Kinetic Anatomy
What inserts at Gerdy's tubercle?
IT band
The largest sesamoid bone in the body is inserted within the tendon of insertion of the __________ muscle group.
quadriceps
Which of the following is not considered one of the three bones that form the innominate (pelvis) bone?
sacrum
Normally, the cervical spine has an anterior curvature.
true
Which of the following muscles make up the illiopsoas muscles (Select all that apply)?
Iliacus Psoas major Psoas minor
A term usually associated with the extremities, referring to a structure being closer to the beginning of the extremity than another structure, is distal.
false
An axis of the body that passes through the body horizontally from front to back is the cardinal axis.
false
Fundamental ankle joint movements in the sagittal plane include plantar flexion and circumduction.
false
Large amounts of movement occur at the public symphysis such as flexion and extension.
false
Movement taking place in the frontal plane is about a frontal horizontal axis.
false
Pronation and supination occurs proximally between the radius and humerus.
false
Saclike structures that protect soft tissues as they pass over bony projections are synovial membranes.
false
Tendon tissue possesses the following characteristics: extensibility, elasticity, and contractility.
false
The gastrocnemius muscle originates on the proximal end of the tibia.
false
The hip joint is classified as a uniaxial joint.
false
The iliotibial tract (IT band) consists of the combined tendons from the tensor fasciae latae and the vastus lateralis.
false
There are 13 vertebrae in the thoracic spine.
false
True or False: Abduction is defined as movement in the frontal plane toward the midline of the body.
false
True or False: For movement of the shoulder joint to occur in the frontal plane, flexion of the joint actions must take place.
false
True or False: When the angle formed at a joint diminishes and the movement takes place in the sagittal plane, the movement is called adduction.
false
Which of the following bones is not considered a weight-bearing bone?
fibula
The rarest class of levers found in the human body is the __________ lever.
first class
The sartorious muscle is involved in which of the following hip joint actions?
flexion abduction External Rotation
Which of the following muscle groups would be considered antagonists to the adductor muscle group
gluteals
Which of the following muscles would not be considered an abductor of the hip joint?
gracilis
Supination of the foot combines adduction of the foot, plantarflexion, and __________ of the ankle joint.
inversion
The motion that turns the ankles so that the plantar surfaces of the feet face each other is ankle
inversion
An excessive posterior curvature of the thoracic spine is known as
kyphosis
The frontal plane is also known as the
lateral plane
In the sagittal plane, movement in a joint that decreases the angle between the bones forming the joint is called flexion.
true
Movement in the sagittal plane is about the frontal horizontal axis.
true
The flexor hallucis longus muscle flexes the big toe and also assists (as a synergist) the gastrocnemius and soleus in plantar flexion of the foot.
true
The interosseous membrane attaches the ulna to the radius.
true
The knee joint is classified as a modified hinge joint.
true
The ligament designed to prevent anterior translation of the tibia on a fixed femur is the anterior cruciate ligament.
true
The longitudinal arches of the foot runs from the calcaneus to the heads of the metatarsal bones.
true
The main difference in the anatomical landmarks known as tubercles, processes, and tuberosities is their size.
true
The medial and lateral menisci are attached to the tibia.
true
The posterior cruciate ligament is responsible for preventing posterior translation of the tibia on a fixed femur.
true
True or False: A motion occurring in the horizontal (transverse) plane about a vertical axis is known as rotation.
true
True or False: One form of a joint formed by two bones is known as a suture.
true
Under normal conditions, the spinal column has anterior curves in the cervical spine and the lumbar spine.
true
The medial collateral ligament of the elbow joint is also known as the _______.
ulnar collateral ligament
Which of the following muscles is not considered a true hip flexor?
vastus lateralis
The name of a muscle may reveal its shape, number of segments, site of attachment, size, or
function
At a joint, when one bone slides over another bone during movement causing one point on a bone's surface to articulate with new points on the adjacent bone's surface, this is known as _________ and an example of this would be __________
gliding; vertebral bones
Formed by the ulna, radius, and humerus, the elbow joint is a ______.
hinge
The pronator-flexor muscle group originates on the _______.
humeral medial epicondyle
Which of the following muscles is not part of the muscle group known as the erector spinae?
iliacus
Which acetabulofemoral ligament prevents the hip from excessive hyper-extension?
iliofemoral
Match the muscle with its primary action at the hip. Hip flexion Hip extension Hip adduction Hip abduction Hip external rotation
iliopsoas bicep femoris mangus glut med. piriformis
The __________ ligament has deep fibers attaching to a meniscus.
