KU geol 304 FINAL

E1 What is the difference between Carbon 12 and Carbon 13?

Carbon 12 is lighter than Carbon 13

E2 What percentage of species is thought to have gone extinct at the end of the Cretaceous extinction?

75% (? check this, keep finding conflicting answers online)

E1 __________ first proposed the concept of continental drift.

Alfred Wegener

E1 Relative to the solid left behind, partial melts of the mantle contain more:

Si

E2 The first whales evolved in the __________ from ___________.

Eocene; land animals

Exam 2 EC Question The earliest pterosaurs evolved in the:

Triassic

E1 In isotopic dating, a common parent-child pair is:

Uranium and lead (U/Pb)

E1 Trace fossils are produced by:

all organisms

E1 _________ demonstrates the correspondence between geographically separated parts of a stratigraphic unit.

correlation

E3 What were the major causes of glaciation at the end Devonian to cause a mass extinction?

decrease in CO2 due to the spread of plants, increase in weathering by roots, Gondwana over the South Pole, and major cooling

E1 The definition of macroevolution is as follows:

the origin of new communities local in isolated at geographic margins (?)

E1 The best estimate of the ratio 87Sr/86Sr for the mantle of the Earth today is about:

0.7045

E2 the dividing line between NA crust and accreted crust in western NA is marked by what 87Sr/86Sr line (higher values to the east)?

0.706

E2 The end Triassic extinction killed __% of species.

75

E2 All of the following lead to major glaciation in the Northern Hemisphere except: A) patterns in Milankovitch cyclicity that induced global cooling B) increased salinity of the Atlantic Ocean C) rise of the Isthmus of Panama D) the circumpolar current forming about Antarctica

? help

E1 The definition of punctuated equilibrium is as follows:

? help i can't find it

Exam 1 EC Question The definition of microevolution is as follows:

? help idk this one either

E2 Evidence for the end of the ice age includes all except: A) rise in global sea level B) increase in the O18 and O16 ratio C) shift northward of deciduous forests D) larger isostatic rebound measurements in northern part rather than southern part of NA

? i do not know!

E2 During the major glacial retreat in NA between 22,000 and 15,000 years ago, all of the following are true except: A) deciduous forests and tundra shifted northward B) sea level remained the same C) melt water drained into lakes and oceans D) there was isostatic rebound of the NA plate

? no idea someone pls lmk

E1 When we say that something we can measure in the geology of a rock (A) tells us the value for some other feature in the past that we cannot recreate (B), we say:

A is proxy for B

E2 The following statements are true about earth's climate history except for: A) global climate has been cool with slow warming periods punctuating cooler trends B) global climate has been warm C) glacial conditions are rare D) in the Pleistocene warming periods are very rapid followed by long-term cooling

A) global climate has been cool with slow warming periods punctuating cooler trends

E2 Every statement about this fossil is true except for: A) it lived during the Paleozoic B) it filled a similar niche like modern dolphins C) it gave birth to live young D) it was a marine reptile

A) it lived during the Paleozoic

E1 High sinuosity rivers have all of the following except for: A) floodplains B) oxbow lakes C) multiple channels D) point-bar deposits

A) multiple channels

E1 Fossilization types include: A) replacement B) molds and casts C) special preservation D) spiriferication

A) replacement B) molds and casts C) special preservation

E1 The geologic time scale was originally constructed from rock records in these areas except: A) Briton B) United States C) France D) Russia

B) United States

E3 Evidence for the supercontinent Rodinia includes all of the following except: A) similar C and O isotopes on different continents B) matching land fossils on different continents C) similar rock types on different continents D) matching mountain belts on different continents

B) matching land fossils on different continents

Exam 1 EC Question Which of the following statements about stromatolites is false? A) they are found in both clastic and carbonate depositional systems B) they are found only in marine environments C) they are found to water depths of 200m D) they are built by Archeobacteria, Bacteria, and Protista

B) they are found only in marine environments

Exam 1 EC Question ____________ is a zone of seismicity corresponding with the down-going slab in a subduction zone produced numerous earthquakes, the foci of which may be as deep as 670km.

