KNH 244 Exam 3

deltoid and supraspinatus

What 2 muscles are functioning as agonists at the GH joint during the concentric phase of the lateral raise?

A to B

What is the concentric phase of this exercise?

mixed nerve

When peripheral nerves contain all motor neurons, in which case it is said to be a motor nerve which it contains both sensory and motor neurons

B to A

Which is the concentric phase of the push-up exercise?

Radial collateral

Which ligament limits the motion seen here?

gravity weight barbell

________ is the mover during the eccentric phase of the exercise?

upward rotation scapula

_____of the _____ at the scapulocostal joint

Function of CNS

`after receiving the sensory information, in then processes that sensory input via its integrative neurons

interstitial myofascial receptors

a 3rd group of mechanoreceptors found within joint capsules

Almost every movement of the arm at the GH joint also requires

a coupled movement of the shoulder girdle, in other words the scapula and clavicle

palmar plates

a ligamentous-like thick disc of fibrocartalige located on the palmar side of the joint, superficial to the fibrous capsule also know as the volar plate

muscle spindles

a type of muscle proprioceptor that is located within a muscle and is sensitive to a stretch (ie lengthening of the muscle)

Each sensory receptor is highly sensitive to

a type of stimulus

Wrist joint

actually two complex major joint: radoiocarpal and mid carpal joint

accessory motions of the MCP joint

allow a great deal of passive glide in all directions as well as passive motions

distal radioulnar joint

allows the radius to "swing" around the ulna

scapulocostal (ScC) joint

also know as the scapulothoracic joint the scapula and the ribcage not an anatomic joint, it is a functional joint

humeroulnar joint (elbow)

also know as the ulnotrochlear joint located in between the distal end of the humerus and the proximal end of the ulna synovial and diathoracic joint

transverse carpal ligament

also known as the flexor retinaculum because it functions as the retinaculum to hold down the extrinsic finger flexor muscles that enter the hand from the forearm

humeroradial joint (elbow)

also known as the radiocapitular joint located between the distal end of the humerus and the proximal end of the radius synovial and diathoracic joint

2 parts of the lateral collateral ligament (elbow)

annular fibers and ulnar fibers

major ligaments of the radioulnar joints

annular ligament fibrous joint capsule interosseus membrane oblique cord fibrous joint capsule RU disc

the muscle on the opposite side of a joint

antagonist

pronator quadratus attachments

anterior distal ulna anterior distal radius

palm (hand)

anterior region of the metacarpus of the hand

3 Parts of Medial Collateral Ligament (elbow)

anterior, posterior, and transverse fibers

closed packed position of the interphalangeal joints

approximately full extension

Golgi tendon organ and its tendon reflex

are protective in nature

muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs

are similar in that they are protective in nature

extrinsic ligaments of the wrist

attach into one or both of the forearm bones and then attach distally onto carpal bones. their primary function is to stabilize the radiocarpal joint. if they cross the mid carpal joint, they add to the stability of that joint as well. `

intrinsic ligaments

attach proximally and distally onto carpal bones, crossing and stabilizing motion between carpal bones primarily at the mid carpal joint divided into short, intermediate and long ligaments short intrinsic ligaments connect the distal row of carpal bones to each other the intermediate ligaments function to connect the bones of the proximal row together the long intrinsic ligaments connect the scaphoid, triquetrum, and capitate to each other two long ligaments: dorsal intercarpal ligament and palmar intercarpal ligament

radioulnar disc (triangula fibrocartilage)

attached to the radius and ulna it adds to the stability of the radiocarpal joint because it blends into the capsular/ligamentous structure of the radiocarpal joint

Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL) (elbow, radial)

attaches from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the annular ligament that lies over the radial head and to the ulna functions are to stabilize the lateral side of the elbow joint and to prevent adduction of the forearm at the elbow joint

Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) (elbow, ulnar)

attaches from the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the ulna functions to stabilize the medial side of the elbow joint and prevent abduction of the forearm at the elbow joint

annular ligament of radius

attaches to the anterior ulna, wraps around the head of the radius and the attaches to the posterior ulna its function is to stabilize the proximal RU joint and creates a cavity within which the head of the radius can rotate

Tennis elbow develops because of poor mechanics or overuse during the...

backhand swing

Golgi tendon organ reflex

because a pulling force on a tendon may stretch and tear it, this impulse in the spinal cord causes a reflex relaxation of the muscle. By relaxing the muscle, the muscle no longer creates a pulling force that might tear the tendon also know as the tendon reflex

Why is white matter white?

because of myelin, when it is present it wraps around neuronal axons

coracohumeral ligament location

between the coracoid process of the scapula and the greater tubercle of the humerus

