KINS 3115E Test 3/ Final (CH. 8 - 12)
Gracilis, sartorius, and semitendinosus join together distally to form
pes anserinus, which attaches to the anteromedial aspect of the proximal tibia below the level of the tibial tuberosity (this attachment and the posteromedial line of pull enable them to assist with knee flexion, particularly once the knee is flexed and the hip is externally rotated)
A greater emphasis has been placed on exercises and activities that improve the
physical fitness, strength, endurance, and flexibility of participants
Fibula rotates three to five degrees externally with ankle dorsiflexion and three to five degrees internally during
plantar flexion
Soleus muscle action
plantar flexion of the ankle
Gastrocnemius muscle action
plantar flexion of the ankle, flexion of the knee
Tibialis posterior muscle action
plantar flexion of the ankle; inversion of the foot
Dynamic Q angles vary significantly during
planting and cutting activities
The malleoli serve as a sort of
pulley for the tendons of the muscles that run directly posterior to them - Specifically, the peroneus brevis and peroneus longus: Immediately being the lateral malleolus
What happens as the diaphragm contracts and flattens
thoracic volume is increased and air is inspired to equalize the pressure
Which leg bone is the medial bone and bears most of the body weight?
tibia
True or false: Cumulative effect of combined movement from several vertebrae allows for substantial movements
true
True or false: Functional weight-bearing activities such as step-ups or squats are particularly useful for strengthening and endurance
true
True or false: Mechanical principles will be of little or no value to performers without adequate strength and endurance of the muscular system
true
True or false: Menisci form cushions between bones
true
True or false: Minimal movement is possible between any two vertebrae except the atlantoaxial joint
true
True or false: Normally, the Q angle will be 15 degrees or less for males and 20 degrees or less for females
true
True or false: Overload is not always progressively increased
true
True or false: Quadriceps muscles are vital in jumping
true
True or false: Quads are particular prone to atrophy when injuries occur
true
True or false: Seven two-joint muscles have one action at the hip and another at the knee
true
True or false: The ankle or talocrural joint is a huge or ginglymus-type joint
true
True or false: The hip is the most mobile joint except the glenohumeral joint
true
True or false: There are two sesamoids beneath the 1st metatarsophalangeal joint
true
True or false: There is no substitute for adequate muscular development, strength, and proper foot mechanics
true
True or false: Unless emphasis is placed on the development of the upper extremity at the elementary school level, it is one of the body's weakest areas
true
True or false: the pelvic girdle moves back and forth within three planes for a total of six different movements
true
True or false: Many small intrinsic muscles act on head. vertebral column, and thorax
true (assist in spinal stabilization or respiration; too deep to palpate)
True or false: An untrained person beginning a strength-training program will make significant gains in the amount of weight he/she is able to lift in the first few weeks
true (mostly due to a refinement of neuromuscular function rather than an actual increase in muscle tissue strength)
True or false: Muscular strength, muscular endurance, and flexibility are not general body characteristics
true (they are specific to each body area and muscle group)
Inversion
turning the ankle and foot inward; adduction, toward the midline; weight is on the lateral edge of the foot
Eversion
turning the ankle and foot outward; abduction, away from the midline; weight is on the medial edge of the foot
Range of motion for hip flexion
0 to 130 degrees of flexion
Range of motion for hip adduction
0 to 30 degrees of abduction
Range of motion for hip abduction
0 to 35 degrees of abduction
Range of motion for internal rotation of hip
0 to 45 degrees of internal rotation
Range of motion for external rotation of hip
0 to 50 degrees of external rotation
When are two-joint muscles most effective?
Two-joint muscles are most effective when either the origin or the insertion is stabilized to prevent movement in the direction of the muscle when it contracts
True or false: painful cramps caused by acute muscle spasm in the gastrocnemius and soleus occur somewhat commonly and may be relieved through active and passive dorsiflexon
True
The hip joint or acetabular femoral is relatively stable owing to
bony architecture, strong ligaments, large supportive muscles
Key bony landmarks for anterior trunk muscles
border of lower 8 ribs, costal cartilages of ribs, iliac crest, pubic crest
Most sports involve ___-chain lower extremity activities & ___-chain upper extremity activities
close; open
When the distal end of the extremity is fixes, as in a push-up, dip squat, or dead lift, the extremity represents a
closed kinetic chain - Movement of one joint cannot occur without causing predictable movements of other joints in the extremity - Involves the body moving in relation to the relatively fixed distal segment - Multiple joints are involved and numerous muscle groups must participate in causing and controlling multiple plane movements
Supination of ankle
combination of ankle plantar flexion, subtalar inversion, and forefoot adduction (toe-in)
What muscles are in the lower leg's anterior compartment?
dorsiflexor group: tibialis anterior, peroneus Tertius, extensor digitorum longus, and extensor hallucis longus
Describe rotation of the knee in full extension
due to close congruency of articular surfaces, no appreciable rotation of knee occurs
Contractions of the quadriceps and hamstrings produce
dynamic stability
What is core training?
dynamic stability for abdominal core for total body functioning
The erector spinae (sacrospinalis) extends on
each side of the spinal column from pelvic region to cranium
What type of joint is the hip joint classified as
enarthrodial-type
What are the quadratus plantae muscles?
flexors of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th phalanges at the distal interphalangeal or DIP joints
Transversus abdominis muscle action
forced expiration by pulling the abdominal wall inward
Abductor hallucis and flexor hallucis brevis are located
medially
What is located anteriorly and prevents hyperextension?
iliofemoral or Y ligament
What are the pelvic bones?
ilium, ischium, and pubis
What are the anterior hip joint and pelvic girdle muscles? (primarily hip flexion)
ilopsoas, pectinous, rectus femoris, sartorius
Left transverse pelvic rotation
in a horizontal plane of motion, rotation of the pelvis to the body's left; the right iliac crest moves anteriorly in relation to the left iliac crest, which moves posteriorly; accomplished by right hip external rotation, left hip internal rotation and/or right lumbar rotation
Right transverse pelvic rotation
in a horizontal plane of motion, rotation of the pelvis to the body's right; the left iliac crest moves anteriorly in relation to the right iliac crest, which moves posteriorly; accomplished by left hip external rotation, right hip internal rotation, and/or left lumbar rotation
Left lateral pelvic rotation
in the frontal plane, the left pelvis moves inferiorly in relation to the right pelvis; either the left pelvis rotates downward or the right pelvis rotates upward; left lateral tilt; accomplished by left hip abduction, right hip adduction, and/ir right lumbar lateral flexion
Right lateral pelvic rotation
in the frontal plane, the right pelvis moves inferiorly in relation to the left pelvis; either the right pelvis rotates downward or the left pelvis rotates upward; right lateral tilt; accomplished by right hip abduction, left hip adduction and/or left lumbar lateral flexion
What is kyphosis?
increased anterior concavity of thoracic curve
Abductor hallucis, flexor hallucis brevis, and adductor hallucis insert
medially or laterally on the proximal phalanx of the great toe
What does the tibial or medial collateral ligament, MCL, do?
maintains medial stability by resisting valgus forcers or preventing knee joint abduction
Quadriceps muscles' strength and endurance are essential for
maintenance of patellofemoral stability, which is often a problem
What are the other bones of the thorax?
manubrium, body of sternum, and xiphoid process
Transverse tarsal and subtalar eversion agonists
peroneus (fibularis) longus, peroneus (fibularis) brevis, peroneus (fibularis) tertius, extensor digitorum longus
Lateral compartment muscles
peroneus longus, peroneus brevis
What are the ankle evertors?
peroneus or fibularis longus, peroneus or fibularis brevis, peroneus or fibularis tertius, extensor digitorum longus
Describe the compressed elastic material of the intervertebral disks
- Allows compression in all directions along with torsion - Becomes less resilient with age, injury, or improper use of the spine - Results in a weakened annulus fibrosus
Describe Dead Lifts
- Participant begins in the hip flexed position, keeping the arms, legs, and back straight, and grasps the barbell on the floor - The move to a standing position is made by extending the hips - Lumbar extensors must be utilized as isometric stabilizers of the low back while the hip extensors perform the majority of the lift in this exercise - Closed kinetic chain exercise
Describe abdominal contraction
- Participant contracts the anterior abdominal region muscles as strongly as possible without moving the trunk or hips - Rectus abdominis, external oblique abdominal, internal oblique abdominal, transversus abdominis
The pelvic bone can be divided roughly into three areas, starting from the acetabulum. What are they?