medial collateral
The greatest amount of movement in the spinal column takes place in... (select all that apply)
thoracic and lumbar
The knee joint is formed by the articulation of the femur and the
tibia
A herniated disc is a protrusion nucleus pulposus into annulus fibrosus.
true
Along with hip adduction, contraction of the adductor muscle group may also cause the hip to externally rotate
true
Any muscle assisting a prime mover in its function is known as a synergist.
true
In addition to dorsiflexing the ankle joint, the tibialis anterior muscle also inverts the ankle joint.
true
Which of the following muscles is not considered an extrinsic muscle of the anterior compartment of the lower leg?
peroneus brevis
Which of the following muscles is not considered a primary inverter of the ankle joint?
peroneus longus
A muscle considered a weak flexor of the knee is the
plantaris
Which of the following muscles does not cross the knee joint?
soleus
Articulation capsules are designed to mainly provide joint
stability
The chest is __________ to the waist.
superior
__________ joints connect two bones where there is very limited movement, but provide shock absorption to the joint site.
synovial
The joint formed between the lower leg and the foot (also referred to the ankle joint proper) is the...
talocrural joint
The __________ bone sits on top of (superior to) the calcaneus.
talus
The membrane that covers each individual myofibril is known as the __________.
the endomysium
The tuberosity on which the three hamstring muscles originate is located on the pubic bone.
False
What nerve passes through the carpal tunnel and can become entrapped if there is inflammation?
Median nerve
A patella that is higher than normal (sits above the trochlear groove) is called what?
Patella alta
What motion occurs at the talocrural joint?
Plantar flexion/dorsiflexion
What is the function of the triangular fibrocartilage complex?
Provide stability and transfer force
Which muscle is NOT one of the intrinsic muscles of the core?
Rectus abdominis
Which of the following is not a hamstring muscle?
Rectus femoris
Which of the following muscles not only flexes the hip joint but also is involved in the extension of the knee?
Rectus femoris
Which of the following minerals is stored within bone tissue and critical to skeletal muscle contraction?
Calcium
What movements (when occurring together) can cause a high ankle sprain (tear of the anterior tibiofibular ligament)? Select all that apply.
Dorsiflexion Eversion
Which of the following muscles is located lateral to the hip joint?
Tensor Fascia Latae
Motor nerves are also referred to as afferent nerves.
false
The linea aspera serves as a site of muscular attachment on what portion of the shaft of the femur (Hint: this is why the adductor muscle group also invokes the hip external rotation action)?
posterior
When someone has chronic ankle instability (aka weak ankles that lead to frequent lateral ankle sprains), what muscles are the best to strengthen?
Ankle evertors (Peroneus longus, brevis, and tertius)
How many vertebrae have ribs attached to them?
12
What number digit is your index finger?
2
How many pairs of true ribs make up the structure known as the thorax?
7
Match the ligament to the correct color.
Anterior longitudinal ligament (A) Red Posterior longitudinal ligament (B) Purple Interspinous ligament (D) Green Supraspinous ligament (E) Yellow Ligamentum flavum (C) Blue
What ligament is most commonly injured during a lateral ankle sprain?
Anterior talofibular ligament (ATF)
What are the primary functions of the foot? (Select all that apply)
Balance Support body weight Transfer of force Shock absorption
True or False: This lever orientation (concentric portion of the bicep curl) favors force production (mechanical advantage).
False
What type of motion can occur at interphalangeal joints.
Flexion/extension
Which muscle is the primary plantar flexor when the knee is straight (full extension)?
Gastrocnemius
Along with the hamstring muscles, which of the following is also considered an major extensor of the hip joint?
Gluteus maximus
What movements do the rectus femoris cause? (Select all that apply)
Hip flexion Knee extension
Which combination of factors can cause an anterior tilt of the pelvis?
Hip flexor tightness Weak glutes and hamstrings
Which of the following movement (s) would occur the axis that corresponds with Plane "C" (Select all that apply)
Horizontal Abduction/Horizontal Adduction
During open chain movements, contraction of the popliteus muscle will cause the tibia to...
Internally rotate, unlocking the knee from full extension
Spinal Nerves exit the vertebral column through the ____________________
Intervertebral Foramen
An excessive posterior curvature of the thoracic spine is known as __________.
Kyphosis
Based on the picture below, the inability to extend to your knee would correspond with a compromised nerve root at the [answer1] level, which is a part of the [answer 2] nervous system.
L4; motor
What ligament primarily resists varus forces at the knee?
LCL Lateral collateral ligament
Which type of vertebrae have the largest body?
Lumbar vertebrae
Which arch is depicted by the red line?
