Lab 5 - Appendicular Skeleton

Symphyses Joint

Joint where fibrocartilage unites the bone. Hyaline cartilage is still present as articular cartilage on the bony surfaces. Only found along the midline of the body. Examples: - Intervertebral Disc - Pubic Symphysis

Fovea Capitis of the Femur

Ligament of the head of the femur articulates here from the acetabulum.

Ulnar Tuberosity of the Ulna

Located below the coronoid process

Intertrochanteric Crest of the Femur

Region formed posteriorly between the greater and lesser trochanters

Acetabular Labrum

Rim of fibrocartilage that enhances the depth of the acetabulum.

Annular Ligament (Humeroulnar Joint)

Ring around the head of the radius. Allows for the pivot joint.

Ball and Socket Joint

Shoulder and hip joints are this category of synovial joint. Multiaxial - Adduction and Abduction - Flexion and Extension - Rotation

Radial Styloid Process of the Radius

Site of attachment for ligaments that travel to the wrist.

Greater Tubercle of the Humerus

Site of attachment for rotator cuff muscles

Lesser Tubercle of the Humerus

Site of attachment for rotator cuff muscles

Radial Tuberosity of the Radius

Site of attachment of biceps muscle

Amphiarthrosis Joint

Slightly movable joint. Largely restricted to axial skeleton. Examples: - Intervertebral (Between adjacent vertebral bodies) - Pubic symphysis

Inversion and Eversion

Special movement at a synovial joint at the intertarsal joints. Movement of the foot. 1st Term: Turning sole of foot medially 2nd Term: Turning sole of foot laterally.

Elevation and Depression

Special movement of a synovial joint. 1st Term: Movement superiorly 2nd Term: Movement inferiorly Occurs when chewing at jaw, or at the sternoclaviular joint when the arm moves up or down.

Dorsiflexion and Plantarflexion

Special movement of synovial joint at ankle. 1st Term: Turning foot upward so that toes point up. 2nd Term: Turning foot downward so that toes point down.

Opposition

Special movement of the pollex (thumb) across the palm toward the fingers to permit grasping and holding of an object. Only occurs at the saddle joint between metacarpal I and the trapezium.

Supination and Pronation

Special movement of the synovial joint about the radius. 1st Term: Turning hands laterally so that palm faces anteriorly 2nd Term: Turning hands medially so that palm of hands face posteriorly.

Protraction and Retraction

Special, nonangular movement of a synovial joint. 1st Term: moving in anterior direction 2nd Term: moving in the posterior direction Example: - This can result in over or underbite (in that order) if you do this with the mandible. - Sternoclavicular joint

Rotation

Spinning a synovial joint. Can occur medially or laterally (toward or away from the median plane)

Tarsal Bones

Start of the foot 7 Bones: - Talus - Calcaneus - Navicular - Cuboid - Lateral (3rd) Cuneiform - Intermediate (2nd) Cuneiform - Medial (1st) Cuneiform

Sprains

Stretch or tearing of ligaments reinforcing a joint. Heals poorly because of poor vascularization. If the tendon is fully cut, quick surgery is needed (grafts needed). Commonly at lumbar region of spine, ankle, and knee.

Coracoacromial Ligament

Supports the superior surface of the capsule, spanning from the coracoid process to the acromion.

Functional Classification of Joints

Synarthrosis Amphiarthrosis Diarthrosis

Epiphyseal Plate

Synchondrosis joint.

Apex of the Patella

attaches patellar ligament

Coracohumeral Ligament

Extends from the coracoid process to the head of the humerus.

Head of Radius

(Proximally) Articulates with capitulum of humerus. (Medially) Articulates radial notch of ulna.

Special Movements At Synovial Joints

- Elevation & Depression - Protraction & Retraction - Inversion & Eversion - Dorsiflexion & Plantarflexion - Supination & Pronation - Opposition

Bones of the Lower Limb

- Femur - Patella - Tibia - Fibula - 7 Tarsals - 5 Metatarsals - 14 Phalanges

Angular Movements at Synovial Joints

- Flexion & Extension - Lateral Flexion - Hyperextension - Abduction & Adduction - Circumduction

Bones of the Upper Limb

- Humerus - Radius - Ulna - Carpals (8) (start of hand) - Metacarpals (5) - Phalanges (14)

Types of Synovial Joints

- Plane Joints - Hinge Joints - Pivot Joints - Condyloid Joints - Saddle Joints - Ball-and-Socket Joints

Shoulder Dislocation vs. Shoulder Separation

1st Term: When the connection between the humerus and the glenoid becomes unstable. Usually, injury to a stabilizing ligament. 2nd Term: Ligaments connecting the AC joint are injured, and the acromion begins to move away from the clavicle

Synchondroses Joint

A joint in which the bones are united by hyaline cartilage. Example: - Epiphyseal Plate - Between rib 1's costal cartilage and the manubrium of the sternum.

