KNH 184 Exam 3

What are problems with Dependency- Producing Properties?

-Performance declines when augmented feedback is not available -Performer fails to learn to take advantage of intrinsic feedback

What are the two fundamental forms of practice?

-Physical Practice -Mental Practice

Why is reducing frequency of feedback helpful?

-Promotes the use of intrinsic feedback -Prevents dependency on augmented feedback

What are advantages of Simulation?

-Safety -Convenience -Cost effectiveness

What is Absolute Frequency of Feedback?

The total number of feedback presentations given for a series of practice trials -20 trials, 10 of which are followed by feedback, the absolute frequency= 10

Part Practice in relation to Learning

There is an assumption that part practice will benefit the whole skill. -Will result in Transfer of Learning

T/F: Augmented Feedback is necessary for motor learning to occur.

False- Extrinsic feedback is not necessary for learning to occur, however it is extremely helpful.

Eadweard Muybridge (1830-1904)

Photographer known for his early use of multiple cameras to capture motion -focused on Animal Locomotion (781 photographs published in 1887)

What will feedback that is motivating cause a learner to do?

-Pay more attention -Try harder -Practice longer

Kinematic Measurement Tool

Motion Capture (mocap): the process of recording the movement of objects and/or people

What is the Suzuki Method?

(Uses concept of a reference of correctness) At the beginning of practice, learning music by ear is emphasized over reading music notation

How often should feedback be given?

-Absolute frequency of feedback -Relative frequency of feedback

What are two critical motor learning variables?

-Amount of practice -Extrinsic/intrinsic feedback

Demonstration/ Modeling

-Can result in observational learning -Ways to demonstrate a skill: Instructor Peer Picture/Video

What are the three stages of motor learning, as proposed by Fitts?

-Coginitive Stage -Fixation Stage -Autonomous Stage

When should constant practice be used?

-Cognitive and early fixation stage of learning -Anytime practice performance is more important than learning

Organization of Practice

-Constant and Variable Practice Constant-Semi-Variable

What are four types of feedback for Informational Properties?

-Descriptive feedback -Prescriptive feedback -Program feedback -Parameter feedback

When should we use Guidance?

-Early in learning if necessary -When there is risk of, or fear of injury

What are three general techniques for presenting a skill to a learner?

-Instructions -Demonstrations -Guidance

Watching the volleyball you just served land out of bounds could be classified as:

-Intrinsic Feedback -Exteroception

What are the four ways in which augmented feedback can influence learning?

-Motivational Properties -Informational Properties -Attention Focusing Properties -Dependency Producing Properties

What is Parameter Feedback?

-Time -Amplitude -Muscle movement

What are typical ways of providing augmented feedback to a learner?

-Verbal -Video; useful only if accompanied by cueing

What is a special application of guidance?

-Walker for young children with cerebral palsy -Gianna: constant seizures

Rank the following five skills according to how effective part practice would be for learning them: -Breast Stroke in swimming -Dart throwing -Floor exercise routine in gymnastics -Tennis serve -Rowing

1. Floor exercise 2. Tennis serve 3. Breast stroke 4. Rowing 5. Dart throwing

Features of Motor Learning

1. Learning is a set of processes 2. Motor learning is not directly observable 3. Learning occurs as a direct result of practice or experience 4. Change in performance must be relatively permanent

Transfer Design Components

1. Practice 2. Retention interval 3. Retention test

Practice can have two distinct kinds of influences on performance

1. Relatively permanent due to learning 2. Temporary

Example of rehearsal that describes Varied and Completely Blocked Task 1: a, b, c Task 2: d, e

1. a 2. a 3. a 4. b 5. b 6. c 7. c 8. c 9. d 10. d 11. e 12. e

Example of rehearsal that describes Constant Task 1: a, b, c Task 2: d, e

1. b 2. b 3. e 4. b 5. e 6. e 7. b 8. b 9. e 10. b 11. e 12. b

Example of rehearsal that describes Varied and Random Task 1: a, b, c Task 2: d, e

1. c 2. b 3. c 4. b 5. a 6. c 7. a 8. a 9. b 10. c 11. a 12. b

What is a Schema?

A learned rule relating various outcomes of a person's actions to the parameter values chosen to produce those outcomes

What is Variable Practice?

A practice sequence in which performers rehearse a number of variations of a given task

What is Constant Practice?

A practice sequence in which performers rehearse only one variation of a given task

What is Bandwidth Feedback?

A procedure for delivering feedback in which errors are signaled only if they fall outside some range of correctness

Physical Practice: What is part practice?

A procedure in which a skill is broken down into parts that are practiced separately.

What task would likely benefit most from part practice?

A serial task with low component interaction

Reference of Correctness

An awareness of how a movement should feel when it is performed correctly

What is Feedback during the learning experience classified as?

Augmented (extrinsic) or Intrinsic (inherent)

What is Knowledge of Performance (KP)?

Augmented feedback about the movement pattern the learner has just made -High jump "your approach run was too fast"

What is Knowledge of Results (KR)?

Augmented feedback about the success of an action with respect to the goal -Time in a race, score in gymnastics

How are Attention-Focusing Properties effective?

Augmented feedback can be used to direct the learner's attention to purpose of practice. -Interval vs external focus of attention -External: something outside of body

How is augmented feedback in the conceptual model processed?

Augmented feedback is always processed consciously.

T/F: To maximize motor learning, an instructor of a motor skill should always attempt to maximize a learner's performance during practice.