- Upper two-fifths = ilium - Posterior and lower two-fifths = ischium - Anterior and lower one-fifth = pubis
Describe the sciatic nerve tibial division
- innervates the semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris long head and adductor magnus - Supplies sensation for the posterolateral lower leg and plantar aspect of the foot
What does the femoral nerve innervate?
- the anterior muscles of the thigh - iliopsoas, rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, pectineus, sartorius
What is the sacral plexus formed by?
- the anterior rami of L4, L5 and S1 through S4 - The lower back, pelvis, perineum, posterior surface of the thigh and leg, and dorsal and plantar surfaces of the foot are innervated by nerves arising from the sacral plexus
Range of motion for hip extension
0 to 30 degrees of extension
ROM for plantar flexion
50 degrees of plantar flexion
Great toe metarsophalangeal or MP joint extends
70 degrees
Describe the inferior gluteal nerve
Arises from L5, S1, and S2 to supply the gluteus maximus
Conditioning programs and the exercises included should be
analyzed to determine if they are using the specific muscle for which they were intended in the correct manner
The thigh is divided into three compartments by the inter muscular septa
anterior compartment, posterior compartment, medial compartment
Where are the five metatarsals located?
anterior to the tarsals
Typical weight room exercises concentrate only on the
anterior upper extremity - Lack of a balanced approach may lead to strong and tight anterior muscles with weak and flexible posterior muscles
Knee flexion
bending or decreasing the angle between the femur and leg; characterized by the heel moving towards the buttocks
Where do gliding movements occur in the vertebrae?
between superior and inferior articular processes of facets joints
Semimembranosus inserts
posteromedially on medial tibial condyle
What are the hip flexion agonists?
psoas, iliaques or ilopsoas, rectus femoris, pectineus (sartorius, tensor fasciae latae)
What is located anteromedially and inferiorly and limits excessive extension and abduction?
pubofemoral ligament
Lumbar extension agonists
quadratus lumborum
Describe the first two cervical vertebrae
shapes allow for extensive rotary movements of the head to the sides, as well as forward and backward movement
Upper extremity exercise examples
shoulder shrug, deltoid raise or shoulder abduction, or a biceps curl
Menisci tears often occur due to
significant compression and shear forces during knee rotation while flexing or extending during quick directional changes in running
What are some core training exercises?
sit-ups, v-sit-ups, crunches, curl-ups, abdominal twists, prone extensions, superman exercises,
Strength and endurance in the shoulder area weakness can impair
skill development and performance in common recreational activities
To achieve specific benefits, exercise program must be
specifically designed for the desired adaption
Key bony landmarks for posterior muscles of spine
spinous processes of thoracic spine, transverse processes of thoracic spine, posterior ribs
C4 through C8 posterior lateral branches innervate
splenius muscles
Ankle dorsiflexion agonists
tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, peroneus (fibularis) tertius, extensor hallucis longus
Peroneus longus inserts on the
undersurface of the medial cuneiform and the 1st metatarsal
Quadriceps muscles' strength or power may be indicated by
vertical jump test (generally desired to be 25% to 33% stronger than the hamstring muscle group)
Herniated nucleus pulposus, herniated or "slipped" disk:
nucleus protruding through the annulus resulting from substantial weakening combined with compression - Protrusion puts pressure on spinal nerve root, causing radiating pain, tingling, numbness, and slash or weakness in the lower extremity
The tibialis anterior inserts
on the inner surface of the medial cuneiform and the base of the 1st metatarsal
Popliteus originates
on the lateral aspect of the lateral femoral condyle
Any one link in the extremity may be moved individually without significantly affecting other links if the chain is
open or not attached at one end
Cervical extension agonists
erector spinae
Extensor digitorum brevis action
extends the great toe and the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th phalanges at the MP joints
Lumbar lateral flexion agonists
external oblique abdominal, internal oblique abdominal agonists
Some sections of abdominal muscles are linked by
fascia and tendinous bands and do not attach from bone to bone
Jogging and running result in ___ movements and ____ range of movement
faster; greater
Biceps femoris muscle action
flexion of the knee; extension of the hip; external rotation of the hip; external rotation of the flexed knee; posterior pelvic rotation
Semimembranosus muscle action
flexion of the knee; extension of the hip; internal rotation of the hip internal rotation of the flexed knee; posterior pelvic rotation
Biceps femoris muscle action
flexion of the knee; extension of the hip; internal rotation of the hip; internal rotation of the knee; posterior pelvic rotation
Semimembranosus muscle action
flexion of the knee; extension of the hip; internal rotation of the hip; internal rotation of the knee; posterior pelvic rotation
Semitendinosus muscle action
flexion of the knee; extension of the hip; internal rotation of the hip; internal rotation of the knee; posterior pelvic rotation
Lower extremity exercise examples
hip flexion, knee extension, and ankle dorsiflexion exercises
Right transverse or clockwise pelvic rotation and left transverse or counterclockwise pelvic rotation are in the
horizontal or transverse plane of motion
What is lordosis?
increased posterior concavity of the lumbar and cervical curves
How can you modify frequency, intensity and duration?
increased the speed of doing the exercise, the number of repetitions, the weight, and bouts of exercise
Pelvic rotation ____ the length of the stride in running
increases (in kicking, it results in a greater distance or more speed to the kick)
Popliteus muscles assists medial hamstrings in
internal rotation of the knee
What are the medial ankle and foot muscles?
invertors
Describe trunk movements
lumbar motion terminology describes combined motion in thoracic and lumbar regions
What are the key bony landmarks for locating the muscles of the neck?
mastoid process, transverse processes of cervical spine, spinous processes of cervical spine, spinous processes of upper four thoracic vertebrae, manubrium of sternum, medial clavicle
Medial and lateral gastrocnemius heads attach posteriorly on the
medial and lateral femoral condyles respectively (asset with knee flexion)
Toe extension
movement of the toes plantar surface of the foot
ROM for dorsiflexion
15 to 20 degrees of dorsiflexion
What all is the foot made of?
26 bones, 19 large muscles, many small intrinsic muscles, more than 100 ligaments
Describe the superior gluteal nerve
Arises from L4, L5, and S1 to innervate the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and tensor fasciae latae
Pronation of ankle
Combination of ankle dorsiflexion, subtalar eversion, and forefoot abduction (toe-out)
What ligament extends from the ischium to the tracanteric fossa of the femur, is located posteriorly, and limits internal rotation
ischiofemoral ligament
Sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus insert
just below the medial condyle on upper anteromedial tibial surface
What are the sternocleidomastoid and splenius muscles?
large muscles involved in cervical and head movements
What is scoliosis?
lateral curvatures or sideward deviations of spine
Medical and allied health professionals emphasize development of muscle groups through
resistance training and circuit-training activites
All thoracic muscles are primarily involved in
respiration
Hip external rotation
rotary movement of femur laterally around its longitudinal axis away from the midline; lateral rotation
Hip internal rotation
rotary movement of femur medially around its longitudinal axis toward the midline; medial rotation
Knee external rotation
rotary movement of the leg laterally away from the midline
Knee internal rotation
rotary movement of the leg medially toward the midline
Spinal rotation
rotary movement of the spin in the transverse plane; chin rotates from neutral toward shoulder and thorax rotates to one side
Semispinalis capitis action
rotates head to the contralateral side (assist the rectus capitis posterior major)
Rectus capitis posterior major action
rotates the head to the ipsilateral side
Anterior and posterior pelvic rotation occur in the
sagittal or anteroposterior plane
The hip's bony architecture provides
stability (resulting in relatively few hip joint subluxations and dislocations)
The patellafemoral joint ligaments provide
static stability
Cervical flexion agonists
sternocleidomastoid
Cervical rotation agonists
sternocleidomastoid
Cervical lateral flexion agonists
sternocleidomastoid, erector spinae
Knee extension
straightening or increasing the angle between the femur and leg
If the chain is securely attached or closed,
substantial movement of any one link cannot occur without substantial and subsequent movement of the other links
Where do inversion and eversion occur?
subtalar and transverse tarsal joints
True or false: The knee "screws home" to fully extend owing to the shape of the medial femoral condyle
True
Where does the obturator nerve arise from?
the anterior division of the lumbar plexus
Most spinal cord movement occurs in
cervical and lumbar regions (there is slight thoracic movement)
Muscles that move the head all originate on
cervical vertebrae and insert on occipital bone of skull or capitis name
Describe syndesmosis joint sprain
- "High ankle sprain" primarily involves the anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament - More sever injuries can involve the posterior tibiofibular ligament, interosseous ligament, and interosseus membrane
Describe the architecture of vertebrae C3 through L5
- Body: Anterior bony block - Central vertebral foramen for the spinal cord - Transverse process projecting laterally - Spinous process projecting posteriorly
What are the tarsals?