Ligamentum Teres

AKA: - Ligament of the Femoral Head - Ligamentum Capitis Femoris Ligament surrounding the blood vessel enter

Cartilaginous Joints

Allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage. Categories - Synchondroses - Symphyses

Middle Phalanx of Hand

Articles with the proximal and distal phalanges

Capitulum of the Humerus

Articulates with head of radius

Radial Notch of the Ulna

Articulates with head of radius

Head of the Femur

Articulates with the acetabulum

Ulnar Notch of the Radius

Articulates with the head of the ulna

Proximal Phalanx of Hand

Articulates with the metacarpal bones and middle phalanges

Distal Phalanx of Hand

Articulates with the middle phalanges (besides the pollex, which articulates with proximal phalanx).

Trochlea of the Humerus

Articulates with ulna

Sternoclavicular Joint

Articulation between the clavicle and the sternum

Ulnar Styloid Process of the Ulna

Attachment for wrist ligaments

Deltoid Tuberosity of the Humerus

Attachment site for deltoid muscle.

Lateral Epicondyle of the Humerus

Attachment site for forearm muscles

Medial Epicondyle of the Humerus

Attachment site for forearm muscles

Acromioclavicular Ligament

Binds the acromion to the clavicle, restricting clavicular movement at the acromial end.

Compound (Open) Fracture

Bone fracture where the broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin.

Comminuted Fracture

Bone fragments into three or more pieces.

Hip Fracture (as a result of osteoporosis)

Bone loss due to osteoporosis causes the neck of the femur to weaken and break from normal stress. The fracture CAUSES the person to fall.

Carpal Bones

Bones of Wrist. Starting point of hand. Starting across from immediately below pollex (thumb): - Row 1: Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate - Row 2: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform

Transverse Acetabular Ligament

Bridges a gap in the inferior margin of the acetabular labrum

Depressed Fracture

Broken bone portion is pressed inward. Typical of a skull fracture.

Capitate Bone

Carpal Bone

Hamate Bone

Carpal Bone

Lunate Bone

Carpal Bone

Pisiform Bone

Carpal Bone

Scaphoid (aka Navicular) Bone

Carpal Bone

Trapezium Bone

Carpal Bone

Trapezoid Bone

Carpal Bone

Triquetrum Bone

Carpal Bone

Synovial Joints

Characteristics: - Articular Cartilage - Joint (Articular) Cavity - Articular Capsule - Synovial Fluid to nourish and lubricate - Reinforcing Ligaments - Nerves & Vessels

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Chronic autoimmune disorder in which multiple joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked. Leads to chronic inflammation and swelling of synovial membrane, which can deteriorate the connective tissue surrounding the joint. Onset usually between 30-50.

Glenohumeral Ligaments

Composed of three thickenings of the articular capsule over the anterior surface of the joint.

Iliofemoral Ligament

Connects ilium to femur

Ischiofemoral Ligament

Connects ischium to femur.

Patellar Ligament

Connects patella to tibia

Interosseous Membrane

Connects radius and ulna along their entire length

Coracoclavicular Ligament

Connects the clavicle to the coracoid process of the scapula, helping limit the relative motion between the clavicle and the scapula. Composed of the: - Trapezoid Ligament (left) - Conoid Ligament (right)

Radial Collateral Ligament (Humeroulnar Joint)

Connects the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the radius. Stabilizes the lateral surface of the elbow joint.

Ulnar Collateral Ligament (Humeroulnar Joint)

Connects the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the ulna. Stabilizes the medial surface of the elbow joint.

Fibrous Joints

Consists of inflexible layers of dense regular connective tissue, holds the bones tightly together. No Joint cavity. Categories: - Suture - Syndesmoses - Gomphoses - Interosseous Membranes

Glenohumeral Joint

Contains: - Glenohumeral Ligaments - Transverse Humeral Ligaments - Coracohumeral Ligament - Coracoacromial Ligament - Acromioclavicular ligament - Coracoclavicular Ligament - Glenoid Labrum

Bunion

Deformity of the great toe involving lateral displacement of the digit, and medial displacement of metatarsal I. Includes bony swelling and a bursitis on the medial side of the head of the first metatarsal. Caused by tight or ill-fitting shoes.