Medial longitudinal arch
Which of the following structure(s) are within the red circle? (Select all that apply)
Multiple Myofibrils
The transfer of load/forces occurring while one engages in weight-bearing activity occurs primarily takes place around the
Sacro-Illiac Joints
In order for the knee to fully extend the tibia must rotate on the femur. What is the name of this mechanism?
Screw home mechanism
The following joint movement below (calf raise) is an example of a ____________ and it favors ______________
Second class lever; Force production
Which muscle below is a primary ankle dorsiflexor?
Tibialis anterior
Which arch is depicted by the red line?
Transverse arch
What muscle(s) insert at the pes anserinus?
all
A junction of two or more bones as they form a joint is also known as
an articulation
Joint motion is typically described as taking place in a plane and about
an axis
Most motion-producing force for movement is described as angular and rotates about
an axis
The [ Select ] ["nucleus pulposus", "annulus fibrosus", "articular facets", "spinous process"] is the thick fibrous outside of intervertebral discs while the [ Select ] ["annulus fibrosus", "nucleus pulposus", "spinous process", "articular facets"] is the viscous inner portion.
annulus fibrosus nucleus pulposus
The muscle opposing a muscle identified as a prime mover is known as the __________.
antagonist
The first vertebra is also known as the
atlas
The cervical vertebra sitting beneath the first cervical vertebra is known as the
axis
A joint capable of moving through two planes about two axes is a
biaxial joint
The most anatomically lateral muscle of the hamstring group is the
biceps femoris
The trochlear notch of the ulna articulates with the trochlea on the humerus and the radial head articulates with the _______ on the humerus to allow for elbow flexion and extension.
capitulum
An axis of the body that passes through the body horizontally from the front to the back is the
cardinal axis
Planes that divide the body into a right and left half, a front and back half, and an upper and lower half are commonly known as
cardinal planes
The articulation between the wrist and the forearm occurs between the radius and the ________.
carpals
The point formed when all three cardinal planes intersect is known as the body's __________.
center of gravity
The following picture illustrates knee extension in ________________
closed
A movement performed where the hands are fixated on the floor or wall and the body moves around the shoulders, elbows, and wrists, such as a push up exercise, is called a(n) _____________________ exercise.
closed kinetic chain
The ligaments providing lateral and medial stability to the knee joint are the
collateral ligaments
The shaft of a long bone is also known as the
diaphysis
Pronation of the forearms and hands, with the elbow joints flexed to 90 degrees, results in the palms facing
downward
When you stretch a muscle, if you release the stretch force and the muscle returns to its original length, the muscle is performing the property of
elasticity
The motion that turns the ankles so that the plantar surfaces of the feet face away from each other is ankle
eversion
A first-class lever places the resistance on the same side of the axis as the force.
false
Skeletal muscle arrangements that are parallel (this includes fusiform and convergent) have relatively ___ muscle fibers compared to muscle fibers that are pennated; however pennated oriented muscles has ___ muscle fibers compared to parallel oriented muscles per cross-sectional area.
less, more
Connective tissue running from bone to bone of a joint and helping maintain joint stability is
ligament
Match the motion at the hip with the correct plane. Flexion and extension Abduction and adduction Internal and external rotation
mid-sag frontal transverse
Relative to the shoulder (glenohumeral joint), is the hip (acetabulofemoral joint) more or less stable?
more stable
A motor unit is defined as a motor nerve and all of the __________ it supplies.
muscle fibers
This muscle group assists the rectus abdominis and also helps rotate the trunk.
obliques
When the muscles attached to the achilles tendon contract, which of the following actions occurs at the ankle joint?
plantar flexion
The popliteal space is found on the __________ aspect of the knee joint. (Hint: this is where the popliteal artery runs)
posterior
Which of the following bony landmarks are major attachment sites for muscles? (Select all that apply)
process foramen notch tubercle sinus epicondyle
Turning one's palm downward while holding the elbow joint flexed at 90 degrees is known as
pronation of the forearm
The shoulder joint is __________ to the elbow joint.
proximal
Which of the following muscles is an anterior muscle of the trunk, has several sections, and flexes both the lumbar portion of spine?
rectus abdominis
The only muscle in the quadriceps group that crosses both the knee and the hip joints is the
rectus femoris
Which of the following hip joint muscles not only flexes the hip but also extends the knee joint?
rectus femoris
The main function of the muscles of the thoracic region is
respiration
The joint where the transfer of load from the spine to the lower extremities takes place is the
sacroiliac (SI) joint
The posterior connection of the two (bilateral) hip bones is known as the
sacroiliac joint
The __________ plane equally divides the body into a left half and a right half.
sagittal
The __________ muscle is known as the longest muscle in the human body.
sartorius
An excessive lateral curvature of the spinal column is known as
scoliosis