The radoiocarpal joint is

biaxial

metacarpus

body of the hand contains 5 metacarpal bones

muscle spindle reflex or stretch reflex

by contracting and shortening, the muscle stops any excessive stretching that might tear the muscle

peripheral nerve

can contain all sensory neurons, in which case it is said to be a sensory nerve

Brachioradialis

can supinate and pronate the forearm

bones of the hand can be divided into

carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges

3 regions of the hand

carpus, metacarpus, and palm ray and phalanges

motor neuron

carries a message that directs a muscle to contract, also known as efferent neurons

sensory neuron

carries a sensory stimulus, also known as afferent neurons

Function of PNS

carries sensory information from the periphery to the body into the CNS

axon

carries the nerve impulses away from the cell body

descending pathways

carry motor information down from the brain to the spinal cord

ascending pathways

carry sensory information to the brain lower levels of the spinal cord to higher levels of the spinal cord

Dendrites

carry the nerve impulse toward the cell body

Three major parts of the brain

cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem

spinal cord

composed of outer area of white matter and inner area of grey matter the grey matter is where the connections occur

carpus

composed of the 8 carpal bones

fifth ray of the hand

composed of the fifth metacarpal and the three phalanges of the little finger

first ray of the hand

composed of the first metacarpal and the two phalanges of the thumb

fourth ray of the hand

composed of the fourth metacarpal and the three phalanges of the ring finger

second ray of the hand

composed of the second metacarpal and the three phalanges of the index finger

third ray of the hand

composed of the third metacarpal and the three phalanges of the middle finger

the 3 articulations of the elbow joint are

considered one joint but since three separate articulations are involved they can be considered three separate joints

the fingers

contain phalanges

muscles of the glenohumeral joint

deltoid coracobrachialis pectoralis major latissimus dorsi teres major supraspinatus infraspinatus teres minor subscapularis

Which part of a neuron receives electrical impulses?

dendrites

neuron composed of

dendrites, a cell body, and an axon

Triceps brachii

dentify a stabilizer during the eccentric phase of this exercise

Lower Trapezius function

depression of scapula

brachialis attachments

distal 1/2 of the anterior shaft of the humerus to the ulnar tuberosity

extrinsic ligaments of the wrist joint complex

dorsal radiocarpal ligament palmar radoiocarpal ligaments radial collateral ligament ulnar collateral ligament

all nerve impulses can be considered

either facilitatory or inhibitory

nerve impulse

electrical signal carried by nerves

the hand is defined as

everything distal to the radius and ulna

anconeus functions

extends the forearm at the elbow joint

triceps brachii functions

extends the forearm at the elbow joint extends the arm at the GH joint

Identify the movement occurring at the wrist complex during the eccentric phase of the forearm exercise _________of the __________ at the radiocarpal and midcarpal joints.

extension hand

closed packed position of the wrist joint

extension and slight ulnar deviation

major muscles of the saddle joint of the thumb

extrinsic muscles: flexor pollicis longus, extensors pollicis longs and brevis and abductors pollicis longs intrinsic mucles: the three muscles of the thenar eminence (the abductor and flexor pollicis brevis and the opponens pollicis) and the adductor pollicis

Anterior thigh associated peripheral nerve

femoral

major ligaments of the elbow joint

fibrous capsule medial collateral ligament (ulnar) lateral collateral ligament (radial) annular ligament

major ligaments of the saddle (CMC) joint of the thumb

fibrous capsule radial collateral ligament ulnar collateral ligament anterior oblique ligament posterior oblique ligament first inter metacarpal (IMC) ligament

proximal IMC joint ligaments

fibrous capsules IMC ligaments

distal IMC joints

fibrous capsules deep transverse metacarpal ligaments

major ligaments of the CMC joints

fibrous capsules dorsal CMC ligaments palmar CMC ligaments interosseous CMC ligaments

major ligaments of the MCP joint

fibrous capsules radial collateral ligaments ulnar collateral ligaments palmar plates

major ligaments of the IP joints

fibrous capsules radial collateral ligaments ulnar collateral ligaments palmar plates check-rein ligaments (PIP joint only)

brachialis function

flexes the forearm at the elbow joint

Brachioradialis functions

flexes the forearm at the elbow joint supinates the forearm at the RU joints pronates the forearm at the RU joints

biceps brachii functions

flexes the forearm at the elbow joint supinates the forearm at the RU joint flexes the arm at the GH joint

major motions allowed IP joint

flexion and extension (axial movements) within the sagittal plane around a mediolateral axis

major motions of the MCP joint

flexion and extension (axial movements) within the sagittal plane around a mediolateral axis abduction and adduction (axial movements) within the frontal plane around an anteroposterior axis

major actions of the elbow joint

flexion and extension of the forearm in the sagittal plane around a mediolateral axis

major motions of the radiocarpal and mid carpal joints

flexion and extension of the hand in the sagittal plane around a mediolateral axis (flexion is greater at the radiocarpal joint and extension is greater in the midcarpal joint) radial deviation and ulnar deviation of the hand in the frontal plane around an anteroposterior axis

