KNR 254 (EXAM 1)

What characteristic of an athlete might impact whether his or her coach adopts an autonomy-supportive or controlling interactional style with the athlete?

- Coach engages more in behaviors that pressure athletes to think, feel, and act the way the coach wants to. - They kind of ignore the athletes' feelings and their needs. - They're saying, "Hey, I want you to act this way because I'm the coach, so you need to do these kinds of things."

Describe the key components of the "social cognitive" approach to understanding behavior.

1. Individuals cognition and social environment have a direct and independent influence on his behavior. 2. Ones own thoughts and feeling generally have the most significant impact on behavior

Intrinsic Motivation

A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake (fun, pleasurable)

Provide 2 example strategies for creating a mastery motivational climate.

- Setting personal goals to develop individual skills - Asking players what went wrong after games and what they need to improve on

Integrated Regulation

Activity helps to confirm identity - consistent with self view (as an athlete) - Most self-determined

What are some of the positive benefits of creating a mastery motivational climate?

Great mastery goal orientation, higher intrinsic motivation, higher perceptions of competence, lower anxiety, greater enjoyment, enhanced learning

Is it "better" to be intrinsically or extrinsically motivated in sport and physical activity? Why?

- Both orientations may try hard and persist over time, but intrinsic individuals won't need constant support and rewards over time. - Most likely to demonstrate motivated behavior, less likely to burn out, experience greater enjoyment, lower anxiety, be creative in activity/sport.

Extrinsic Motivation

a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment (rewards, social approval)

Identified Regulation

do something because you value it, it's part of who you are

Based on our discussions would you conclude that rewards are "bad" for an individual's intrinsic motivation? Under what circumstance are rewards beneficial for intrinsic motivation?

-If the reward is perceived as controlling it is bad -If the reward is given because the player is good it builds confidence. -they will not undermine IM if there is no interest in the first place

Cognitive evaluation theory says that any event that can influence perceived competence or self-determination can affect intrinsic motivation. What are the 2 functional aspects of an event according to the theory?

-Informational aspect- related to ones need for autonomy -Controlling aspect- related to ones need for autonomy

Describe the 3 fundamental human needs identified in self-determination theory.

1. Competence- need to interact with the environment and to experience a sense of competence 2. Autonomy- need to engage in activities of ones choosing and to be the origin of ones behaviors. 3.Relatedness- need to feel connected to others and to experience a sense of belonging.

In general, what is the most important reason for children participating in sport? What is the most frequently cited reason why individuals discontinue or dropout?

1. Fun 2. Conflict of interest

What are the two major questions asked in sport and exercise psychology?

1. How does participation and performance in sport and PA influence an individuals psychological characteristics and behavior? Ex) -does participation increase self esteem? -can running or exercise reduce anxiety and enhance mood? 2. How do psychological characteristics and responses influence participation and performance in sport and PA? Ex) -How does anxiety affect a basketball players free throw ability? -Does self confidence influence a child's motivation to participate in sport and PA?

Achievement goal theory suggests that individuals all have a desire to demonstrate competence in achievement domains, however people define success differently. What are the 2 major ways people define success?

1. Outcome goal-defined the social comparison or norm-referenced criteria 2. Mastery goal-defined through self-reference material, make ones self better

What are the three categories of factors that interact to determine people's behavior according to our guiding framework for the class?

1. Personal characteristics 2. Situational characteristics 3. Culture/historical factors

Define motivation (i.e., motivated behavior). Within this definition, what does the "direction of effort" refer to?

1. The intensity and direction of effort. 2. Approach/avoidance or choice, tied to incentive or goals.

What are the two major questions asked in sports sociology?

1.How do societal issues and cultural context influence sport and PA? Ex)-How does the stereotype that certain race/ethnic groups are more or less intelligent influence the position these individuals are recruited to and permitted to play? -why do male sports receive more attention and funding female sports? 2.How is sport and PA able to reproduce and transform society/culture? Ex)-How can sport function as an arena to perpetuate and/or breakdown prevailing negative stereotypes -Does sport represent a promising avenue for lower class and disadvantaged groups to gain in social standing

Describe how achievement goal orientations are related to intrinsic motivation. Describe how they are related to attitudes about aggression and cheating in sport.