Luxation

Dislocation of a joint - Bones of a joint are forced out of alignment

Head of the Ulna

Distal end of ulna

Middle Phalanx (Foot)

Doesn't apply to hallux

Epiphyseal Fracture

Epiphysis separates from diaphysis along epiphyseal plate. Occurs where cartilage cells are dying and calcification is occuring.

Medial Meniscus

Fibrocartilage in the knee between the femoral condyle and the medial tibial plateau

Lateral Meniscus

Fibrocartilage in the knee between the lateral femoral condyle and the lateral tibial plateau.

Coronoid Process of the Ulna

Fits into coronoid fossa of humerus during flexion.

Head of Humerus

Fits into glenoid cavity of scapula

Olecranon Process of the Ulna

Fits into the olecranon fossa of the humerus when forearm extends

Club Foot (Talipes equinovarus)

Fixed foot in inversion with no flexibility no ankle dorsiflexion M>F, May need surgery if no improvement after 3mo or severe.

Simple (Closed) Fracture

Fracture in which the bone breaks cleanly but doesn't penetrate the skin.

Metatarsal Stress Fracture

Fracture resulting from repetitive stress on the foot. Treatment: resting foot and wearing stiff/well cushioned shoes.

Clavicle Fracture

Fracture that can occur when person falls on lateral border of shoulder, hit directly on the _________ bone, or uses outstretched arms to break a fall. Often broken in car accidents due to the seat belt

Diarthrosis Joint

Freely movable joint. Predominate in the limbs. Categories: - Uniaxial - Biaxial - Triaxial Examples: - Literally any synovial joint.

Intertubercular Groove of the Humerus

Guides a tendon of biceps muscle.

Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis

Head of femur slides off the neck. Tends to occur more in male teens & preteens. Categories: - Stable = able to walk - Unstable = unable to walk Symptoms: Stiffness, pain, abnormal Gait Treatment: - Surgery (screws to reattach head and neck of femur) - Physical therapy after surgery Note: Surgery sometimes done preemptively on the opposite femur if it happened in one femur.

Trochlear Notch of the Ulna

Helps grip the trochlea of the humerus to form a hinge joint.

Suture Joint

Immovable fibrous joint. Joint is held together with short interconnecting fibers, interlocking the bone edges. - All bones of the skull are united by these, besides the mandible.

Synarthrosis Joint

Immovable joint. Largely restricted to axial skeleton. Examples: - Sutures - Sternocostal (Between cartilage of rib 1 and sternum) - Inferior tibiofibular (Distal tibia and fibula syndesmosis)

Greenstick Fracture

Incomplete break where only one side of a shaft breaks. The other side ends. More common in children, who have more organic matrix than adult.

Bursitis

Inflammation of a bursa, usually caused by a blow or friction Can also be caused by arthritis or bacterial infection Causes bursa to swell with fluid.

Tendonitis

Inflammation of a tendon. Commonly occurs with tenosynovitis.

Arthritis

Inflammation or degenerative disease of a joint.

Lyme Disease

Inflammatory disease that often results in joint pain and arthritis, especially the knees. Caused by spirochetes bacteria, often transmitted by ticks. Treatable with antibiotics if detected early.

Gluteal Tuberosity of the Femur

Insertion of gluteus maximus

Greater Trochanter of the Femur

Insertion of gluteus medius.

Lesser Trochanter of the Femur

Insertion of psoas major

Radial Groove of the Humerus

Marks the course of the radial nerve.

Ankle Fracture (Pott's)

Medial and lateral malleoli commonly fractured when foot is forcefully inverted at this joint. - Occurs by landing on the lateral side of the foot and twisting the sole medially, or landing on medial side and turning sole laterally - Frequent injury in contact sports.

Osteoarthritis

Most common type of arthritis, usually in elderly (especially women). Commonly affects fingers, knuckles, hips, and knees. Unknown cause, might be due to increased activity of metalloproteinase enzymes breaking down cartilage matrix.

Hyperextension

Movement at a synovial joint. Bending (extending) a joint back beyond its normal range of motion.

Gliding

Movement of joint allowed at the wrist and ankle. Nonangular movement.

Glenoidal Labrum

Narrow rim/lip of fibrocartilage around the edge of the glenoid cavity/fossa.

Transverse humeral ligament

Narrow sheet that extends between the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus. Overlies the tendon of the long head of biceps brachii muscle.