Bicep brachii function

flexion of the arm

proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP)

flexion: 100-120 degrees extension: 0 degrees

Interphalangeal (IP) Joint of the thumb

flexion: 80 degrees extension: 0 degrees

distal interphalangeal joint (DIP)

flexion: 80-90 degrees extension: 0 degrees

major muscles of the MCP joint

flexors digitorium superficialis and profundus extensor digitorium extensor digiti minimi extensor indicis flexor pollicis longus extensors pollicis longs and brevis

reverse actions of the carpal bones

forearm can move relative

middle radioulnar joint

formed by the interosseus membrane that connects the shafts of the radius and ulna fibrous, syndesmosis joint amphiarthortic, uniaxial joint

transverse carpal ligament of the wrist

forms the roof of the carpal tunnel attaches to the tubercles of the scaphoid and the trapezium radially and to the pisiform and hook of hamate on the ulnar side functions to enclose and stabilize the carpal tunnel also functions as a reticulum for the extrinsic finger flexor muscles of the forearm that enter the hand

third group of mechanoreceptors

found within joint capsules, they are known as interstitial myofascial receptors

Coronal plane is the same as

frontal plane

closed packed position of the saddle joint of the thumb

full opposition

coracoacromial ligament

function is to protect the superior structures of the GH joint

proximal radioulnar joint

functionally separate from the elbow joint and will be considered as a part of the radioulnar joint

middle radioulnar joint

functions to transfer force

Pacini's corpuscles

give us proprioceptive information only about the movement of our joints

Sense of proprioception

gives us awareness of the body's position in space and the body's movement through space

Ruffini's endings

gives us proprioceptive information about the movement of our joints and the static position of our joints

gamma motor system

has upper motor neurons and lower motor neurons

muscles that are on the opposite sides of a joint

have opposite actions at that joint, their actions are antagonistic to each

all interphalangeal joints are?

hinge joints

Pectoralis major function

horizontal adduction of arm

What other set of motions happens at the GH joint in a transverse plane?

horizontal adduction/abduction horizontal flexion/extension

pronator teres attachments

humeral head medial epicondyle of the humerus ulnar head coronoid process of the ulna lateral radius

the muscle spindle reflex results

in contraction of a muscle and acts to prevent a muscle from being overly stretched and torn

Where do all voluntary motor controls of movement originate?

in the outer portion of the cerebrum called the cerebral cortex

Statements that apply to the 1st carpometacarpal joint

includes the trapezium carpal bone saddle joint

What direction are the roll and the glide during adduction of the arm at the GH joint?

inferior, superior

integrative neuron

integrates/processes the sensory stimuli received from sensory neurons

dorsal digital expansion

is a fibrous aponeurotic expansion of the distal attachment of the extensor digitorium muscle on the fingers serves as a moveable hood of the tissue when the fingers flex and extend also known as the extensor expansion or the dorsal hood

the CMC joint of the thumb

is stabilized by its fibrous joint capsule and five major ligaments, the joint capsule is loose allowing large ranges of motion and the ligaments of the thumb become taut in full opposition or full abduction or full extension

the elbow joint

is unusual because it has 3 articulations enclosed in one joint capsule

coracohumeral ligament function

it prevents dislocation of the humeral head anteriorly and inferiorly and limited extremes of flexion, extension, and lateral rotation

major ligaments of the wrist joint complex

joint capsules of the radiocarpal joints radioulnar disc joint capsule of the midcarpal joint transverse carpal ligament

subdeltoid bursa

known as the subacromial bursa because it extends inferiorly/distally and is also located between the deltoid muscle and the rotator cuff tendon

scapulocostal (ScC) joint accessory movements

lateral and medial tilt upward and downward tilt

carrying angle

lateral deviation of ulna with respect to the humerus, 5-15º, 5-10º in men and 10-15º in women also know as the cubitus valgus

Anconeus attachments

lateral epicondyle of humerus posterior proximal ulna

Posterior deltoid function

lateral rotation of the arm

brachioradialis attachments

lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus to styloid process of radius

winging of the scapula

lateral tilt of the scapula away from the body wall

palmar plate of IP joint

ligamentous-like thick disc of fibrocartilage located on the palmar side of the joint, superficial to the fibrous capsule

proprioception

literally means the body's sense of its self the ability of the nervous system to know the body position in space and the body's movement through space

Carpal tunnel

located anteriorly at the wrist and is a tunnel formed by the arrangement of the carpal bones and between the archduke transverse concavity of the carpal bones and transverse carpal ligament that spans across the top of the carpal bones

Intermetacarpal joint

located between adjacent metacarpal bones

first intermetacarpal ligament of the thumb

located between metacarpals of the thumb and index finger more specifically it is located from the base of the metacarpal of the index finger to the base of the metacarpal of the thumb

interphalangeal joints of the hand

located between phalanges of a finger proximal interphalangeal joint distal interphalangeal joint IP joint