- Bones that make up the ankle - Navicular: Between the talus and three cuneiform bones - Cuboid: Between the calcaneus and the 4th and 5th metatarsals
Splenius Muscles (cervicis, capitis) action
- Both sides: extension of the head (splenius capitis) and neck (splenius cervicis and capitis) - Right side: rotation and lateral flexion to the right - Left side: rotation and lateral flexion to the left
Describe the ribs
- 12 pairs of ribs - 7 pairs of true ribs attach directly to the sternum or vestebrosternal - 5 pairs of false ribs: 3 pairs attach indirectly to the sternum or vertebronchonfral; 2 pairs of floating ribs (ends are free or vertebral), all ribs attached posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae
The subtalar and transverse tarsal joints combine to allow
- 20 to 30 degrees of inversion - 5 to 15 degrees of eversion
What does the vertebral column consists of?
- 24 articulating vertebre - 9 non movable vertebrae: Contains the spinal column, with its 31 pairs of spinal nerves
The MP joints of the four lesser toes allow
- 40 degrees of flexion - 40 degrees of extension - Abduct and adduct minimally
Distal interphalangeal or DIP joints ROM
- 60 degrees and extend 20 degrees
Describe the plantar fascia or plantar aponeurosis
- A broad structure extending from the medial calcanea tuberosity to the proximal phalanges of the toes - Assists in stabilizing the medial longitudinal arch and in propelling the body forward during the latter part of the stance phase
Describe Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome (shin splints)
- A painful leg condition often associated with running activities - Not a specific diagnosis - Attributed to a number of different specific musculotendinous injuries - Most often involve the tibialis posterior, medial soleus, or anterior tibialis but may also involve the extensor digitorum longus - May be partially prevented by stretching the plantar flexors and strengthening the dorsiflexors
What are the 5th toe muscles?
- Abductor digiti minimi abducts the proximal phalanx - Flexor digiti minimi brevis flexes the proximal phalanx
Which four muscles act on the great toe?
- Abductor hallucis: Responsible for abduction of the great toe and assist the flexor hallucis brevis in flexing the great toe at the metatarsophalangeal or MP joint - Adductor hallucis; Adduction of the great toe - Extensor digitorum brevis: Extension of the great toe at the MP joint
Erector spinae group, transversospinalis group, interspinal-intertransverse group, and the splenius
- All run vertically parallel to the spinal column - Location enables them to extend the spine and assist in rotation and lateral flexion
Describe the analysis of movement: stance phase
- Allows the athlete to assume a comfortable and balanced body position from which to initiate the sport skill - Emphasis is on setting the various joint angles in their correct positions with respect to one another and to the sport surface - Relatively static phase with fairly short ranges of motion
Describe barbell press
- Also known as overhead or military press - Barbell is held high in front of the chest, with the palms facing forward, feet comfortably spread, and the back and legs straight - Barbell is pushed upward until the arms are fully flexed overhead - Return to the starting position - Open kinetic chain exercise
Describe Dumbbell Bent-Over Row
- Also known as the bent-over row - Subject is kneeling on a bench using the contralateral arm to support the body - Involved arm is free from contact with the floor - With the dumbbell in the hand and with the arm and shoulder hanging straight to the floor, the subject adducts the shoulder girdle and horizontally abducts the shoulder joint - Dumbbell is slowly lowered to the starting position - Open Kinetic chain exercise
Describe ankle sprains
- Ankle sprains are one of the most common injuries - Sprains involve stretching or tearing of one or more ligaments - Most common ankle sprains result from excessive inversion that causes damage to lateral ligamentous structures, primarily anterior talofibular ligament and calcaneofibular ligament - Less common are excessive eversion forces causing injury to the deltoid ligament on the medial aspect of the ankle
What are the bony landmarks of the hip and thigh?
- Anterior pelvis: origin for hip flexors - Lateral pelvis: Origin for hip abductors - Medially: Origin for hip adductors - Posteriorly: Origin for hip extensors - Posteroinferiorly: Origin for hip extensors - Proximal thigh: insertion for short muscles of the hip Patella: Insertion for all four quadriceps[s muscles - Proximal tibia or fibula: Insertion for the remainder of the hip muscles
Describe the distal malleoli of the tibia and fibula
- Are enlarged and protrude horizontally and inferiorly - Serve as a pulley for posterior tendons and this increases the mechanical advantage of muscles in performing inversion and eversion actions
Describe the atlanto-axial joint
- Atlas or C1 sits on the axis or C2 - Most cervical rotation occurs here (only play where "true" rotation occurs in the vertebrae) - Trochoid or pivot-type joint - Most mobile joint of any two vertebrae
Describe the lateral location of the intrinsic muscles of the foot
- Attach on the lateral aspect of the base of the 5th phalange proximal phalanx - Abductor digiti minimi and flexor digiti minimi brevis - Term "quinti" is sometimes used instead of the "minimi"
When viewing an activity, an exercise professional should
- Be able to determine which muscles are performing the movement - Know what type of contraction is occurring - Know what kine of exercises are appropriate for developing specific muscles
Describe the analysis of movement: Follow-through phase
- Begins immediately after the climax of the movement phase - Brings about negative acceleration of the involved limb or body segment - Often referred to as the deceleration phase - Body segment velocity progressively decreases over a wide range of motion - Usually attributable to high eccentric activity in the muscles that were antagonist to the muscles utilized in the movement phase - Generally, the greater the acceleration in the movement phase, the greater the length and the importance of the follow-through phase - Some athletes may begin follow-through too soon, which: inappropriately cuts short the movement phase, has a less-than desirable result in the activity
Describe the central location of the intrinsic muscles of the foot
- Beneath the foot: Quadratus plantar, four lumbricals, four dorsal interossei, three plantar interossei, and flexor digitorum brevis - Dorsal compartment: Extensor digitorum brevis
When analyzing various exercises and sport skills
- Break down all movements into phases - Number of phases varies, usually 3 to 5 - All sport skills will have at least preparatory, movement, and follow-through phases - Many begin with a stance phase and end with a recovery phase - Phase names vary from skill to skill to fit the various sports terminologies - Names may vary depending upon the body part involved
What is the Q angle?
- Central line of pull for entire quadriceps runs from the anterior superior iliac spine or ASIS to the center of patella - Line of pull of patella tendon runs from center of patella to center of tibial tuberosity - Angle formed by the intersection of these two lines at the patella is the Q angle
Describe the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
- Cross within the knee between the tibia and femur - Vital in maintaining anterior and posterior stability, respectively, as well as rotatory stability
Hip extensor muscles are used
- Eccentrically when the pelvis and trunk move downward slowly on the femur - Concentrically when the trunk is raised on the femur, rising to a standing position
Give an example of an aggregate muscle grouping activity
- Elbow flexors work together as a agonist group to cause flexion in opposition to the triceps brachia and anconeus or elbow extensors - Elbow extensors are cooperating in their lengthening to allow the flexors to perform their task - In doing so, the triceps and anconeus may or may not be under active tension - If there is no active tension, then the lengthening is passive, caused totally by the elbow flexors - If there is active tension, then the elbow extensors are contracting eccentrically to control the amount and speed of lengthening - Depending on the activity, these same muscle groups can function to control the exact opposite actions by contracting eccentrically
Describe strength and endurance in the shoulder area
- Essential for improved appearance and posture - More efficient skill performance - Specific conditioning exercises and activities should be intelligently selected - Limited use in modern culture
Describe the quadriceps muscle group
- Extends the knee - Located in the anterior compartment of the thigh - Consists of 4 muscles: rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis
Toe extension agonists
- Extensor hallucis longus: extension of the great toe at the metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints - Extensor digitorum longus: extension of the four lesser toes at the metatarsophalangeal and the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints
Proximal interphalangeal or PIP joints in the lesser toes ROM
- Flex from 0 degrees of extension to 35 degrees of flexion
Range of motion for the cervical region
- Flexes 45 degrees - Extends 45 degrees - Laterally flexes 45 degrees - Rotates approximately 60 degrees
Range of motion for lumbar spine including trunk movement
- Flexes approximately 80 degrees - Extends 20 to 30 degrees
Greater toe interphalangeal or IP joint ROM
- Flexes from 0 degrees of full extension to 90 degrees of flexion
What muscles are in the lower leg's deep posterior compartment?
- Flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, popliters, and tibialis posterior - All are plantar flexors and inventors, except the popliteus
Toe flexion agonists
- Flexor hallucis longus: Flexion of the great toe at the metarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints - Flexor digitorum longus: Flexion of the four lesser toes at the metatarsophalangeal and the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints
Problem's in a person's gait
- Foot is too rigid and does not pronate adequately - Foot remains in pronation past the midstance
Ankle plantar flexion agonists
- Gastrocnemius - Soleus: Flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, peroneus (fibularis) longus, peroneus (fibularis) brevis, plantaris, tibialis posterior
What foot and ankle muscles does the sciatic nerve tibial division innervate?
- Gastrocnemius, which has medial head, soleus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis longus - Medial and lateral plantar nerves (intrinsic foot muscles): - Medial plantar nerve: abductor hallucis, flexor hallucis brevis, first lumbrical, and flexor digitorum brevis - Lateral plantar nerve: Adductor hallucis, quadratus plantae, lumbrical 2,3, and 4, dorsal interossei, plantar interossei, abductor digiti minimi, and flexor digiti minimi
Muscles that have there insertion on the proximal thigh
- Gluteal muscles and most of the six deep external rotators: Greater trochanter - Iliopsoas: Lesser trochanter
What are some muscles that the lateral pelvis serves to provide points of origins for?
- Gluteus medius and minimus: Just below the iliac crest
What does the posterior compartment contain?
- Hamstring group - Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus
What does the hip joint consists of?
- Head of femur connecting with the acetabulum of pelvic girdle - Pelvic girdle: right and left pelvic bone joined together posteriorly by the sacrum - Femur: longest bone in the body - Sacrum: extension of spinal column with five fused vertebrae; the coccyx expense from the inferior
Describe the stance phase of walking
- Heel-strike occurs when landing on the heel, the foot should be in supination - Midstance immediately follows with the foot moving into pronation - Toe-off follows midstance, foot returns to supination prior to and during the push off
Example of SAID principle
- If an individual were to undergo several weeks of strength training exercises for a particular joint through a limited range of motion, the specific muscles involved in performing the strengthening exercises would improve primarily in the ability to move against increased resistance through the specific range of motion utilized
What foot and ankle muscles does the common perineal or fibular division innervate?
- Superficial peroneal nerve: Peroneus longus and peroneus brevis - Deep peroneal nerve: Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, peroneus tertius, and extensor digitorum brevis
Erector spinae muscles (sacrospinalis) action
- Iliocostalis: medial iliac crest, thoracolumbar aponeurosis from sacrum, posterior ribs 3-12 - Longissimus: medial iliac crest, thoracolumbar aponeurosis from sacrum, lumbar 1-5 transverse processes and thoracic 1-5 transverse processes cervical 5-7 articular processes - Spinalis: ligamentum niche, seventh cervical spinous process, thoracic 11 and 12 spinous processes, and lumbar 1 and 2 spinous processes - Extension, lateral flexion, and ipsilateral rotation of the spine and head - Anterior pelvic rotation - Lateral pelvic rotation to contralateral side
What does the iliac region contain?
- Ilipsoas muscle (which flexes the hip): the iliac and the psoas major
Describe Tibial or Medial Collateral Ligament, MCL, injuries
- Injuries occur commonly, particularly in contact or collision sports - Ex: Teammate or opponent may fall against lateral aspect of knee or leg, causing medial opening of knee joint and/or external rotation resulting in stress to medial ligamentous structures
Describe periodization
- Intentional variance in a training program at regular intervals - Done to bring about optimal gains in physical performance - Designed so that the athlete will be at his or her peak level during the most competitive part of the season
Range of motion for internal rotation and external rotation with knee flexed 30 degrees or more
- Internal rotation of approximately 30 degrees occurs - External rotation of approximately 45 degrees occurs
Describe isometric exercises
- Isometrics is an exercise technique in which there is contraction of muscle groups with no appreciable muscle shortening - Not as productive in terms of overall strength gains as isotonics - An effective way to build and maintain muscular strength in limited range of motion - Contractions should be held approximately 70 to 10 seconds for a training effect
Describe the analysis of movement: Movement phase
- Known as the acceleration, action, motion or contact phase - Is the action part of the skill - Summation of force is generated directly to the ball, sport object, or opponent - Usually characterized by near-maximal concentric activity in the involved muscles
Describe the interspinal-intertransverse group
- Lies deep to rotatores - Laterally flexes and extends - Does not rotate the vertebrae
Describe the infrapatellar fat pad
- Lies posterior to the patella tendon - Insertion point for synovial folds of tissue known as "plica" (an anatomical variant that may be irritated or inflamed with injuries or overuse of the knee
Muscles of the vertebral column cervical area
- Longus colli muscles: located anteriorly; flex cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae
Describe shoulder pull
- Maintain the attempt to pull interlocked fingers apart for 5 to 20 seconds - Isometric exercise - Antagonistic contraction is as strong as the agonist contraction - Agonists in right upper extremity are antagonistic to agonists in left upper extremity and vice versa - Results in isometric contraction of wrist, hand, elbow, shoulder joint, and shoulder girdle muscles - Strength of contraction depends on angle of pull and leverage of the joint involved
Describe the numerous small muscles of the trunk and spinal column muscles
- Many originate on one vertebra and insert on the next vertebra - Important in functioning of the spine - Grouped according to location and function
What are the two longitudinal arches?
- Medial longitudinal arch: extends from the calcaneus bone to the talus, navicular, three cuneiforms, and distal ends of the three medial metatarsals - Later longitudinal arch: Extends from the calcaneus to the cuboid and distal ends of the 4th and 5th metatarsals - Long arches may be high, medium, or low
Describe the difference between the medial meniscus and the later meniscus
- Medial meniscus: larger and more open C appearance - Lateral meniscus: Closed C ("O" shape) configuration
Describe Bursae in relation to the knee joint
- More than 10 bursae are located around the knee - Some are connected to the synovial cavity - Absorb shock or reduce friction
Describe compartment syndrome injury
- Most common in the anterior compartment - May be acute or chronic - May occur secondarily to injury, trauma, or overuse - Symptoms include sharp pain, particularly with increased movement actively or passively, swelling, and weakness in the muscles of the involved compartment - Depending on severity, emergency surgery may be indicated to release the fascia in order to prevent permanent tissue damage - Many compartment syndromes may be adequately addressed with proper acute management
Describe movements of the head
- Movement between the cranium and 1st cervical vertebra and within the cervical vertebrae - Referred to as cervical movements
Hip extension
- Movement of the posterior femur straight away from the pelvis - Sometimes referred to as hyperextension
Describe Posterior Cruciate Ligament or PCL
- Not often injured - Injured because of direct contact with an opponent or the playing surface
The exercise variables that may be manipulated include:
- Number of sets per exercise - Repetitions per set - Types of exercises - Number exercises per training session - Rest periods between sets and exercises - Resistance used for a set - Type of muscle contraction - Number of training sessions per day and per week
Describe Anterior Cruciate Ligament or ACL injuries
- One of the most common serious injuries to the knee - Mechanism often involves non contact rotary forces associated with planting, cutting, and landing in a valgus position - Disrupted by hyperextension or violent quadriceps contraction, which pulls tibia forward on femur
Describe alternating prone extensions
- Participant lies in the prone position, with the shoulders fully flexed in a relaxed position lying in front of the body - Participant raises the head, upper trunk, and thighs from the floor - Knees are kept in full extension - Then return to the starting position - Open kinetic chain exercise
Describe the synovial cavity in relation to the knee joint
- Supplies knee joint with synovial fluid - Lies under the patella and between the surfaces of the tibia and femur - Called capsule of the knee
Describe abdominal curl-up
- Participant lies on the back, forearms crossed and lying across the chest, with knees flexed 90 degrees and feet about hip-width apart - Hips and knees are flexed in this manner to reduce the hip flexor length, thereby reducing their contribution to the sit-up and allowing more emphasis on the abdominals - Participant curls up to a sitting position, rotates the trunk to the right, and touches the left elbow to the right knee - Returns to the starting position to the left on the next repetition - Open kinetic chain exercise
Describe squats
- Participant places a barbel on the shoulders behind the neck and grasps it with a palms-forward position of the hands - Participant squats down until the thighs are parallel to the floor, keeping the back straight - Returns to the starting position - Shins must remain vertical - Closed kinetic chain exercise
Describe Rowing Exercise
- Participant sits on a movable seat with knees and hips flexed close to the chest - Arms are reaching forward to grasp a horizontal bar - Legs are extended forcibly as arms are pulled toward the chest - Return to the starting position - Closed kinetic chain exercise for legs
Describe the metatarsophalangeal joints
- Phalanges joint metatarsals - Classified as condyloid-types joints
What are the posterior ankle and foot muscles?
