Lab #1: Blood

Circulatory System

(aka cardiovascular system) This system works as the transportation highway for the body. It consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It transports substances such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients in the body.

Sickle Cell Disease

-Hereditary hemoglobin defects (recessive allele) -Most common in African and Mediterranean descent

Leukocytes or White Blood Cells (WBCs)

-Least abundant formed elements -Few hours in the bloodstream and pass to the tissues -Leukocytes have organelles for protein synthesis to function Types of WBCs: Agranulocytes: 1. Monocytes 2. Lymphocytes Granulocytes: 1. Eosinophils (eosin) 2. Basophils (methylene blue) 3. Neutrophils

Which of the following blood components provide the major defense for our bodies against invading viruses? 1.7 pts

-Neutrophils -Eosinophils -Basophils -Monocytes None of these

How to test to know ABO Blood Groups and Rh Typing

1. Place 3 drops of blood to be tested 2. First drop mixed with Anti-A Monoclonal antibody reagent in blue color 3. Second/middle drop mixed with yellow colored Anti-B reagent 4. Third blood drop with Anti-D or Rh Antibody 5. Mix each drop thoroughly 6. Note any agglutination or clumping

Which white blood count may indicate an infection in the body?

30,000/mm3

Which one of the following situations would be beneficial for the recipient?

A Type A person receives a transfusion from a Type O person

Type A blood can receive donations from

A and O

Universal Recipient Blood Type

AB+

Correctly identify the blood pathologies described in the left column by matching them with selections from the right column:

Abnormal increase in the number of WBCs- leukocytosis Abnormal increase in the number of RBCs- Polycythemia Condition of too few RBCs or of RBCs with hemoglobin deficiencies- Anemia Abnormal decrease in the number of WBCs- Leukopenia

Blood Characteristics

Adults: 4-6 liters Matrix = plasma Formed elements: Erythrocytes (RBCs), Platelets, and Leukocytes (WBCs) Red blood cells are 37-52% of the total volume

Monocytes

Agranulocyte Largest WBC, 2-3x the size of a RBC 3-8% of WBCs Nucleus: large, kidney shape Monocyte count rises in inflammation and viral infections Monocytes -> Macrophages in the tissues

Lymphocytes

Agranulocytes 2nd most abundant, 25-33% of WBCs Nucleus: round, ovoid and slightly dimpled in one side Stains: dark violent/uniform Small (blood), medium and large (connective tissue) Secrete antibodies, and immune memory

Blood Proteins

Albumim- Smallest and most abundant plasma protein, transports solutes and buffer the pH of plasma, viscosity and osmolarity of the blood. Globulin- Alpha, Beta, and Gamma, plays a role in transport, clotting and immunity. Fibrinogen- Precursor of fibrin, a sticky protein that forms the framework of a blood clot All produced by the liver: 4g per hour Gamma globulins aren't made by liver

Erythrocyte Life Cycle

Average of 120 days Erythropoiesis -> erythrocyte production (takes 3-5 days)

The ABO Group

Blood Types: A, B, AB, and O -> ABO group Determined by presence/absence of A and B antigens in the RBCs Specific Antigens found in blood types All Blood Types: ends with galactose and fucose Type A: N-acetylgalactosamine Type B: galactose Type AB: has both, N-acetylgalactosamine and galactose Antibodies- appear 2-8 months after birth, reach max concentrations at 8-10 years Anti-A: alpha agglutinin- present in Type O/B blood Anti-B: beta agglutinin- present in Type O/A blood

What happens in agglutination? Why can it be fatal?

Blood cells clump together and are therefore unable to circulate properly in the circulatory system

Blood Types

Blood types are a matter of interactions between plasma proteins and erythrocytes and are based on larger Antigen and Antibodies molecules. Karl Landsteiner discover blood types in 1900

Leukemia

Cancer of Hematopoietic tissues that produces too much WBCs (immature cells) Classification: Acute or Chronic Myeloid Leukemia- Uncontrolled granulocyte production (Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils) Lymphoid Leukemia- Uncontrolled Lymphocyte or Monocyte production

Mature ___________ are the most numerous blood cells and do not have a nucleus.