False

Gyrostim

Chair for crippled

What is Summary Feedback and Bandwidth Feedback effective for?

Considered to be an effective strategy for reducing the relative frequency of augmented feedback.

What is Descriptive Feedback?

Describes action

Guidance

Directing a learner through task performance -Can be physical, verbal, or visual

Examples of Direction of Error and Magnitude of Error

Direction: "You are off the target to the right..." Magnitude: "...by 20 cm." -Only give learner one (direction) so they can change -Avoid overly precise feedback to novices

Describe Autonomous Stage

Expert performance

What is Feedback for Learning?

Feedback is a critical motor learning and performance variable.

What is Summary Feedback?

Feedback that is given after a series of practice trials that provides the learner with information about their trials -Average of the trials

What is Simulation Fidelity?

Fidelity refers to the extent to which the simulator mimics the criteria task

When should variable practice be used?

Fixation stage of learning -Variable practice has a stronger positive effect on children than adults

Does guidance have a stronger influence on performance or learning?

Guidance is a strong positive performance variable, but a weak positive learning variable.

What is the appropriate practice/instructional strategy to use early in the cognitive stage of learning:

Guidance is most effective early in learning

Motor Learning

Motor learning is a set of processes associated with practice or experience leading to a relatively permanent change in the capability for skilled performance

What should be the timing of Extrinsic Feedback?

How much time passes after a trial before feedback is given doesn't make much difference -The one exception is to avoid instantaneous feedback

Describe Fixation Stage

How to do it

Which frequency of feedback enhances learning?

Increasing the absolute frequency of feedback enhances learning.

What is Informational Properties of Augmented Feedback?

Information about movement patterns and errors -The most important function of extrinsic feedback during motor skill practice -Has to be information the learner is not already aware of

What is Augmented (extrinsic) feedback?

Information about movement that is provided to the learner by some artificial means

How is intrinsic feedback in the conceptual model processed?

Intrinsic feedback is processed consciously and unconsciously.

What is Program Feedback?

Invariant features -Rhythm, relative force, order

Augmented Feedback is classified as either:

Knowledge of Results or Knowledge of Performance

What is bad about Dependency- Producing Properties?

Learners can become dependent on augmented feedback.

Physical Practice Techniques: What is simulation practice?

Mimicking features of a target skill -Sometimes it is not possible or desirable to practice the target skill -The goal of simulation is to maximize the transfer of learning to the target skill without actually doing the target skill

Ceiling Effects

Limitation on the highest score possible

How does Summary Feedback work?

Maximizes the amount of information provided to the learner, without the dependency-producing effects of providing feedback after every trial -Encourages learner to use intrinsic feedback

Having difficulty pronouncing Spanish words as a result of having learned English first is an example of:

Negative Transfer of Learning

Positive or Negative Learning

Negative learning= bad habit

Negative/Positive Transfer of Learning

Negative transfer is possible, but in terms of motor skill acquisition, when transfer occurs, it is usually positive.

Measurement: Performance Curve

Performance plotted as a function of practice

Mental Rehearsal Techniques: What is mental imagery?

Performers imagine themselves performing a motor skill (from an internal or external perspective)

Mental Rehearsal Techniques: What is mental practice?

Performers think through/about the cognitive or procedural aspects of a motor skill in the absence of movement

The best learning would result from using which two practice organizations simultaneously? Blocked-Random-Constant-Variable

Random and Variable

What is the hypothesis for why variable practice is so effective for learning?

Schema Theory

What is Intrinsic (inherent) Feedback?

Sensory information that arises as a natural consequence of producing a movement

Learning Variable

Something that has a relatively permanent effect on motor performance

Performance Variable

Something that has a relatively temporary effect on motor performance

What is the effect of Summary Feedback on learning and performance?

Summary Feedback is a strong positive learning variable

What is Prescriptive Feedback?

Tells learner what they should do differently

What is Fading?

The Relative Frequency of Feedback should be high when learning begins and reduced thereafter

What is Precision of Augmented Feedback?

The accuracy with which feedback describes error -Direction of error -Magnitude of error --Should increase over the course of learning

Distributed Practice

The amount of rest between practice attempts or sessions is longer than the amount of time spent practicing

Massed Practice

The amount of rest between practice attempts or sessions is shorter than the amount of time spent practicing

What is Psychological Fidelity?

The degree to which the behavioral processes produced in the simulation replicate those required by the criterion task

What is Physical Fidelity?

The degree to which the physical features of the simulator and criterion task are identical

Component (part-to-part) Interaction in Serial Skills

The extent to which one part of the skill influences other parts of the skill -The lower the component interaction, the more effective part practice will be

What is Transfer of Learning?

The gain or loss in a person's proficiency on one task as a result of practice on another task

The effectiveness of part practice depends on:

The nature of the target skill: -Serial skills -Continuous skills -Discrete skills

What is Specificity of Learning?

The notion that what you learn depends largely on what you practice.

What is Relative Frequency of Feedback?

The percentage of practice trial attempts for which feedback is given -20 trials, 10 of which are followed by feedback, the relative frequency=50%

Verbal Instructions

To be effective, verbal instructions need to be clear, concise, and limited to one or two skill components -Alone, verbal instructions are usually not very useful for motor learning

The gold standard for the measurement of motor learning is called:

Transfer Design

Describe Cognitive Stage

What to do

Is it possible to increase the absolute frequency while at the same time reducing the relative frequency?

Yes- requires an increase in the total number of practice trials

Floor Effects

limitation on the lowest score possible