lab 11- (BIO LAB EXAM PART 3)

If all genes behave in the same way as the genes Mendel studied in pea plants, what would be the expected ratio you would find in the F2 generation of flies for eye color (offspring of a cross between two heterozygous individuals).

3 of one color: 1 of other color

At what temperature does the denaturation of DNA double helix take place?

94C

Six possible combinations of these alleles (genotype)

AA, AO, AB, BB, BO,OO

Assuming that these couples are faithful and each girl belongs to one of these couples, it is evident that Monica belongs to:

Devyn and Kobe

_____________ occurs when the phenotypic effect of the individuals allele status at one gene depends on the individual's allele status at another gene

Epistasis

sex linked genes

Genes located on the sex chromosomes.humans, these chromosomes are the X chromosome and the Y chromosome. Because females have two X chromosomes, they have two alleles for each of the genes in these chromosomes. Therefore, in females, these genes are going to behave as any of the other genes located in the autosomes. However, males have one X and one Y chromosome, so they only have one allele for each of the genes located in these chromosomes. Consequently, the expression and inheritance of these genes will have unique features as we will see toda

Assuming that these couples are faithful and each girl belongs to one of these couples, it is evident that JoAnn belongs to

John and ANN

Could JoAnn belong to Devyn and Kobe? Why or why not?

No, Joann wouldn't belong to Devyn and Kobe. Kobe is an AB genotype, so he would be able to give either allele to Joann, as A and B are dominant over O. Joann wouldn't be able to have OO genotype and O phenotype with Kobe.

What did Mendel assume about alleles?

Only two alleles of each gene are available in the entire population.

Genotype AA

Phenotype A & Antigen A

Genotype AO

Phenotype A and antigen A

Genotype BB

Phenotype B & antigen B

Describe any deviations of the expected Mendelian pattern. Discuss possible reasons for this/these deviation(s).

The deviation of the mendelian pattern is that the 3:1 ratio will occur when the allele has a relationship of dominance and recessiveness. Reasons can be from genetic or environmental factors

Which sex chromosome (X or Y) carries the gene for eye color in Drosophila? Justify your answer based on the data you collected in the previous sections.

The gene for eye color is located on the X chromosome. Females have the XX chromosome so they would carry two copies of this gene, while males carry one. Based on the data above the red-eyed are most dominant for the eye color.

Sex in fruit flies is determined in a similar way as in humans. Thus, the following is true:

XX are females, XY are males

Could Monica belong to John and Ann? Why or why not?

Yes, Monica could belong to John and Ann. John has an A allele that can be passed on to Monica and Ann has a genotype BO which the O can be passed on too. Monica will have an AO and her phenotype will be A..

Could JoAnn belong to John and Ann? Why or why not?

Yes. Joann could belong to John and Ann. Ann has genotype BO, so she can give the O allele to Joann and John has an AO genotype so he can give the O to Joanna. Joanna would be OO and phenotype would be O blood.

Could Monica belong to Devyn and Kobe? Why or why not?

Yes. Monica could belong to Devyn and Kobe. Kobe is an AB genotype, so he can pass the A allele to Monica. Devyn has an OO genotype and can easily pass the O allele to Monica. Monica would have an AO genotype and the phenotype would be A.

The three alleles

a,b, O

If all genes behave in the same way as the genes Mendel studied in pea plants, what would be the expected eye color ratio you would find in the offspring of a P generation cross of flies (white-eyed x red-eyed)?

all red or all white

Combination of alleles in an individual (genotype) determines which

antigen(proteins that act as name tags ) is present at the surface of red blood cells

Four possible phenotypes

blood A,B,AB, or O (O is allele recessive)

Anti- A serium and anti b serum

blood AB

no anti a and no anti b

blood O

Anti- A serum & no anti b serium=

blood type A

no Anti- A serium & anti B serium

blood type B

Because the A allele is domiant over the O allele

f a person received the A allele from one parent and the O allele from the other, that person will have blood type A. If, however, an individual inherits the A allele from one parent and the B allele from the other, that person will have blood type AB. Thus, the A and B alleles are considered codominant

In gel electrophoresis, an electric current is applied across the gel so that one end of the gel has a positive charge and the other end has a negative charge. DNA has a positive charge so the wells will be placed on the negative charged side to be able to migrate across the gel.

false

PCR is a DNA amplifying in vivo method.

false

What is the most likely genotypes of red 1 females and red 2 females, respectively?

heterozygous;homozygous

The genotype for Monica is: (answer from Table 4 in your Theory and Instructions document)

i^Ai

The genotype for John Jr. is: (answer from Table 4 in your Theory and Instructions document)

i^Ai^B

he genotype for Ann is: (answer from Table 4 in your Theory and Instructions document)

i^Bi

The genotype for John is: (answer from Table 4 in your Theory and Instructions document)

i^ai

The genotype for Devyn is: (answer from Table 4 in your Theory and Instructions document)

ii

The genotype for JoAnn is: (answer from Table 4 in your Theory and Instructions document)

ii

codominance

is when both alleles are expressed in a heterozygous individual

blood type is determined by a gene with

multiple alleles

Genotype AB

phenotype AB , antigen A+ B

Genotype BO

phenotype B and antigen B

Genotype O

phenotype O, antigen neither

An individual inherits the alleles for blood type

receiving one allele from each parent

which trait is dominant for eye color

red

blood type of an individual is the same as

the antigens on the surface of the cell. Thus a person with blood type A has antigen A. This person can't receive blood from someone with blood type B. A person with blood type A produces antibodies against blood type B. Antibodies are proteins produced by white blood cells that "neutralize" an invader and fight infection.

In complete domiance

the expression of the phenotype in a heterozygous individual is determined by one allele, the dominant allele. This type of expression is referred to as a Mendelian pattern of inheritance

An example of codominance is when a mother has A bloodtype, father has B, but child has AB bloodtype.

true

Denaturation, annealing and extension are repeated for 30 cycles in PCR.

true

Human DNA profiles can be used to identify the origin of a DNA sample at a crime scene or test for parentage.

true

Males cannot be carriers of an x-linked gene

true

Mendel assumed the expression of a trait is completely controlled by one gene

true

not all genes have

two alleles

Which of the crosses above is most like the P generation of Mendel's peas?

white male X red 2 male