- Plantar flexors - Triceps surae: Gastrocnemius and soleus
What does the medial compartment contain?
- Primarily adductors - Adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor Magnus, pectinous, gracilis
What does the anterior compartment contain?
- Primarily knee extensors - Rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, sartorius
Describe the analysis of movement: Preparatory phase
- Referred to as the cocking or wind-up phase - Used to lengthen the appropriate muscles so that they will be in position to generate more force and momentum when they concentrically contract in the next phase - Most critical phase in leading toward the desired result of the activity - Becomes more dynamic as the need for explosiveness increases
Describe the hamstring muscle group responsibility and location
- Responsible for knee flexion - Located in the posterior compartment of the thigh
Describe the posterior joints of the pelvis
- Sacrum is between the two pelvic bones and forms the sacroiliac joints - Strong ligaments unite these bone to form rigid, slightly movable joints - Large and heavy bones are covered by thigh, heavy muscles - Very minimal oscillating-type movements occur in the sacroiliac joints, as in walking - Body movements usually involve the entire pelvic girdle and hip joints - In walking, hip flexion and extension occur with pelvic girdle rotation, forward in hip flexion and backward in hip extension
Where do the hamstring muscles insert?
- Semitendinosus inserts on the anteromedial side of the tibia - Semimembranosus inserts on the posteromedial side of the tibia - Biceps femoris inserts on the lateral tibial condyle and head of the fibula
What are the 3 muscles that the hamstring muscle group consists of?
- Semitendinosus is medial and rotates internally - Semimembranosus is medial and rotates internally - Biceps femoris is lateral and rotates externally
The quadriceps muscles function as decelerators when
- Speed needs to be decreased to change direction - Body needs to be stopped when coming down from a jump
Analysis of movement: baseball pitch skill analysis
- Stance phase begins when the play assumes a position with the ball in the glove before receiving the signal from the catcher - Pitcher begins the preparatory phase by extending the throwing arm posteriorly and rotating the trunk to the right in conjunction with left hip flexion - Right shoulder girdle is fully retracted in combination with abduction and maximum external rotation of the glenohumeral joint to complete this phase - Stance phase begins when the player assumes a position with the ball in the glove before receiving the signal from the catcher - Immediately following, the movement phase begins with forward movement of the arm and continues until ball release - Follow-through phase begins at ball release as the arm continues moving in the same direction established by the movement phase until velocity decreases to the point that the arm can safely change the movement direction - Deceleration of the body and especially the arm is accomplished by high amounts of eccentric activity - At this point, the recovery phase begins, enabling the player to reposition to field the batted ball - In actual practice, the movements of each joint in the body should be analyzed with respect to the various phases
Describe the hamstring muscles
- Strains are very common - Referred to as running muscles because of its function in acceleration - Antagonists to quadriceps muscles at the knee - Named for their cordlike attachments at the knee - All originate on the ischial tuberosity of the pelvic bone
Describe chin-up or pull-up
- Subject grasps the horizontal bar with the palms away from the face - From the hanging position, the subject pulls up until the chin is over the bar - Return to the starting position - Closed kinetic chain exercise
Describe push-up, fingertip
- Subject lies prone on the floor with the legs together, palms toughing the floor, and the hands pointed forward and approximately under the shoulders - Keeping the back and legs straight, the subject pushes up to the up position - Return to the starting position - Closed kinetic chain
Describe chest press/bench press
- Subject lies supine on the exercise bench - Subject grasps the barbell and presses the weight upward through the full range of arm and shoulder movement - Weight is then lowered to the starting position - Open kinetic chain exercise
Describe Arm Curl
- Subject stands - Barbell is held in the hands with palms to the front - Barbell is curled upward and forward until the elbows are completely flexed - Return to the starting position - Open kinetic chain exercise
Describe Latissimus pull or Lat pull
- Subject, from a sitting position, reaches up and grasps a horizontal bar - Subject pulls the bar down to a position behind the neck and shoulders - Bar is returned slowly to the starting position - Open kinetic chain exercise
What are some muscles that the anterior pelvis serves to provide points of origin for?
- Tensor fasciae latae (arises from the anterior iliac crest) - Sartorius (originates on the anterior superior iliac spine) - Rectus femoris (anterior inferior iliac spine)
The femoral nerve innervates
- The knee extensors - Rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis
What is an example of a two-joint muscle?
- The sartorius muscle becomes more effective in flexing at the knee when the pelvis is rotated posteriorly and stabilized by the abdominal muscles, thus increasing its total length by moving its origin farther from its insertion. This is exemplified by trying to flex the knee and cross the legs in the sitting position - A football kicker invariably leans well backward to raise and fix the origin of the rectus femoris muscle to make it more effective as an extensor of the leg at the knee
What three normal curves are present within the movable spine?
- Thoracic spine curves anteriorly - Cervical and lumbar spine curve posteriorly - Spinal curves enable it to absorb blows and shocks
Describe triceps extension
- Use the opposite hand to assist in maintaining full shoulder flexion - Subject begins with the elbow in full flexion - Elbow is extended until fully straight with the dumbbell overhead - Return to the starting position - Open kinetic chain exercise
Describe the analysis of movement: Recovery Phase
- Used after follow-through to regain balance and positioning to be ready for the next sport demand - To a degree, muscles used eccentrically in the follow-through phase to decelerate the body or body segment will be used concentrically in recovery to bring about the initial return to a function position
What is the difference between walking and running?
- Walking: one foot is always in contact with the ground - Running: There is a point when neither foot is in contact with the ground
Describe the atlanto-occipital (craniovertebral)joint
- first joint - formed by occipital condyles of the skull sitting on the articular fossa of the first vertebra - Allows capital flexion, extension, and very slight lateral flexion
Intertransversarli muscles action
- flex the vertebral column laterally - Connect to transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae
Range of motion for lumbar lateral movement
- flexion within 35 degrees - approximately 45 degrees of rotation occurs to the left and right
What are the functions of the hip joint or acetabular femoral?
- functions in weight bearing and locomotion - Enhanced significantly by its wide range of motion - Ability to run, cross-over cut, side-step cut, jump, and many other directional changes
Intercostal nerves, T8 to T12, iliohypogastric nerve, T12, L1, and ilioinguinal nerve, L1 innervate
- internal and external oblique abdominal muscles - Same innervation begins with T7 intercostal nerve
Describe the large abdominal muscles
- involved in lumbar movements - Rectus abdominis, external oblique abdominal, internal oblique abdominal, and quadratus lumborum - Numerous small muscles - Many originate on one vertebrae and insert on the next vertebra - Important in functioning of the spine - Grouped according to location and function
The sciatic nerve (tibial division) innervates
- knee flexors - semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and biceps femoris with long head
What does the obturator nerve innervate?
- provides sensation to the medial thigh - the hip abductors: adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, gracilis - obturator externus
The muscles of the quadriceps may be developed by
- resisting knee extension activités from a seated position
What muscles have their insertion on the proximal tibia or fibula?
- sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus: Upper anteromedial tibial surface just below the medial condyle after crossing the knee posteromedially - Semimembranosus: Posteromedially on the medial tibial condyle - Biceps femoris: Laterally, it inserts primarily on the fibula head with some fibers attaching on the lateral tibial condyle - Iliotibial tract of the tensor fasciae latae: Anterolaterally on Gerdy's tubercle of the tibia
Describe the patella
- sesamoid or floating bone - imbedded in quadriceps and patellar tendon - similar to a pulley: creates improved angle of pull resulting in greater mechanical advantage in knee extension
Exercise program goals should be determined regarding
- specific areas of the body - Preferred time to physically peak - Physical fitness needs: strength, muscular endurance, power, agility, balance, coordination, flexibility, cardiorespiratory endurance, body composition
What are the key bony landmarks of the knee?
- superior and inferior patellar poles - tibial tuberosity - gerdy's tubercle - medial and lateral femoral condyles - upper anterior medial tibial surface - head of fibula
What is the lumbar plexus formed by?
- the anterior rami of spinal nerves L1 through L4 and some fibers from T12. - the lower abdomen and the anterior and medial portions of the lower extremity are innervated by nerves arising from the lumbar plexus
Spinal movements are often preceded by
- the name given to the region of movement - Ex: flexion of trunk at lumbar spine is known as lumbar flexion, and extension of neck is called cervical extension
What are the knee flexion agonists?
Biceps femoris with long and short heads, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, popliteus
Range of motion of knee extension
180 degrees (hyperextension of 10 degrees or more is not uncommon)
The knee will not allow rotation unless it is flexed
20 to 30 degrees or more
Describe the bones of the trunk and spinal column
24 articulating and 9 fused vertebrae - 7 cervical or neck vertebrae - 12 thoracic or chest vertebrae - 5 lumbar or lower back vertebrae - 5 sacrum or posterior pelvic girdle vertebrae - 4 coccyx or tail bone vertebrae
Spinal flexion
Anterior movement of spine; in cervical region the head moves toward chest; in lumbar region, the thorax moves toward the pelvis
Great toe metatarsophalangeal or MP joint flexes
45 degrees
Anterior pelvic rotation
Anterior movement of the upper pelvis; The iliac crest tilts forward in a sagittal plane; anterior tilt; downward rotation; accomplished by hip flexion and/or lumbar extension
What are some muscles that the medial pelvis serves to provide points of origins for?
Adductor mangos, adductor longus, adductor brevis, pectinous, and gracilis: Pubis and its inferior ramus
External oblique abdominal muscle action
Both sides: lumbar flexion; Posterior pelvic rotation; Right side: lumbar lateral flexion to right, rotation to left, & lateral pelvic rotation to left; Left side: lumbar lateral flexion to left, rotation to right, & lateral pelvic rotation to right
Internal oblique abdominal muscle action
Both sides: lumbar flexion; Posterior pelvic rotation; Right side: lumbar lateral flexion to right, rotation to right, & lateral pelvic rotation to left; Left side: lumbar lateral flexion to left, rotation to left, & lateral pelvic rotation to right
Rectus abdominis muscle action
Both sides: lumbar flexion; Posterior pelvic rotation; Right side: weak lateral flexion to right; Left side: weak lateral flexion to left
What are the muscles of the thorax?
Diaphragm; intercostalis- external, internal; levator costarum; subcostales; scalenus- anterior, medius, posterior; serratus posterior- superior, inferior; transversus thoracis
Which intrinsic muscles are in the fourth (deep) layer
Doral interossei (four), plantar interossei (three)
Deep posterior compartment muscles
Flexor digitorum longus, Flexor hallucis longus, Tibialis posterior
What are the plantar flexors?
Gastrocnemius, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, peroneus or fibula's longus, peroneus or fibularis brevis, plantaris, soleus, tibialis posterior
Iliotibial tract of tensor fascia inserts on
Gerdy's tubercle
What are some muscles that the posterior pelvis serves to provide points of origins for?
Gluteus maximus: posterior iliac crest and posterior sacrum and coccyx
Describe the swing phase of walking
Occurs when the foot leaves the ground and the leg moves forward to another point of contact
What muscles are in the lower leg's lateral compartment?
Peroneus longus and peroneus brevis are the two most power evertors
Posterior pelvic rotation
Posterior movement of the upper pelvis; The iliac crest tilts backward in a sagittal plane; posterior tilt; upward rotation; accomplished by hip extension and/or lumbar flexion
Describe the sciatic nerve common peroneal division
Provides sensation to the anterolateral lower leg and dorsal of the foot
Branches from T12 and L1 innervate
Quadratus lumborum
What are the anterior knee joint muscles? (primarily knee extension)
Rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and vastus lateralis
Spinal extension
Return from flexion; posterior movement of spine in the sagittal plane; in cervical spine, head moves away from the chest; in the lumbar spine, thorax moves away from the pelvis
Lateral flexion
Sometimes referred to as side bending; head moves laterally toward the shoulder and thorax moves laterally toward the pelvis - Reduction: return from lateral flexion to neutral
Describe the Specific Adaptions to Imposed Demands principle
The body will gradually, over time, adapt very specifically to the various stresses and overloads to which it is subjected - Applicable in every form of muscle training, as well as to the other systems of the body
True or false: During initial flexion from full extension, the knee "unlocks" by the tibia's rotating internally, to degree, from its externally rotated position to achieve flexion
True
True or false: The fibular or lateral collateral ligament, LCL, is infrequently injured
True
What muscles are immediately posterior to the medial malleolus?
Tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus
Generally, females have higher Q angles due to
a wider pelvis
Tensor fasciae latae muscle action
abduction of the hip; flexion of the hip; lateral pelvic rotation to ipsilateral side; tendency to rotate the hip internally as it flexes; anterior pelvic rotation
Gluteus medius muscle action
abduction of the hip; lateral pelvic rotation to ipsilateral side; anterior fibers: internal rotation, flexion of the hip, and anterior pelvic rotation; posterior fibers: external rotation, extension of the hop, and posterior pelvic rotation
Gluteus minimus muscle action
abduction of the hip; lateral pelvic rotation to ipsilateral side; internal rotation as the femur abducts; flexion of the hip; anterior pelvic rotation
Which intrinsic muscles are in the superficial layer
abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, abductor digiti minimi or quinti
What are the four dorsal interossei?
abductors and flexors of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th phalanges and also at their MP joints
Range of motion of knee flexion
about 150 degrees
Adductor brevis muscle action
adduction of the hip; external rotation as it adducts the hip; assists in flexion of the hip; assists in anterior pelvic rotation
Adductor longus muscle action
adduction of the hip; external rotation as it adducts the hip; assists in flexion of the hip; assists in anterior pelvic rotation
Adductor Magnus muscle action
adduction of the hip; external rotation as the hip adducts; extension of the hip
Gracilis muscle action
adduction of the hip; weak flexion of the knee; internal rotation of the hip; assists with flexion of the hip; weak internal rotation of the knee
What are the medial hip joint and pelvic girdle muscles? (primarily hip adduction)
adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor Magnus, gracilis
What are the three plantar interossei?
adductors and flexors of the proximal phalanxes of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th phalanges
Muscles work in paired opposition to
an antagonistic group
Abdominal wall muscles do not go from bone to bone but attach into
an aponeurosis or fascia around the rectus abdominis area - External oblique abdominal, internal oblique abdominal and transversus abdominis
The hip joint is reinforced by
an extremely strong and dense ligamentous capsule, especially anteriorly
What type of joint are the inter tarsal and tarsometatarsal joints?
arthrodial (minimal movement especially on the medial side)
Vertebral articulations are classified as
arthrodial or gliding-type joints (because of limited gliding movements), zygapophyseal or apophyseal
The patellofemoral joint is classified as
arthrodial owing to the gliding nature of the patella on the femoral condyles
Obliquus capitis superior action
assist the rectus capitis lateralis in lateral flexion of the head
What are the names of the first two cervical vertebrae?
atlas and axis
Describe the teres ligament
attaches deep in the acetabulum to a depression in femoral head and slightly limits adduction
What type of joint is the hip joint?
ball-and-socket joint
All the hamstring muscles, as well as the rectus femoris, are
biarticular or two-joint muscles
What are the knee external rotation agonists?
biceps femoris
The common perineal or fibular nerve supplies the
biceps femoris with short head
What are the posterior knee joint muscles? (primarily knee flexion)
biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, sartorius, gracilis, popliteus, gastrocnemius
The tibia and tibia are joined at
both the proximal and distal tibiofibular joints - Only minimal movement is possible between these bones - Strong, dense interosseous membrane between the shafts of the two bones - Distal joint becomes sprained occasionally in heavy contact sports
Through increasing our muscle mass, we
burn more calories and are less likely to gain excessive fat
How is posterior pelvic rotation accomplished?