Interphalangeal (IP) joints of the hand

located between phalanges of the fingers

the third CMC joint

located between the capitate and the base of the third metacarpal synovial and plane joint synarthorotic and non axial joint 0 degrees flexion and extension

radiocarpal joint

located between the distal end of the radius and the proximal row of carpal bones

distal radioulnar joint

located between the distal radius and distal ulna synovial, pivot joint diarthrotic, uniaxial joint

carpometacarpal joints

located between the distal row of carpal bones and the metacarpal bones 5 CMC joints exists

carpometacarpal joint

located between the distal row of carpals and the metacarpal bones the first CMC joint (of the thumb) is a saddle joint that is specialized to allow a great degree of movement

fifth MCP joint

located between the fifth metacarpal and the proximal phalanx of the little finger

first MCP joint

located between the first metacarpal and the proximal phalanx of the thumb

fourth MCP joint

located between the fourth metacarpal and the Proximal phalanx of the ring finger

the fifth CMC joint

located between the hamate and the base of the fifth metacarpal synovial and saddle joint diarthoracic and biaxial joint 20 degrees flexion and 0 degrees extension

the fourth CMC joint

located between the hamate and the base of the fourth metatarsal synovial and saddle joint diarthoracic and biaxial joint 10 degrees flexion and 0 degrees extension

metacarpophalangeal joint

located between the metacarpal bones and the phalanges

intermetalcarpal joint bones

located between the metacarpal bones of the hand proximal IMC joints and distal IMC joints exist all 5 metacarpals articulate with one another proximally at their bases, hence four proximal IMC joints exist only metacarpals #2-#5 articulate with one another distally at their heads, hence three distal IMC joints exist

metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints

located between the metacarpals of the palm and the phalanges of the fingers 5 MCP joints exist

midcarpal joint

located between the proximal row of carpal bones and the distal row of carpal bones

midcarpal joint (wrist)

located between the proximal row of carpal bones and the distal row of carpal bones compound joint

radioulnar joints

located between the radius and ulna

GH joint

located between the scapula and the humerus, more specifically it is between the glenoid fossa of the scapula and the head of the humerus

second MCP joint

located between the second metacarpal and the proximal phalanx of the index finger

third MCP joint

located between the third metacarpal and the proximal phalanx of the middle finger

the first CMC joint

located between the trapezium and the base of the first metacarpal synovial and saddle joint diarthoracic and biaxial joint

Saddle (CMC) joint of the thumb bones

located between the trapezium and the first metacarpal synovial, saddle diarthrotic, biaxial

the second CMC joint

located between the trapezoid and the base of the second metatarsal synovial and plane joint synarthorotic and non axial joint 0-2 degrees flexion 0 degrees extension

fascial/joint proprioceptors

located in and around the capsules of joints and provide information about the joints static position and dynamic movement, also located in all other types of deep fibrous fascia

Central Nervous System (CNS)

located in the center of the body and is composed of the brain and spinal cord

anterior oblique ligament of the thumb

located on the anterior side of the joint more specifically it is located from the tubercle of the trapezium to the base of the metacarpal of the thumb

dorsal radiocarpal joint

located on the dorsal (posterior) side from the radius to the carpal bones ligament attaches the radius to the capitate, lunate, and scaphoid bones it limits full flexion

palmar radiocarpal ligament

located on the palmar (anterior) side from the radius to the carpal bones they limit full extension

posterior oblique ligament of the thumb

located on the posterior side of the joint more specifically it is located from the posterior surface of the trapezium to the palmar-ulnar surface of the base of the metacarpal of the thumb

radical collateral ligament

located on the radial side of the MCP joint

radial collateral ligament of the thumb

located on the radial side of the joint more specifically it is located from the radial surface of the trapezium to the base of the metacarpal of the thumb

radial collateral ligament

located on the radial side, from the radius to the carpal bones, more specifically it is located from the styloid process of the radius to the scaphoid and trapezium it functions to limit ulnar deviation (adduction)

ulnar collateral ligament (MCP joint)

located on the ulnar side of the MCP joint

ulnar collateral ligament of the thumb

located on the ulnar side of the joint more specifically it is located from the transverse carpal ligament to the base of the metacarpal of the thumb

ulnar collateral ligament

located on the ulnar side, from the ulna to the carpal bones, more specifically it is located from the styloid process of the ulan to the triquetrum it functions to limit radial deviation (abduction)

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

located peripherally and composed to peripheral spinal and cranial nerves contains sensory and motor neurons nerves and ganglia

muscles spindle cells

located within the belly of a muscle and lie parallel to the fibers of the muscles

muscle proprioceptors

located within the muscle- provide awareness of the position and movement of the body and create reflexes that protect muscles and tendons from injury

triceps brachii attachments

long head infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula lateral head posterior shaft of the humerus medial head posterior shaft of the humerus olecranon process of the ulna

biceps brachii attachments

long head: supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula short head: coracoid process of the scapula to the radial tuberosity

What structures articulate to form the radiocarpal joint?

lunate Distal radius Scaphoid

major muscles of the elbow joint

major flexors: brachial, biceps brachii, brachioradialis, and pronator teres major extensors: triceps brachii, anconeus, and extensor carpi ulnaris