Erythrocytes

A person with blood type AB is considered to be a universal donor

False

Lymphocytes question

Formed Elements

Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

Functions: 1. Pick up O2 from lungs and deliver it to the tissues 2. Pick up CO2 from tissues and unload in the lungs Most abundant formed elements of the blood, no nucleus, rely on anaerobic fermentation to produce ATP

Basophils

Granulocyte: Dark violent granules Less than 0.5% Nucleus: S or U shaped Secrete: 1. Histamine (vasodilation) 2. Heparin (anticoagulant) 3. Chemical signals that attract Eosinophils and Neutrophils to the area

Eosinophils

Granulocyte: abundant red to orange granules Only 2-4% of the WBC total Abundant in Mucous membranes Nucleus: 2 large lobes Eosinophilia: in allergies, parasitic infections, collagen diseases and diseases of the spleen and central nervous system

Neutrophils

Granulocyte: reddish cytoplasm Most abundant -> 60-70% of WBCs Nucleus: 3-5 lobes Band Cells: immature neutrophils Function: response to bacterial infection

Production of Blood

Hematopoiesis- blood production Hemopoietic tissues- tissues that produce blood cells

The protein found in blood that is responsible for transporting oxygen is

Hemoglobin

The substance that stimulates the formation of white blood cells is

Leukopoetin

The proteins of the blood are formed by the

Liver

Produces antibodies

Lymphocyte

Which is not a granulocyte?

Lymphocyte

Blood Plasma

Mix of: water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, nitrogenous wastes, hormones and gases. Serum = Plasma - Fibrinogen Protein is the most abundant plasma solute (6-9 g/dL) Plasma Proteins: Clotting, Defense, and Transport

The least numerous but largest of all agranulocytes is the:

Monocyte

The least numerous but largest of all agranulocytes it the:

Monocyte

Which of the following are likely to increase in quantities when the body is under attack from bacteria

Neutrophils

Substances that enable the body to distinguish its own cells from foreign matter in the blood are called

None of these

Leukocyte Disorders

Normal Leukocyte Value: 5,000-10,000 WBCs/uL Leukopenia- below 5,000 WBCs/uL Causes: AIDS, chickenpox, influenza Leukocytosis- above 10,000 WBCs/uL Causes: infection, allergy, dehydration, emotional disturbances

Universal Donor Blood Type

O-

Blood Type Test

Place a drop of blood in Anti-A serum and another drop in Anti-B serum: Type A: will agglutinate only on Anti-A serum Type B: will agglutinate only on Anti-B serum Type AB: will agglutinate in both Type O: will not agglutinate in either Type is most common, Type AB is the rarest

Most of the volume of normal human blood is composed of:

Plasma

Erythrocytes

Plasma Membrane -> Glycolipids -> determine blood type

Three types of formed elements found in blood include erythrocytes, leukocytes, and:

Platelets

Erythrocyte Disorders

Polycythemia- excess RBCs, Primary Polycythemia (Cancer of the erythropoietic line of red bone marrow), Secondary Polycythemia (dehydration, state of hypoxemia) Risks- Increased BP, BP, and Viscosity -> embolism, stroke or heart failure Anemia- lack of RBCs, inadequate erythropoiesis or hemoglobin synthesis, hemorrhagic anemia from bleeding, hemolytic anemia from RBCs destruction

If blood contains over 55% RBCs, the individual is said to be

Polycythemic

The Rh Group

Rh antigens were discovered in 1940, from the rhesus monkey Antigen D= most reactive Rh(+)= if they have Antigen D Rh(-)= if they don't have it

Electrolytes

Sodium = 90% of the plasma cations (+) Increase in salt intake -> Increase in Plasma -> Increase in H2O -> increase in blood pressure

Nitrogen Wastes

Toxic end products of metabolism

Blood Function

Transport: O2 from lungs to the tissues, CO2 from tissues to the lungs, Metabolic wastes from tissues to kidneys for removal, hormones from endocrine cells to target organs. Protection: Big role in inflammation, WBC destroy microorganisms and cancer cells, antibodies neutralizes toxins and destroys pathogens, platelets secrete factors that initiate blood clotting. Regulation: stabilizes fluid distribution in the body, stabilize pH of extracellular fluid, shifts in blood flow to control temp.

Agglutination is a form of blood clotting in the body.

True

An individual who has no antigens attached to the membrane of their RBC are referred to as blood type O

True

If an individual is transfused with the wrong blood type, the recipient's antibodies react with the donor's blood antigens, eventually clumping and hemolyzing the donated RBCs

True

Which blood type lacks antigens?

Type O

What is an antibody?

a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses

What is an antigen?

a toxin or other foreign substance which induces an immune response in the body

Blood typing is based on the presence of proteins known as _____________ on the outer surface of the red blood cell plasma membrane.

antigens

involved in destroying parasitic worms

eosinophil

Cardiovascular System

heart and blood vessels

Reticulocyte

immature erythrocyte disintegrate the polyribosome in 1-2 days

Precursor cell of platelets

megakaryocyte

Most numerous leukocyte

neutrophil

What are the 3 granulocytes?

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

What are the 3 phagocytes?

neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils

erythrocyte; anucleate formed element

red blood cell

Hematology

study of blood

Blood viscosity

thickness of blood Whole Blood- 5x viscous as H2O -> RBCs Plasma- 2x viscous as H2O -> Protein Viscosity: governs blood flow