by hip extension and/or lumbar flexion
How is anterior pelvic rotation accomplished?
by hip flexion and/or lumbar extension
How is left lateral pelvic rotation accomplished?
by left hip abduction, right hip adduction, and/or right lumbar lateral flexion
How is left transverse pelvic rotation accomplished?
by right hip external rotation, left hip internal rotation, and/or right lumbar rotation
Adductor hallucis is located
centrally beneath the metatarsals
What is plantar fasciitis?
common painful condition involving plantar fascia
Which intrinsic muscles are in the third layer
flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis, flexor digiti minimi or quinti brevis
As we age, we normally tend to lose muscle mass, and as a result our metabolism
decreases - This loss, combined with improper eating habits, results in unhealthful fat accumulation and excessive weight gain
Describe the inner core
deeper muscles should be activated first in stabilizing the trunk and pelvis - Diaphragm, transversus abdominis, lumbar multifidus, and pelvic floor muscles which attach to the bony ring of the pelvis - Activating these muscles requires a level of focus and concentration
What tightly surrounds and binds each lower leg compartment?
dense fascia (facilitates venous return and prevents excessive swelling of muscles during exercise)
Within appropriate parameters, a muscle or muscle group increases in strength in
direct proportion to the overload placed on it
What are the anterior ankle and foot muscles?
dorsal flexors
Extensor digitorum brevis is on the
dorsal of the food
Extensor hallucis longus muscle action
dorsiflexion of the ankle, extension of the great toe at the metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints, weak inversion of the foot
Tibialis anterior muscle action
dorsiflexion of the ankle, inversion of the foot
Valsalva Maneuver: Holding breath while bearing down to lift heavy weights or trying to exhale against a closed epiglottis is thought to
enhance lifting ability - Causes dramatic blood pressure increase followed by a equally dramatic drop (can cause light headedness and fainting; can lead to complications in people with heart disease) - Instead of using Valsalva, one should breathe rhythmically and consistently
Menisci are attached to the tibia and deepen the tibial plateaus, thereby
enhancing stability
Describe the base of the 5th metatarsal
enlarged and prominent to serve as an insertion for the peroneus brevis and tertius
The enlarged femoral condyles articulate on the
enlarged condyles of the tibia
The largest muscle group in the trunk and spinal column muscles
erector spinae (sacrospinalis)
What are the superficial muscles of the vertebral column?
erector spinae (sacrospinalis), spinalis- capitis, cervicis, thoracis, longissimus- capitis, cervicis, thoracis, iliocostalis- cervicis, thoracis, lumborum, splenius cervicis, quadratus lumborum
Peroneus (fibularis) tertius muscle action
eversion of the foot, dorsiflexion of the ankle
Peroneus (fibularis) brevis muscle action
eversion of the foot, plantar flexion of the ankle
Peroneus (fibularis) longus muscle action
eversion of the foot, plantar flexion of the ankle
What are the lateral ankle and foot muscles?
evertors
Describe the transverse arch
extends across the foot from the 1st metatarsal to the 5th metatarsal
What are the four lumbricals?
flexors of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th phalanges at the MP joints
Extensor digitorum longus muscles action
extension of the four lesser toes at the metatarsophalangeal and the proximal and distal interphalangeal joint, dorsiflexion of the ankle, eversion of the foot
Sternocleidomastoid action
extension of the head at the atlantooccipital joint; flexion of the cervical spine; right side: rotation to the left and lateral flexion to the right; left side: rotation to the right and lateral flexion to the left
Gluteus maximus muscle action
extension of the hip; external rotation of the hip; upper fibers: assist in hip abduction; lower fibers: assist in hip adduction; posterior pelvic rotation
Vastus intermedius muscle action
extension of the knee
Vastus lateralis muscle action
extension of the knee
Vastus medialis muscle action
extension of the knee
Lumbar rotation agonists
external oblique abdominal; internal oblique abdominal
Action of the six deep lateral rotator muscles (piriformis, gemellus superior, gemellus inferior, obturator externus, obturator internus, quadratus femoris)
external rotation of the hip
Articular cartilage protects surfaces on
femur and tibia
Which bone serves as the attachment for knee joint structures, does not articulate with the femur or patella, and is not part of the knee joint?
fibula
Flexor digitorum brevis action
flexes the middle phalanxes of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th phalanges
In the downward phase of a knee-bend exercise, the movement at the hips and knees is
flexion (Muscles primarily involved: hip and knee extensors in eccentric contraction)
Flexor digitorum longus muscle action
flexion of the four lesser toes at the metatarsophalangeal and the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints, inversion of the foot, plantar flexion of the ankle
Flexor hallucis longus muscle action
flexion of the great toe at the metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints, inversion of the foot, plantar flexion of the ankle
Pectineus muscle action
flexion of the hip; adduction of the hip; external rotation of the hip; anterior pelvic rotation
Iliopsoas muscle action
flexion of the hip; anterior pelvic rotation; external rotation of the hop; transverse pelvis rotation contra laterally when ipsilateral femur is stabilized; flexion of lumbar spine (psoas major and minor); lateral flexion of lumbar spine (psoas major and minor); lateral pelvic rotation to contralateral side (psoas major and minor)
Rectus femoris muscle action
flexion of the hip; extension of the knee; anterior pelvic rotation
Sartorius muscle action
flexion of the hip; flexion of the knee; external rotation of the thigh as it flexes the hip and knee; abduction of the hip; anterior pelvic rotation; weak internal rotation of the knee
Semitendinosus muscle action
flexion of the knee; extension of the hop; internal rotation of the hip; internal rotation of the flexed knee; posterior pelvic rotation
Popliteus muscle action
flexion of the knee; internal rotation of the knee as it flexes
Overload may be modified any one or a combination of three different exercise variables:
frequency, intensity, and duration
Syndesmosis joint widens by one to two millimeters during
full dorsiflexion
Superficial posterior compartment muscles
gastrocnemius (medial and lateral head) and soleus
Greater range of dorsiflexion, reduces
gastrocnemius tension
What muscles are in the lower leg's superficial posterior compartment?
gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris: plantar flexors
The knee joint proper or tibiofemoral joint is classified as a
ginglymus joint (sometimes referred to as trochoginglymus joint because internal and external rotation occur during flexion; some argue for condyloid classification)
The subtalar and transverse tarsal joints are classifies as
gliding or arthrodial
What are the hip extension agonists?
gluteus maximus, biceps femoris long head, semitendinosus, semimembranosus
What are the posterior hip joint and pelvic girdle muscles? (primarily hip extension)
gluteus maximus, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, external rotators
What are the ten muscles of the gluteal region? (extends and rotates the hip)
gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimi, tensor fascia latae, six deep external rotators: piriformis, obturator externes, obturator internees, gemellus superior, gemellus inferior, and quadratus femoris
What are the hip external rotation agonists?
gluteus maximus, six deep external rotators (piriformis, gemellus superior, gemellus inferior, obturator externus, obturator internus, quadratus femoris)
What are the lateral hip joint and pelvic girdle muscles? (primarily hip abduction)
gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, external rotators, tensor fasciae latae
What are the hip abduction agonists?
gluteus medius, tensor fasciae latae, gluteus maximus, gluteus minimus
What are the hip internal rotation agonists?
gluteus minimus, gluteus medius, tensor fasciae latae
Muscle(s) that have the origin on the posteroinferior pelvis
hamstrings: ischial tuberosity
Appropriate muscular strength and endurance are essential for
injury prevention and adequate skill development
Describe branches from the sacral plexus
innervate the piriformis (S1, S2), gemellus superior (L5, S1, S2) gemellus inferior and obturator internus (L4, L5, S1, S2), and quadratus femoris (L4, L5, S1)
Joints between vertebral bodies of C2 to S1 are joints with
intervertebral disks - Located in between and adhering to articular cartilage of vertebral bodies - Annulus fibrosus: Outer rim of dense fibrocartilage - Nucleus pulposus: Central gelatinous, pulpy substance
Muscular analysis of selected exercises involves
involves strength, endurance, flexibility of the upper and lower extremities, trunk and abdominal muscles - Important in skillful physical performance, appearance, posture, and maintaining body fitness
What is the hip joint formed by?