Joint Proprioceptors

mechanoreceptors located in and around the capsule of joints

CMC joint motion

more mobile, creating more mobile rays

Mechanoreceptors

most proprioceptor receptors are called this because they are sensitive to a particular type of stimulus, mechanical pressure stimuli

mechanoreceptors

most proprioceptors are call this they are sensitive to mechanical pressure stimuli

alpha motor neurons

motor neurons that are directly concerned with controlling muscle contraction

reverse actions of the IP joint

move the more proximal phalanx relative to the more distal one

reverse actions of the MCP joint

move the proximal phalanx of the finger toward a fixed metacarpal bone however a metacarpal of the palm of the hand can move toward the proximal phalanx of a finger instead

intramural fibers

muscle spindle cells contain these fibers

2 major types of muscle proprioceptors

muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs

two major types of muscle proprioceptors

muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs

if the mover contracts and shortens, the antagonist on the opposite side of the joint

must relax and lengthen to allow that joint action to occur

the 2nd and 3rd carpometacarpal joints are?

non-axial

advantage of the carrying angle

objects carried in the hand are naturally held away from the body

medial thigh associated peripheral nerve

obturator

Fibrous Joint Capsule

of the GH joint is extremely lax and permits a good deal of motion if the musculature of the shoulder joint is completely relaxed, the head of the humerus can be moved away from the glenoid fossa 1 to 2 inches thickened and strengthens by glenohumeral (GH) ligaments

inverse myotonic reflex

opposite effect of the myotonic reflex

major motions of the saddle (CMC) joint of the thumb

opposition and reposition of the thumb that is a combination of abduction, flexion, and medial rotation of the thumbs metacarpal flexion and extension of the thumb in the frontal plane around an anteroposterior axis abduction and adduction of the thumb in the sagittal plane around a mediolateral axis medial rotation and lateral rotation of the thumb in the transverse plane around a vertical axis

Pronator teres

originates on medial epicondyle

2 major types of fascial/joint proprioceptors

paninis corpuscles and fuffinis endings

accessory motions of the carpal bones

permit a great deal of gliding motion

medial collateral ligament

prevents abduction of the forearm

lateral collateral ligament

prevents adduction of the forearm

CMC major motions allowed

primarily allow flexion/extension some abduction/adduction occurs at the fourth and fifth CMC joint some lateral rotation/medial rotation occurs at the fifth CMC joint

pronator teres functions

pronates the forearm at the RU joint flexes the forearm at the elbow joint

pronator quadratus functions

pronates the forearm at the RU joints

major actions of the radioulnar joint

pronation and supination of the forearm the head of the radius medially rotates during pronation of the forearm the head of the radius laterally rotates during supination of the forearm the distal radius swings around the distal ulna

another sense besides the 5 senses

proprioception

Equilibrium

proprioceptive sensation of the inner ear (both static and dynamic) are often referred to this sense

scapulocostal (ScC) joint major motions

protraction and retraction of scapula elevation and depression of scapula upward and downward rotation of scapula

inner ear proprioceptors

provide information on static position and dynamic movement of head

the carpal tunnel

provides a safe passageway for the median nerve and the distal tendons of the extrinsic finger flexor muscles of the forearm to enter the hand

three radioulnar joints

proximal radioulnar joint, middle radioulnar joint, distal radioulnar joint

Arches of the hand

proximal transverse arch distal transverse arch longitudinal arch

radial and ulnar collateral ligaments

radial: on radial side of joint ulnar: on ulnar side of joint

three palmar radiocarpal ligaments

radiocapitate ligament radiolunate ligament radioscapholunate ligament these ligaments attach the radius to the bones stated within their names

wrist joint

radoiocarpal, midcarpal, and intercarpal intercarpal do not contribute to wrist movements

ray

refers to a metacarpal and its associated phalanges the hand has 5 rays

muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs differ

regarding which structure they each protect and the result of their reflexes

extrafusal fibers

regular muscle fibers

The Golgi tendon organs reflex

results in relaxation of a muscle and acts to prevent the tendon from being overly stretched and torn by an overly contracting muscle

Which region of a spinal nerve is a "one-way" street (only carrying efferent or afferent messages)?

roots

radiouknar disc

runs from the distal radius to the distal ulna, also blends into the capsular/ligamentous structure of the distal RU joint its function is to stabilize the distal RU joint

longitudinal arch

runs the length of the hand and is formed by the shape of the metacarpals and fingers. The shape of the metacarpals is somewhat fixed but flexion of the fingers increases the longitudinal arch of the hand

serratus anterior function

scapula protraction

posterior thigh associated peripheral nerve

sciatic

What do the brain and spinal cord contain?

sensory, integrative, and motor neurons

neuron functionality

sensory, integrative, or motor

Stimuli such as pressure, pain, and heat would be transmitted to the brain via a ___________ neuron, along an _________ pathway

sensory; afferent

the GH joint has

several major ligaments

intrinsic ligaments of the wrist joint complex

short intermediate long

pectoral girdle

shoulder girdle; the scapula and clavicle

Glenohumeral (GH) Joint

shoulder joint articulation between the glenoid fossa of the scapula and the head of the humerus

foramen of Weitbrecht

small region of the anterior GH joint capsule that is located between the superior and middle GH ligaments and is a relatively weak region where the majority of shoulder dislocations occur

neuron

specialized to carry an electrical signal known as a nerve impulse

intermetacarpal ligaments

stabilize by their fibrous capsules and ligaments proximal IMC joints are stabilized by the IMC ligaments that connect the base of each of the five metacarpals to the base of the adjacent metacarpals