1.Mastery goal orientation = higher intrinsic motivation, higher perceived competence 2. Outcome goal orientation = lower intrinsic motivation, extrinsic nature

Ryan (1980) found that wrestlers and female athletes on scholarship had higher intrinsic motivation than non-scholarship athletes from the same sports, but football players on scholarships had lower intrinsic motivation than non-scholarship football players. How did Ryan explain these results? Be specific.

1.scholarships provided positive competence information given the low number of scholarships available for wrestlers and female athletes. 2. Scholarships provided no competence given the number of scholarships available, rather scholarships were viewed as controlling.

What is the basic premise of self-determination theory?

A fulfillment of the the 3 basic needs: 1. Need for Competence 2. Need for Autonomy 3. Need for Relatedness All are essential for the facilitation of self motivation, social development and personal well being

Explain the term "motivational climate". What are the 2 different types of climates?

Aspects of the environment that can influence which achievement goal is adopted. -Mastery motivational climate-emphasizes learning,improvement, and effort - Performance(outcome)-emphasizes competition and out performing others

External Regulation

Behavior is controlled by rewards, threats, and possible coercion - parent's influence - social approval

How about an individual with a mastery goal orientation and low perceived competence?

Demonstrates motivated behavior, chooses to participate, challenging tasks, high effort and persistence

Reciprocal determinism

Interchangeable cause and effect relationship between two or more concepts

Achievement goal theory also predicts that an individual's goal orientation will interact with their level of perceived competence to determine their choice, effort, and persistence of behavior. What motivational outcome is predicted for an individual with an outcome goal orientation and low perceived competence?

Motivationally at risk, choose not to participate, choose tasks that are to easy or to hard, low effort and persistence.

Cognitive evaluation theory, which is a sub-theory of self-determination theory, suggests that two of these needs are particularly critical for supporting/undermining intrinsic motivation. What are they?

Need for competence and Need for autonomy

What factors might lead a coach to become more controlling?

Not giving the players choices, or involving them in the making of some decisions, dictating everything. Not being supportive.

Intrinsic Orientation

Participating for primarily for more self-determined reasons

Extrinsic Orientation

Participating for primarily non self-determined reason

Amotivation

no motivation - non-self determined

Introjected Regulation

participate in activity to avoid guilt or anxiety, enhance ones ego. - guilty of letting someone down, disappointment

Describe some of the key dimensions of an autonomy-supportive interactional style

Provides choice within specific rules, provides a rationale for tasks and limits, acknowledges athletes thoughts and feelings, provides athletes with opportunities for initiative taking and individual work, provides non controlling competence feedback, avoids controlling behaviors, prevents ego-involvement with athletes.

What is the major goal of the class? That is what are we primarily interested in understanding?

Understanding human behavior in sports and physical activity. Integrate areas of sport and exercise psychology, and sport sociology

Describe some of the key dimensions of a controlling interactional style.

Uses tangible rewards, provides controlling feedback, uses excessive personal control, uses intimidation, promotes ego-involvement, displays conditional regard

What is sport sociology?

The scientific study of sport as a part of social life and culture

What is the primary determinant of behavior according to the social cognitive perspective? In other words, what category of determinants will typically have a more direct or stronger effect on people?

- Thoughts and feelings, and interpretation

The research on participation and discontinuation motivation have found a consistent set of reasons why individuals participate and why individuals dropout or leave sport. What are they?

- competence -affiliation, - fitness, -team aspects, -competition, -fun - lack of success - lack of fun - lack of playing time - overemphasis on winning - conflict of interest.

Cognitive evaluation theory suggests that it is the "functional significance of an event that will ultimately impact intrinsic motivation". Describe what this means.

It's what impacts one's IM; How you translate what is being said to you. Could take something or translate a statement as a complement or interpret it as a learning situation: "I better/must keep doing well".

There have been a number of lab studies examining the influence of rewards on intrinsic motivation. Based on the results of these studies, what can we conclude about the influence of rewards on intrinsic motivation?

Rewards undermine intrinsic motivation

True or false? Individuals can be both mastery and outcome oriented.

TRUE- problems occur when someone is highly outcome oriented and low mastery oriented

What is sport and exercise psychology?

The scientific study of human behavior in sport and physical activity