Anatomical Neck of the Humerus

Not needed for lab, but for lecture:

Flexion and Extension

Occurs at synovial joints. 1st Term: Decreasing and... 2nd Term: ...increasing the angle between two bones along the sagittal plane.

Abduction and Adduction

Occurs at synovial joints. 1st Term: Moving a limb away from the midline of the body. 2nd Term: Moving a limb towards the body midline.

Lateral Flexion

Occurs at synovial joints. Bending the trunk away from the body midline. Side-bending left or right.

Circumduction

Occurs at synovial joints. Circular movement of a limb at the far end so that it describes a cone in space.

Subluxation

Partial or incomplete dislocation of a joint.

Gomphoses Joint

Peg-in-socket fibrous joint. Only example: Articulation of tooth with its socket via periodontal ligament.

Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)

Prevents posterior displacement of the tibia relative to the femur.

Spiral Fracture

Ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone.

Coronoid Fossa of the Humerus

Receives the coronoid process of the ulna when the forearm is flexed

Saddle Joint

Synovial Joint Biaxial movement: - Adduction & abduction - Flexion and extension Synovial joint found in two places: - Between trapezium and metacarpal I - Sternoclavicular joint

Plane (Gliding) Joint

Synovial Joint. Flat articular surfaces, bones slide over each other. Nonaxial Movement: - Gliding Examples: - Intercarpal Joints - Intertarsal bones of ankle - Between articular surfaces of vertebrae

Pivot Joint

Synovial Joint. Rotating bone turns around an axis. Uniaxial: - Rotation Example: Annular ligament holding the radius against the ulna

Uniaxial Movement

Synovial joint motion; movement in one plane . Examples: - Hinge - Pivot

Triaxial Movement

Synovial joint with the most movement. AKA Multiaxial. Example: Ball and socket joint

Hinge Joint

Synovial joints. Uniaxial: - Flexion and Extension

Calcaneus

Tarsal

Bankart Lesion

Tear of the glenoid labrum, usually due to dislocation (luxation). Symptoms: Pain, limited range of motion, and instability Treatment: Surgery is the only way for complete repair, followed by physical therapy.

Phalanges (s. phalanx) of Hand

The 14 bones that form the fingers. Discriminated numerically (I-V) just like carpals. Besides pollex, each finger has a: - Proximal phalanx - Middle phalanx - Distal Phalanx Pollex (thumb) has no middle phalanx

Syndesmoses Joints

The bones of this fibrous joint are connected by bands of ligaments. Flexibility depends on the length of fibrous.

Metacarpal Bones

The five bones of the palm of the hand How to discriminate: - Pollex (Thumb) = I - Pointer = II - Middle = III - Ring = IV - Pinkie = V

Acromioclavicular Joint

The joint where the acromion and the clavicle meet. NOT Referring to the tendon.

Tibiofemoral Joint

The point where the tibia meets with the femur

Femur

Thigh bone, longest bone in the body

Fibular (lateral) Collateral Ligament

Ties femur to fibula

Tibial (Medial) Collateral Ligament

Ties the femur to the tibia

Mneumonic for carpal bones

Tracking traps can hamper scary luna. Tricky positioning.

Condyloid Joint

Type of synovial joint in which one articulating bone surface is an oval, convex shape, and the other is a reciprocally shaped concave surface. Biaxial movement: - Adduction and abduction - Flexion and extension Examples: - Metacarpophalangeal joints - Wrist joints

Pubofemoral Ligament

connects pubis to femur

Colles Fracture

fracture of the distal radius at the wrist. Styloid process of the radius has moved proximally from its normal position. Basically, the distal end of the radius is SLAMMED into the shaft of the radius like a capri-sun straw that missed its mark.

Tenosynovitis

inflammation of a tendon sheath. Commonly occurs with tendonitis.

Pectineal Line of the Femur

insertion of pectineus

Medial Malleolus of the Tibia

medial process on distal end, forms medial bump of ankle

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)

prevents anterior displacement of tibia.

Radial Fossa of the Humerus

receives head of radius during forearm flexion

Knee Injuries

sprains, cuts, bruises, fractures, dislocations. Housemaid's Knee

Menisectomy

surgical removal of a meniscus (at the knee)

Biaxial Movement

synovial joint motion; movement in two planes. Examples: - Condylar - Saddle

Cuboid

tarsal bone that articulates posteriorly with the calcaneus bone, medially with the lateral cuneiform bone, and anteriorly with the fourth and fifth metatarsal bones

Navicular

tarsal bone that articulates posteriorly with the talus bone, laterally with the cuboid bone, and anteriorly with the medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiform bones

Talus Bone

tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia