false
The sensory nerves enter the spinal cord on the anterior side.
false
A clicking sound in the shoulder may be due to an injuryto the ____.a. glenoid labrumb. subacromial bursac. supraspinatus muscled. lesser tubercle
glenoid labrum
Prominent hip adductors include ________________
gracilis, adductor longus, adductor magnus
When trying to obtain maximum plantarflexion strength, one should ______________.
have extended knees and slightly dorsiflexed ankle.
Muscle fiber depolarization occurs when ___
ACh binds to the muscle fiber.
The elbow is an example of a ____ joint.
hinge
which direction does the knee typically have the best range of motion?
hyperextension
Patellofemoral compression force _________
increase as knee flexion increases
Which is not a method of stretching?
Antagonistic.
Which provides the greatest resistance to trunk flexion?
Apophyseal capsular ligaments
If a gymnast leaves the ground with a vertical velocity of 9.81 m/s when doing a back flip, where in her trajectory will her center of mass be 1.0 seconds later?
At the apex
The synaptic gap occurs____
At the neuromuscular junction
The structure that connects the radius to the ulna is the ____.a. interosseous membraneb. annular ligamentc. ulnar collateral ligamentd. radial collateral ligament
interosseous membrane
. The joints of the fingers are called ____ joints.a. interphalangealb. digitalc. carpald. tarsal
interphalangeal
The medial meniscus is _____________
is crescent shaped
Trunk flexion moment ____.
is less than the extension moment
Osteoarthritis affects the __________.
joint capsule
Stability in the glenohumeral joint is derived primarily fromthe _____.a. joint contact areab. ligaments and musclesc. vacuum in the jointd. none of the above
joint contact area
Osteoarthritis is common in elderly and is characterized by _______________.
joint space narrowingdegeneration of joint cartilage and subchondral bone
Which muscle is biarticular?a. Biceps brachiib. Brachialisc. Brachioradialisd. Coracobrachialis
Biceps brachii
Actin-myosin cross-bridges form when ____
Calcium ions cause active sites to be exposed
A muscle contracts predominately ____ when you throw an object.
Concentrically
The ligaments supporting the posterior portion of thevertebral segment include the ____.
ligamentum flavum, supraspinous, interspinous, andintertransverse
Which is not associated with a short Achilles tendon?
limited pronation
Which red dot indicates that knee joint reaches the peak flexion in the entire gait cycle? (Based on the picture of "Knee Flexion Angle")
D
Low back pain ____.
may be caused by weak abdominals
The gluteus medius ______________.
may result in pelvis drop if it is weak, also leading to increased femoral abduction and knee varus
The knee joint is considered to be a _____________.
modified hinge jointcondyloid jointdouble condyloid joint
One way to decrease compressive forces during liftingis to ____.
move the load closer to the body
Muscular stability of the spine is provided by ____.
multifidus and erector spinae
Which muscle does not cross the glenohumeral joint?a. Latissimus dorsib. Pectoralis majorc. Teres minord. Rhomboid
pec major
The pelvis tilts ___________.
posteriorly during open-chain hip flexionanteriorly during hip flexion when the feet are planted
Projections on the cell body receive information called ____
Dendrites
The motion that takes place at the radioulnar joint is ____.a. pronationb. flexionc. abductiond. adduction
pronation
During the support phase of running _________.
pronation accompanies flexion of the kneesupination accompanies external rotation of the knee
(T/F) The sum of torques about the center of mass of an object always equal zero
False
Slow-twitch fibers are recruited first.
False
Type II fibers are oxidative
False
T or F? The axial skeleton is the same as the appendicular skeleton.
False.
Muscles with lots of sarcomeres in parallel can achieve high ____
Force
Building new bone at the same site that old bone is being removed is called _____.
remodeling
A sit-up ____.
results in greater activation of the abdominals relativeto double leg-raising exercises
A viscoelastic material ____________.
Has elastic and viscous properties, exhibits nonlinear stress-strain behavior, has multiple stiffnesses
Slowly lowering the arm in the sagittal plane would use the____ muscle group.a. shoulder flexorb. shoulder extensorc. shoulder abductord. shoulder adductor
shoulder adductor
. Impingement at the shoulder can be minimized by ____motion.a. shoulder abductionb. shoulder flexionc. shoulder internal rotationd. shoulder external rotation
shoulder internal rotation
Identify all contact forces
support force joint reaction force pulling force friction force
Which structure does not play a role in the impingementarea of the shoulder?a. Coracoacromial ligamentb. Supraspinatus musclec. Subacromial bursad. Suprascapular notch
suprascapular notch
The muscles that attach into the iliotibial band include the
tensor fascia latae
Interneurons are ___
Inhibitory and excitatory
Which statement is false concerning the acetabulum?
It contacts 20% to 25% of the head of the femur
An object will continue to move in the same direction and with the same velocity until a force causes a change in motion is which law of motion?
Law of inertia
Which of the following help stabilize the knee joint?
Medial and lateral collateral ligaments joint capsule semimembranosus
When is the office hour?
Mon & Wed 9-10am
The perimysium covers the ____.
Muscle Fascicles
Which is not a part of the stress-strain curve?
Nylon Region
A motor unit is ____.
One neuron and all of the muscle fibers it connects to.
These cells are responsible for forming new bone.
Osteoblasts
The amount of force that can be produced in a muscle is most closely related to _____
Physiologic cross section
Which is NOT the example of linear kinematic study?
Pitcher throws the baseball at peak elbow extension
Which is not a scapular motion?a. Downward rotationb. Depressionc. Retractiond. Pronation
Pronation
Two ways of controlling the amount of tension in a muscle are _____
Recruitment and rate coding
Combine the following two velocity vectors to find the resultant vector. Vector A = 5.5 m/s at 210° and vector B = 10.7 units at 82°.
Resultant = 8.51 m/s; u = 112.6°
A flexor reflex ____
Results from pain such as heat
Stress is ____________.
the force per unit area
Sensory neurons ____
Send signals to the spinal cord.
Given a right triangle in quadrant 1 with hypotenuse = 28.8 cm, side X = 1.0 cm, find the length of side Y and the size of the other two angles.
Side Y = 28.7 cm, θ1 = 86.2 degrees; θ2 = 3.8 degrees
The moment arm is defined as
the perpendicular distance from the line of action of a force to a specified axis of rotation
Which event divides the vertical jump from down phase to up phase?
Squat down to the lowest position
The size principle refers to __
the threshold for when motor units are recruited.
Peak bone mass occurs during the latter portion of the _______ decade of life.
third
angential velocity of a point on a lever is a function of the length of the radius and the angular velocity
true