Benioff zone

E1 Which statement is false for type sections of the stratigraphic record? A) Ordovician and Silurian, named for Celtic tribes, Ordovices and Silures, in Wales B) Devonian for outcrops in Devonshire, England C) Cambrian name for rocks based on classical name, Cambria, of Germany D) Carboniferous for the coal measures in Briton

C) Cambrian name for rocks based on classical name, Cambria, of Germany

E1 Which isotope system has the longest half-life? A) Rb-Sr B) U-Pb C) Sm-Nd D) C-N

C) Sm-Nd

E1 Which of the following is not a good timeline? A) the start of a magnetic reversal B) an ash deposit C) the interval occupied by a long-lived species D) the appearance of a short-lived species

C) the interval occupied by a long-lived species

E2 Evidence for an extraterrestrial impact at the end-Cretaceous includes all of these except: A) microspherules B) shocked quartz grains C) volcanic ash layer D) iridium anomaly

C) volcanic ash layer

E2 The Permian-Triassic mass extinction resulted from the following, except: A) collapse of previous ocean circulation patterns B) meteorite impact C) warming of global climate after a period of glaciation D) loss habitats of shallow marine and epicontinental seas

C) warming of global climate after a period of glaciation

E1 The radiometric dating system with the shortest half-life is:

C-N

Exam 1 EC Question How would greater amounts of decomposition of organics on the ocean floor effect the balance in reservoirs between C13 and C12?

C12 would increase

E2 Why is the change from C3 to C4 grasses at the end of the Miocene thought to have impacted some large herbivorous mammals?

C4 grasses contain much more silica, which would wear down the teeth of grazing animals and eventually lead to malnutrition and death

E2 What evidence is there for volcanic activity causing the Triassic-Jurassic extinction?

CAMP, decrease in number of stomata, increase in CO2

Exam 1 EC Question ___________ founded comparative anatomy and recognized extinction.

Cuvier

E1 All of the following are glacial deposits preserved in the rock record except for: A) Tillites B) Dimictite C) Drop stones D) Chondrites

D) Chondrites

E1 Which of the following is not used in establishing a RELATIVE time scale? A) fossils B) unconformities C) crosscutting relations D) radiometric dates

D) radiometric dates

E2 All of the following are true for the Younger Dryas except for: A) climate warmed over a thousand years before becoming cool again B) periods of melting saw increases in O16, where cooling saw increases in O18 C) rapid cooling followed the warming and lasted about 200 years D) the Younger Dryas ended in a span of 3 years with rapid warming

D) the Younger Dryas ended in a span of 3 years with rapid warming (? i think)

E2 The largest sand sea composed of eolian deposits- sand dunes- of all time is preserved in the _________ in the ___________.

Fayum Depression, Egypt

E2 The modern north Atlantic Ocean off the east coast of the US was formed by rifting that was complete by the:

Jurassic

E1 What are the four spheres of influence?

Lithosphere Biosphere Atmosphere Hydrosphere (Pedosphere)

E2 Basin and Range extension began at what time?

Miocene

E2 The ___________ is known as the age of grasses and herbs.

Miocene

E1 _______________ is the boundary surface between the crust and the mantle, lying at a depth of about 10-12km under the ocean bed and 30-50km under the continents.

Mohorovičić discontinuity

E2 Modern corals- Hexacorals- first evolved after the _____________.

Permian-Triassic mass extinctions

E1 The type locality for Permian rocks is in:

Russia

E2 The Western US during the Mesozoic was the site of a major, long-lived subduction zone. The arc for this zone is recorded in plutonic rocks of________.

Sierra Nevada

E2 The _________ was the former embayment of the sea that projected into equatorial Pangea from the east during the late Paleozoic and Mesozoic.

Tethys

E2 The Newark Basin is related to:

Triassic rifting of Pangea

E2 An exotic, accreted, or suspect terrane amalgamated to the Western Cordillera during the Jurassic is:

Wrangellia

E1 A delta is formed when:

a river flows into a standing body of water

E1 The idea that the geologic record is made during events similar to today, but possibly different in magnitude and duration (ex. more glaciation in the past) is called:

actualism

E1 Our understanding of the structure of the interior of the Earth comes mostly from:

analyzing seismic waves from large earthquakes (?)