What is the primary role of the rotator cuff muscles?

stabilize the GH joint

dorsal radioulnar ligament

stabilizes distal radioulnar joint

annular ligament

stabilizes proximal radioulnar joint

Supinator function

supinates the forearm at the RU joints

All MCP joints are

synovial and condyloid diarthrotic and biaxial

radiocarpal and midcarpal joint

synovial and condyloid diathoracic and biaxial

GH joint classification

synovial joint subtype: ball and socket joint

proximal radioulnar joint

synovial, pivot joint diathoracic, uniaxial joint located between the proximal radius and the proximal ulna

muscle contracts to move the joint

termed the mover

flexors cross

the GH joint anteriorly

muscular joint

the GH joint is referred to this

IMC motion

the IMC joints allow non axial gliding motion of one metacarpal relative to the adjacent metacarpals synovial joint, plane amphiarthrotic, non axial

sternoclavicular joint

the area where the clavicle and the sternum connect synovial joint diarthrotic joint function

reverse actions of the elbow joint

the arm can move relative to the forearm at the elbow joint flexion of the arm at the elbow joint is one of the class reverse actions

distal transverse arch

the distal transverse arch runs transversely across (across the hand) and is located at the MCP joints quite mobile

Saddle (CMC) joint of the thumb

the first CMC joint classic example of a saddle joint

the two bones of the forearm (radius and ulna) articulate with

the hand at the wrist joint

cerebrum

the largest part of the brain outer aspect of the cerebrum is called the cortex and is composed of gray matter the inner aspect of the cerebrum is made up of white matter with some clusters of grey matter called nuclei or ganglia

the upper motor neurons synapse with

the lower motor neuron within the gray matter of the spinal cord peripheral nerve

reverse actions of the GH joint

the major reverse action of the scapula at the GH joint are upward rotation and downward rotation

joint capsule of the midcarpal joint

the midcarpal joint capsule is less a single joint capsule than a series of interconnected joint capsules of the many bones of the midcarpal joint

flexion, arm protraction, scapula

the movements happening in the shoulder complex during the concentric phase of the push-up. _____of the _____ at the glenohumeral joint ______ of the _____at the scapulocostal joint

Myotonic reflex

the muscle spindle reflex is also known as this

reciprocal inhibition

the name given to the neurological reflex that causes the antagonist to a joint action to relax when the mover of that joint action is directed to contract

reflex arc

the pathway of a reflex

proximal transverse arch

the proximal transverse arch of the hand runs transversely (across the hand) and is formed by the two rows (proximal and distal) of carpal bones fairly rigid

joint capsule of the radoiocarpal joint

the radoiocarpal joint capsule is thickened and strengthened by the dorsal radiocarpal, palmar radiocarpal, radial collateral, and ulnar collateral ligaments

scapulocostal (ScC) joint reverse actions

the ribcage can move relative to the scapula

Palmar Fascia

the thick layer of dense fibrous tissue on the palmar side (of the hand) increases the structural stability of the hand

reverse actions of the saddle (CMC) joint of the thumb

the trapezium of the wrist could move relative to the metacarpal of the thumb

gamma motor system LMNs

then travel from the spinal cord out to the muscle spindle

double jointed

these people have ligaments that are so lax that they permit a greater than normal passive range of motion

reflexes are hardwired in the body

they are innate (inborn)

Superior, middle, and inferior GH ligaments functions

they prevent dislocation of the humeral head anteriorly and inferiorly also limit the extremes of all GH joint motions

Superior, middle, and inferior GH ligaments

thickenings of the anterior and inferior joint capsule

when the integration and processing of sensory stimuli within the brain result in the determination that a joint action will be made...

this decision is passed along to the cerebral motor cortex of the brain

posterior leg associated peripheral nerve

tibial

interosseus membrane

tissue that unites the radius and the ulna of the forearm, forming the middle RU joint its function is to stabilize the middle RU joint by binding the radius and ulna together

CNS is able

to determine the position that the joint is in knows when the joint is flexed

gamma motor system UMNs

travel from the brain down to the spinal cord, where they synapse from the brain down to the spinal cord where they synapse from with gamma LMNs in the gray matter of the spinal cord

Triceps brachii

two-joint muscle innervated by the radial nerve

Biceps brachii

two-joint muscle that supinates the forearm

Golgi tendon organ

type of muscle proprioceptor that is located within a tendon of a muscle and is sensitive too a pulling force. that is placed on the tendon

What movements of the clavicle accompany abduction of the arm?

upward rotation

movement of the wrist joint

usually occurs at two joints, radoiocarpal joint and midcarpal joint

Nervous system directs two types of movement

voluntary movement reflex movement

co-contraction

when the mover and antagonist both contract at the same

joints of the wrist/hand region

wrist joint (radoiocarpal and mid carpal joint) carpometacarpal joint intermetacarpal metacarpophalangeal interphalangeal joints of the hand

radoiocarpal joint

- major joint of the wrist - lies between proximal carpals and radius/ulna

What applies to Golgi tendons?

