Lab Exam 2

Lichen is a mutualistic relationship between which types of organisms?

- fungi - algae **The fungus benefits by gaining food from the photosynthetic algae and the algae benefits by gaining habitat among the folds of the fungus.

Which of the following are known risk factors for developing hypertension?

- high salt diet - heavy alcohol consumption - family history

Which of the following cells are involved in the inflammation response? Select all correct answers.

- macrophages - neutrophils **T cells and B cells and antibodies are all part of the adaptive immune response, not the general inflammation response. The purpose of the inflammation response is to send cells (macrophages and neutophils) to gobble up whatever foreign particles are present.

What are some needs met through symbiotic relationships? Choose all correct answers below.

- protection - food - reproduction **Transcription is the process of copying DNA into RNA. This has nothing to do with symbiotic relationships.

When performing your experiment in Part IV: Pulse and Respiratory Rate, you likely found that

- pulse rate increased with exercise - respiratory rate increased with exercise

Snakes are tetrapods, just like lizards. There are "legless lizards" that are more closely related to other lizards than they are to snakes. Explain a) what has happened to the legs of snakes? b) what evidence would you look for beyond the presence/absence of legs to support the idea that legless lizards are more closely related to lizards than to snakes? c) can you think of other tetrapods that have lost their legs?

a) They are not present for the reason that millions of years ago, a gene mutation caused a disruption in the growth of snake limbs. b) Even though lizards and snakes share similar, physical appearance, legless lizards are more closely related to lizards than snakes. Looking at the skeleton structures of legless lizards, there appear to be tiny vestigial limbs that are not present in snakes. In addition, legless lizards have evolved from lizards and share a common ancestor, unlike their relation to snakes. c) 1. Cetaceans (whales) and Sirenians (manatees)

Scientists determined that bats are a natural reservoir for Nipah virus in Bangladesh. a. In your own words, explain what a reservoir animal is. b. What evidence suggested bats were the reservoir for Nipah virus?

a. Reservoir animals are animals who are infected by diseases and viruses that might be lethal to humans and other animals. b. The bats had antibodies toward the virus, which implies they were previously exposed to the virus. It appeared that active viruses were in the bat's blood and secretions, which indicates that the virus can reproduce in bats and transmit to a host.

Both birds and bats use elongated ________ bones in the wings as an adaptation for flight.

forelimbs **It is the elongated forelimbs that make up a bird's/bat's wing.

Terms that describe the adaptive immune response include all of the following EXCEPT

general **The adaptive immune response is the response of the B and T cells that are triggered by recognition of a specific antigen. The more exposures the body has to the antigen, the faster the response time is.

Which of the following is an example of innate, general/non-specific immunity?

inflammatory response **The first line of defense is the physical barrier. The second line of defense is the general response of inflammation and macrophages. The third line of defense is the specific response involving B and T cells.

incidence

is the number of new cases of an infection within a specified period.

prevalence

is the percentage of total cases of infected individuals in a particular population.

Which of the following is the correct order of the passage of air through the respiratory system? (hint: not all steps will be included)

nasopharynx---trachea---bronchi---alveoli

Select the correct statement below to complete the following sentence. Antibodies are...

produced by B-cells **B-cells produce antibodies as part of the antibody-mediated response process.

Which of the following blood pressure measurements would indicate a patient with hypertension?

145/95

Select the statement below that is an accurate statement of the human circulatory system.

All arteries carry blood away from the heart.

Which of the following statements is correct?

The left side of the heart will always contain oxygenated blood.

If no Vibrio fischeri are present in the environment, what is most likely to happen during the development of the bobtail squid?

The light organ does not develop completely

Are the main flying bones in the bird and the bat the same or different? Explain using examples from the skeletons you observed. [Bonus point: Find a labeled skeleton of an extinct Pteranodon and determine the bones it used for flying - are they the same or different from the bat and bird?]

The main flying bones in the bird and the bat are different, structurally, when taking a closer look at the skeleton structures. The bats benefit from additional phalanges that help them control their flight better. They also have a longer radius and ulna bones, which are important in keeping flight control during different environmental patterns. The bones Pteranodon used for flying were Phalanx (phalanges) with the humerus, radius, and ulna bones functioning as support. The bones are pretty similar to birds and bats in that they all have humerus, radius, and ulna. But, the bat is more structurally similar to Pteranodon since they both have phalanges.

The circulatory system of all vertebrates (except fish) have a 2-circuit system - the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit. Select the choice below that describes the pulmonary circuit.

The veins and arteries between the lungs and heart.

Put the body's three lines of defense to fight off an antigen in order from first response to last response.