E1 What is the relationship between altitude and latitude?

as you increase in altitude and latitude, the temperature decreases

E1 The plates of the Earth move because of

asthenosphere

E1 The changes in orbital parameters of the Earth lead to what dating technique?

astrochronology

Exam 2 EC Question ___________ form perpendicular to the direction of the wind in deserts.

barchan dunes

E1 __________ have multiple channels, side attached and mid-channel bars, and a course bedload.

braided rivers

E2 The Laramide Orogeny was not associated with:

collision of suspect terranes

E2 If you compared Triassic forests with modern-day ones, what plants would they potentially have in common?

conifers, horsetail, cycads, ferns, and ginkos

E2 Patterns of global greenhouse and icehouse climate patterns throughout geologic time are:

dominated mostly by greenhouse climates with smaller intervals of icehouse climates

Exam 1 EC Question The morphology of animals on distant continents converge with one another in form and behavior because:

environmental pressures shape the genetic outward expression- or phenotype- of the organism to produce biologically adaptive forms

E2 ________ contributed to the extinction of the dinosaurs.

extraterrestrial impact caused catastrophic events leading to their demise

E3 The Devonian is known as the age of the ________.

fishes

E2 What other evidence demonstrates that Australopithecus walked upright and inferred social behavior?

footprints of a large and small individual walking side by side to form a trail

E1 Principle of original continuity states that:

fossils were originally deposited within sediment before it lithified

Exam 2 EC Question The change of temperature with depth is called the:

geothermal gradient

E1 The evidence of glacial deposits is rare in the geologic record because:

glacial climate conditions are rare compared to warm climate conditions that favor non-glacial deposits

E1 What feature of the Earth's magnetic field depends on latitude?

inclination

E2 Archaeopteryx is considered a true bird because:

it had a wishbone, avian wings, feathers, and opposable foot claws for perching

Exam 1 EC Question The correct order of primitive to derived characteristics in the evolution of vertebrates is:

jaws, lungs, nails/claws, feathers, fur and mammary glands

E1 Young oceanic crust (forming today) will have epsilon(Nd) values of:

less than 0.7025

E1 The plates of the Earth are made up of the:

lithosphere

E1 The record of seafloor spreading is reflected in what features which are parallel to the mid-ocean ridges?

magnetic anomalies (?)

E1 To determine a best estimate of the bulk composition of the mantle, we would:

make an average of chondritic meteorites

E2 The development of the San Andreas Fault is related to:

migrating triple junctions (? check this one)

E2 Volcanic rocks erupted over the last 15Ma in the western US are:

more mafic than older rocks

E1 Archean continental crust will have epsilon(Nd) values of:

much less than -10

E2 This fossil belongs to a __________, which was a marine animal that was a __________ and ate mostly ___________.

nothosaur; carnivore; flesh torn from swimming prey

E2 Plesiosaurs evolved from __________, which lived in shallow marine environments.

nothosaurs

E1 The five soil-forming factors include:

organisms, climate, relief, time, and parent material

E1 The two most abundant chemical components in the Earth's atmosphere are:

oxygen and nitrogen

Exam 1 EC Question Old continental crust (ex. Archean) will have 87Sr/86Sr values of:

potentially much greater than 0.7065

E1 Two important criteria used in establishing the time "intervals" in the geologic record are:

principles of superposition and original horizontality with respect to the system

E2 The state fossils of Kansas are _______ and ________.

pteranodon; mosasaur

E2 The O18/O16 ratios preserved in ice cores are used as proxies to interpret past climate in the following order of reasoning:

ratio is a proxy for changes in climate, changes in climate is a proxy for temperature, temperature is a proxy for changes in ice volume on land (? please check this)

E2 The main factors that cause subsidence at passive margins are:

thinning of crust, cooling of crust, and sediment/water loading

Exam 1 EC Question A recent marker of human activity is the creation _________ released into the environment from nuclear weapons testing in the 1950s and 1960s.

tritium

E1 __________ founded the principle of unconformities.

Hutton

E1 Plate tectonic reconstructions using the ocean floor record are possible as far back as:

sometime in the Jurassic

E1 _________ are the tallest dunes in the world formed by wind blowing from all directions to a central point.

star dunes

E1 Stratigraphy is the study of:

stratified rocks (and fossils), their geometric relations, compositions, origins, and age relations

E2 The Sevier Orogeny produced what important feature running N-S in NA?

the Franciscan melange

E2 The Bering Land Bridge allowed for _____________.

the faunal exchange between NA and Asia with mammoths, mastodons, and saber-toothed cats to move to NA.

E2 The rise of the Isthmus of Panama allowed for_____________.

the faunal exchange between NA and SA with armadillos, opossums, porcupines, sloths, anteaters, and monkeys to move to NA

E1 The general relationship between the scale of sampling and the time span of years for studying a biological process in sedimentary rock is that:

the longer the time span and the greater he level of biological processes, the thicker the amount of sediment that needs to be studied.

E1 Localized environmental features such as lagoons, deserts, and lakes can be identified in the rock record by studying:

the sedimentary rock record