-Sensitive to tension/pulling force -Are a type of proprioceptor

The GH joint allows

-flexion and extension (axial movements) in the sagittal plane around a mediolateral axis -abduction and adduction (axial movements) in the frontal plane around an anteroposterior axis -lateral and medial and rotation (axial movements) in the transverse plane around a vertical axis

What applies to muscle spindles?

-lie within the muscle belly -contain intrafusal fibers capable of contracting

three GH ligaments

-the superior glenohumeral ligament -the middle glenohumeral ligament -the inferior glenohumeral ligament

The upper trapezius... 1: originates on the spine 2: protracts the scapula 3: upwardly rotates the scapula 4: elevates the scapula 5: inserts on the medial border of the scapula

1, 3, 4

Which of the following motions occur in the sagittal plane? 1: flexion of the humerus at the GH joint 2: supination of the forearm 3: ulnar deviation of the hand at the wrist 4: horizontal abduction of arm at GH joint 5: extension of the forearm at the elbow

1, 5

Three articulations of elbow joint

1. humeroulnar joint 2. humeroradial joint 3. proximal radioulnar joint

3 major categories of proprioceptors

1.) fascial/joint proprioceptor 2.) muscle proprioceptor 3.) inner ear proprioceptors

Which of the following muscles laterally rotate the humerus? 1: subscapularis 2: infraspinatus 3: latissimus dorsi 4: posterior deltoid 5: teres major

2, 4

Entering and exiting the CNS

31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves

closed packed position of the MCP JOINT

70 degrees of flexion

Which movement occurring at the glenohumeral joint has the greatest range of motion?

Abduction

movements that occur in the sagittal plane (wrist and hand)

Abduction of the 1st metacarpal at the 1st CMC joint Flexion of the 3rd proximal phalange at the 3rd MCP joint Extension of the 5th distal phalange at the 5th DIP joint

The conoid and trapezoid ligaments indirectly support which joint?

Acromioclavicular

What movements can occur fully at the GH joint without contributions from the other shoulder complex articulations?

Adduction Internal rotation

Sensory Neurons

Afferent

Humeroradial joint

Atypical ball-and-socket

Flexor digiti minimi

Belongs to the hypothenar eminence group

Opponens pollicus

Belongs to the thenar eminence group

what are the muscles that flex the forearm at the elbow

Biceps brachii long head Brachialis Brachioradialis

structural organization of the nervous system

Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

What ligament forms part of the "roof" of the glenohumeral joint?

Coracoacromial

What ligament prevents dislocation of the humeral head anteriorly and inferiorly?

Coracohumeral

Ulnar and radial deviation occur in what plane of motion?

Coronal/frontal

anterior leg associated peripheral nerve

Deep fibular (peroneal)

GH joint function classification

Diarthrotic subtype: triaxial

no because gravity being the mover would cancel out the flexor antagonistic muscles so no extra neutralizer needed No because the bench prevents any movement that a neutralizer would counteract

Does this exercise require an additional muscle(s) to function as a neutralizer? Why or why not?

Motor Neurons

Efferent

160 degrees

Estimate how far the arm has been abducted in this picture

90 degrees

Estimate how far the arm has been flexed in this picture

45 degrees

Estimate how far the arm has been internally rotated in this picture

movements that do not occur in the sagittal plane (wrist and hand)

Extension of the 1st metacarpal at the 1st CMC joint

sagittal, ML/mediolateral

Extension of the arm at the humeroulnar and humeroradial joints occurs in the _________ plane and around the _________ axis.

T/F: Conscious awareness is a required component of the reflex arc

False

What is the structural classification for the middle radioulnar joint?

Fibrous

Flexor digitorum profundus

Flexes distal phalanges 2-5 at the DIP joints

What radiocarpal joint movement has the greatest range of motion?

Flexion

What muscle can flex distal phalanges 2-5 at the DIP joints?

Flexor digitorum profundus

The medical term for "golfer's elbow" is medial epicondylitis. This condition results from overuse of what muscle group?

Forearm muscles that flex the hand at the wrist

Golgi end organs

Golgi receptors located within joint capsules and ligaments

Tricep brachii Anconeus

Identify 1 muscle functioning as an agonist (mover) at the humeroulnar/humeroradial joints during the concentric phase of the push-up

Radiocarpal Mid carpal

Identify 2 joints where true movement is occurring during the eccentric phase of the forearm exercise

anterior deltoid, coracobrachialis, or, pec major

Identify 2 muscle agonists at the GH joint during the concentric phase of the push-up

Biceps brachii Brachialis Brachioradialis

Identify 2 muscles that are antagonists at the humeroulnar/humeroradial joints during the concentric phase of the push-up

Flexor carpi ulnaris flexor carpi radialis flexor digitorum profundus flexor digitorum superficialis flexor pollicus longus palmaris longus