is formed by the femoral head inserting into the socket provided by the acetabulum of the pelvis
Quadratus lumborum muscle action
lateral flexion to the ipsilateral side; stabilizes the pelvis and lumbar spine; extension of the lumbar spine; anterior pelvic rotation; lateral pelvic rotation to contralateral side
Right and left lateral pelvic rotation occur in the
lateral or frontal plane
Higher Q angles generally predispose people, in varying degrees, to a variety of potential knee problems, including
lateral patella subluxation or dislocation, patellar compression syndrome, chondromalacia, and ligamentous injuries
Rectus capitis lateralis action
laterally flexes the head; assists rectus capitis anterior in stabilizing the atlantooccipital joint
The body part the moves the most will be the part ____ stabilized
least
Two-joint muscles are able to exert greater force when
lengthened than when shortened
If demands are too minimal or administered too infrequently over too long a time period,
less than desired improvement will occur
Exhale during _______& inhale during _________
lifting; lowering
What are the posterior muscles that move the head?
longissimus capitis, obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capties inferior, rectus capititis posterior- major and minor, trapezius (superior fibers), splenius capitis, semispinalis capitis
What are the three anterior vertebral muscles?
longus capitis, rectus capitis anterior, and rectus capitis lateralis - All are flexors of the head and upper cervical spine
What are the deep muscles of the vertebral column?
longus colli- superior oblique, inferior oblique, vertical; interspinales- entire spinal column; intertransversales- entire spinal column, psoas minor, rotatores- entire spinal column; semispinalis- cervicis, thoracis; psoas major and minor
There are, usually, ___ strength gains beyond the range of motion utilized in the training
minimal
Similar to glenoid fossa of the shoulder joint, the acetabulum is lines around
most of its periphery with a labrum to enhance stability and provide some shock absorption
The pelvic girdle rotates as a unit due to
movement occurring in the hip joints and lumbar spine
hip diagonal adduction
movement of femur in a diagonal plane toward the midline of the body
plantar flexion or extension of ankle
movement of the ankle and foot away from the anterior tibia
Hip flexion
movement of the anterior femur toward the anterior pelvis
Hip diagonal abduction
movement of the femur in a diagonal plane away from the midline of the body
Hip horizontal abduction
movement of the femur in a horizontal or transverse plane away from the pelvis
Hip horizontal adduction
movement of the femur in a horizontal or transverse plane toward the pelvis
Hip abduction
movement of the femur laterally to the side away from the midline
Hip adduction
movement of the femur medially toward the midline
Toe flexion
movement of the toes toward the plantar surface of the foot
dorsiflexion or flexion of ankle
movement of the top of the ankle and foot toward the anterior tibia
Hip flexor muscles are used in
moving thighs up toward the trunk
What type of arrangement does the hip have?
multiaxial
Which intrinsic muscles are in the second layer
quadratus plantae, lumbricals 4
intercostal nerves T7 through T12 innervate
rectus abdominis
Lumbar flexion agonists
rectus abdominis, external oblique abdominal, internal oblique abdominal
What muscles make up the outer core?
rectus abdominis, external obliques, internal obliques, and erector spinae
What are the muscles of the abdominal wall?
rectus abdominis; external oblique abdominal (obliquus externen abdominis); internal oblique abdominal (obliquus internus abdominis); transverse abdominis (transversus abdominis)
What are the lateral muscles that move the head?
rectus capitis lateralis, sternocleidomastoid
Posterior muscles that move the head
rectus capitis posterior major and minor, obliquus capitis superior and inferior, and semispinalis capitis - All are extensors of the head except obliquus capitis inferior which rotates the atlas
What are the knee extension agonists?
rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis
What are the anterior muscles that move the head?
rectus wapitis anterior and longus capitis
What is lumbar kyphosis?
reduction of normal lordotic curve, resulting in a flat-back appearance
What are the knee internal rotation agonists?
semitendinosus, semimembranosus, popliteus
What are the nerves arising from the sacral plexus that innervates the muscles of the hip?
superior gluteal, inferior gluteal sciatic, and branches from the sacral plexus
Three vast muscles of the quadriceps originate on the proximal femur and insert on the
superior pole of the patella; insertion is ultimately on tibial tuberosity via the large patella tendon
What are the two functions of the foot?
support and propulsion
What type of joint is the tibiofibular joint?
syndesmotic amphiarthrodial joint
Body weight is transferred from the tibia to the
talus and calcaneus or tarsal bones
Muscles involved in hip and pelvic girdle motions depend largely on
the direction of movement and position of the body in relation to the earth and gravitational forces
An extremity may be seen as representing an open kinetic chain if
the distal end of the extremity is not fixed to a relatively stable surface - Allows any one joint in the extremity to move or function separately without necessitating movement of other joints in the extremity
Posterior branches of the spinal nerves innervate
the entire erector spinae group
The major nerves of significance arising from the lumbar plexus to innervate the muscles of the hip are
the femoral and obturator nerves
Biceps femoris inserts on
the fibular head
The muscles of the pelvis that act on the hip joint may be divided into two regions ....
the iliac and gluteal regions
What is the largest diarthrodial joint in the body?
the knee joint (very complex; primarily a hinge joint)
Medial meniscus forms a receptacle for medial femoral condyle, and the lateral meniscus receives
the lateral femoral condyle
Fibula collateral originates on
the lateral femoral condyle very close to popliteus origin and inserts on the fibular head
Tibialis posterior has multiple insertions on
the lower inner surface of the navicular, cuneiform, and 2nd through 5th metatarsal bases
What are all hip and pelvic girdle muscles innervated from?
the lumbar and sacral plexus or lumbosacral plexus
Tibial collateral ligament originates on
the medial aspect of the upper medial femoral condyle and inserts on the medial tibial surface
Where does the femoral nerve arise from?
the posterior division of the lumbar plexus
All pelvic girdle rotation results from motion at one or more locations (which ones)
the right hip, the left hip, the lumbar spine
Each foot has 26 bones, which collectively form
the shape of an arch
Eccentric contraction during decelerating actions controls
the slowing of movements initiated in previous phases of the sport skill
The erector spinae (sacrospinalis) is divided into three muscles:
the spinalis, the longissimus, and the iliocostalis - From medial to lateral side, it has attachments in the lumbar, thoracic, cervical and capital regions - Actually made up of nine muscle segments
Cranial nerve 11 and C2 and C3 spinal nerves innervate
the sternocleidomastoid muscles
Anterior, the pelvic bones are joint to form
the symphysis pubis, an amphiarthrodial joint
What happens as the knee approaches full extension?
the tibia must externally rotate approximately 10 degrees to achieve proper alignment of tibial and femoral condyles
What serve as receptacles for the femoral condyles?
the top of medial and lateral tibial condyles or medial and lateral tibial plateaus
Flexor hallucis longus inserts on
the undersurface of the 1st distal phalanx base
Flexor digitorum longus inserts on
the undersurfaces of the 2nd through 5th distal phalanxes bases
Muscles are usually grouped together according to
their concentric function
Vertebrae increase in size from the cervical to the lumbar region because
they have to support more weight in the lower back
Anterior compartment muscles
tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, fibularis tertius
What are the ankle dorsiflexors?
tibialis anterior, peroneus or fibularis tertius, extensor digitorum longus or extensor of the lesser toes, extensor hallucis longus or extensor of the great toe
What are the ankle invertors?
tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus or flexor of the lesser toes, flexor hallucis longus or flexor of the great toe
Transverse tarsal and subtalar inversion agonists
tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior: flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus
Rectus femoris which is two-joint, vastus medals, vastus intermedius, and vastus lateralis, which is the largest all attach
to patella and then to the tibial tuberosity via the patellar tendon (all are superficial and palpable, except vastus intermedius, which is under rectus femoris)
Extensor hallucis longus inserts on
top of the 1st distal phalanx base
Extensor digitorum longus inserts on
top of the 2nd through 5th distal phalanxes bases
Describe the posterior surface of calcaneus
very prominent and serves as a point of insertion for the achilles tendon of gastrocnemius-soleus complex
Adaption may be positive or negative, depending on
whether or not correct techniques are used and stressed in conditioning program design and administration - Inappropriate or excessive demands placed on the body in too short a time span can result in injury
All intrinsic muscles of the foot originate and insert
within the foot