1 - physical barrier 2 - innate immunity 3 - adaptive immunity **The physical barrier includes all dermal tissue layers - skin and mucus membranes. If that layer is breached (cut), the innate immunity kicks in. This is a general response that happens regardless of the antigens that might be present (inflammation, fever). The third line of defense is adaptive immunity which means specific white blood cells respond and target specific antigens.

Based on the data in the tables presented, which animal species appears least affected by Nipah virus infection? Explain your answer using the data. Can you think of a reason why this might be?

Bats appear to be the least affected animal species by Nipah virus infection, providing that they were at 0% in fatality rate (Table 3). Table 2 provides an overview of the percentage of patients infected by bats. It seems that they affected the farmers at ¼ percentage of the total numbers of farmers infected by dogs. One reason that I assume bats are the least affected type of animal species is that they are the cause behind most lethal diseases reported, yet they don't seem to be affected at all.

What physiological functions do the gut symbionts allow the termites to perform that would otherwise be impossible?

Be able to intake wood and digest it. The wood, eventually, breaks down to molecules such as sugar which the termites can use as nutrients. The gut symbionts are crucial in digesting cellulose, a substance most organisms cannot simply digest.

Compare and contrast the relationship between the squid and the Vibrio fischeri with the symbiotic relationship you investigated last week between the termites and their gut symbionts. What is similar / what is different?

Both relationships are sustained and gain food and security from one another, which can be regarded as a symbiotic relationship. The relationship between the Vibrio and the squid is more relatively based on means to survive through transparency while the relationship between termites and their gut symbionts are more closely related to food absorption and ability to digest hard particles.

Which of the following bones are NOT found in the snake skeleton?

femur **The femur is the large thigh bone in animals with legs - snakes don't have legs!

Within the light organ, bacteria are protected and nourished, and rapidly increase in number. At night, they provide the light needed for counterillumination. But by dawn, as the squid prepares to hide in the sand for the day, it ejects about 95% of the bacteria from the light organ. Write a possible explanation for why eliminating 95% of the bacteria present in the light organ is necessary

If the entire population of the bacteria remains within the light organ, then the squid will not be able to sustain the growing numbers and lose its ability to accurately camouflage.

The bobtail squid and Vibrio fischeri serve as model organisms for studying cellular communication. Provide at least two examples of communication either between squid and bacteria or within bacteria from the film.

If unable to interact with Vibrio fischeri, the bobtail squid will become inept to choose this bacteria and lead it to the proper place in the light organ. As a result, the bacteria interact with the cells of the light organ to indicate its growth. Another example of cellular communication would be "quorum sensing" among the bacterial community. The squid and bacteria present an engaging method for analyzing cellular communication because, in the light organ, only one species of bacteria associates with the host.

The R0 of Nipah virus is estimated to be 0.48. Based on this information, make a claim about whether the outbreak in Malaysia is likely to have become an epidemic.

No, since the R0 is less than 1, the outbreak in Malaysia is not likely to have become an epidemic.

Regarding the plant defenses against insect herbivores, explain the difference between an induced and a constitutive defense.

Induced defenses are produced after a plant has been injured, on the damaged site, while constitutive defenses are always available in the plant. This can conclude that induced defenses are formed when needed, in contrast to constitutive defenses where they are available regardless of the circumstance.

complex on cell surface that the body recognizes as the presence of an antigen

MHC

immune cells that target and kill infected body cells

T cells

How do young termites acquire gut symbionts?

Through the posterior part of the adult termites or in other words, through their "butts'." This allows the young termites to develop the means to digest wood later in life.

pandemic

a disease outbreak that spreads worldwide.

A molecule that the body recognizes as "non-self" is called a(n)

antigen **the molecule attached to a virus/bacteria/protozoan that the immune sysstem responds to is called an antigen. The antibody is produced by teh immunce system to attack the antigen.

A bird nesting in a tree (where the tree is not affected) is a possible example of what type of symbiotic relationship?

commensalistic

The ____ host is where the parasite _____.

definitive, reproduces **Some parasites require 2 different host species to complete their life cycles - the intermediate host is where the parasite is in the juvenile stage and the definitive host is where the parasite is in the reproductive stage.

The fecal float experiment, ___ floated to the surface indicating the presence of parasites.

eggs **It is the presence of eggs that allow us to identify the presence of parasites. Oftentimes, the parasites can be identified based on identifying the kind of eggs present.

What is the function of the bioluminescent organ for the squid?

hide from predators and prey

Different structures in different animals that have a similar function demonstrating a descent from a common anscestor are called

homologous **structures such as the bones in a bird's wing and a dog's leg have similar functions (i.e. movement) and similar structure have likely evolved from a common anscestor.

general name for B or T cells

lymphocytes

bacterial killing enzyme that helps protect the body cavities

lysozyme

cells that are held in reserve and enable a rapid response to a future encounter with the same invader

memory cells

epidemic

sudden spreading of a disease over a wide, but isolated area.