Identify 2 muscles that are eccentrically contracting antagonists during the exercise ________ and ________

pec minor serratus anterior

Identify a muscle agonist at the scapulocostal joint during the concentric phase of the push-up

rhomboids trapezius

Identify a muscle antagonist that is passively lengthening at the scapulocostal joint during the concentric phase of the push-up

rhomboids pectoralis minor

Identify a muscle that is a passively lengthening antagonist at the scapulocostal joint

upper trapezius middle trapezius

Identify one muscle acting as an agonist at the scapulocostal joint during the concentric phase of the lateral raise

latissimus dorsi pectoralis major

Identify one muscle that is a passively lengthening antagonist at the GH joint during the action

Posterior deltoid Latissimus dorsi Teres major

Identify one muscle that is a passively lengthening antagonist at the GH joint during the concentric phase of the push-up

humeroulnar joint humeroradial joint

Identify the 2 elbow complex joints where true movement is occurring during the concentric phase of the push-up

B to A

Identify the eccentric phase of the forearm exercise shown here

extension, arm

Identify the movement occurring at the elbow complex during the concentric phase of the push-up. _________ of the _________ at the humeroulnar and humeroradial joints

Flexor digitorum superficialis

Inserts onto anterior side of middle phalanges 2-5

Supinator attachments

Lateral epicondyle of the humerus and proximal ulna to the proximal radius

Which nerve is impinged in carpal tunnel syndrome?

Median

What nerves are derived from the brachial plexus?

Median, Axillary

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Originates on lateral epicondyle and inserts on base of 5th metacarpal

Flexor carpi radialis

Originates on medial epicondyle and inserts on anterior bases of 2nd and 3rd metacarpals

What regions can white matter be found?

Outer portion of the spinal cord, Inner portion of the cerebrum

two major types of fascial/joint proprioceptors

Pacini's corpuscles and Ruffini's endings

According to reciprocal inhibition, if the pectoralis major is contracting to horizontally adduct the arm, what muscle will be inhibit

Posterior deltoid

According to reciprocal inhibition, if the pectoralis major is contracting to horizontally adduct the arm, what muscle will be inhibited?

Posterior deltoid

what are the muscles that pronate the forearm

Pronator teres Brachioradialis

To fully flex the arm at the glenohumeral joint, what motions need to occur at the scapulocostal joint?

Protraction Upward rotation

All muscles that extend the hand at the wrist are innervated by what nerve?

Radial

To fully externally/laterally rotate the arm at the GH joint, what motion needs to occur at the scapulocostal joint?

Retraction

What muscle(s) retract the scapula?

Rhomboids Trapezius

Which proprioceptors would provide information about a joint's static position?

Ruffini's Endings

statements that apply to the 4th and 5th Carpometacarpal joints

Saddle joints Allow abduction & adduction of metacarpals Allow flexion & extension of metacarpals

Identify the muscles that upwardly rotate the scapula

Serratus anterior Upper trapezius

What muscles medially rotate the humerus at the glenohumeral joint?

Subscapularis

lateral leg associated peripheral nerve

Superficial fibular (peroneal)

What muscle(s) function to abduct the arm?

Supraspinatus Deltoid

What muscle(s) function to externally rotate the arm?

Teres minor Infraspinatus Posterior deltoid

sagital, ML/mediolateral

The movement at the GH joint occurs in the_____plane around the_____axis.

gamma motor neurons

The sensitivity of the muscle spindle is maintained by

According to reciprocal inhibition, if the brachialis muscle is stimulated to contract, which of the following will happen?

The triceps will be inhibited (relax)

Describe the shape of the humeroulnar joint surfaces and the relationship between the direction of the "roll" and the "glide" during flexion of the forearm at the elbow.

The trochlea of the humerus is convex and the trochlear notch of the ulna is concave, During flexion of the forearm, the ulna rolls in a(n) superior/anterior direction and the ulna glides in a(n) superior/anterior direction

the name of the surgery technique used to repair torn UCLs.

Tommy John

descriptors of a motor neuron

Transmits signals on an efferent pathway Sends contraction stimulus to muscles Found in the central and peripheral nervous system

muscles of the shoulder girdle

Trapezius Rhomboids major and minor Levator scapulae serrates anterior pectoralis minor subclavius

What bone structures articulate to form the humeroulnar joint?

Trochlea Trochlear notch

True or False: All 5 MCP joints are condyloid in structure and allow flexion/extension and abduction/adduction

True

glenohumeral, scapulothoracic, or scapulocostal

True movement is occurring at 2 joints during this exercise. The 2 joints are the_______and the_______

What ligaments prevents abduction of the forearm?

Ulnar collateral ligament

Humeroulnar joint

Uniaxial hinge

Proximal radioulnar joint

Uniaxial pivot

A motor neuron that travels down in a descending white matter tract is called

Upper motor neuron

Identify the muscles that elevate the scapula

Upper trapezius Levator scapulae

To fully abduct the arm at the GH joint, what motion needs to occur at the scapulocostal joint?

Upward rotation

How does a sensory stimulus enter the spinal cord?

Via a sensory neuron