Lab exam 5 Ex29/33

How to make BP using steps mentioned in activity 5

1. clean earpieces of the stethoscope with the alcohol swabs and then check the cuff for the presence of trapped air by compressing it against the laboratory table 2.Subject should sit in a comfortable position with one arm resting on the laboratory table(heart level if possible). Wrap the cuff around their arm, just above the elbow, with the inflatable area of medial arm surface. The cuff may be marked with an arrow; if so the arrow should be positioned over the brachial artery. Secure cuff by tucking the distal end under the wrapped portion or by bringing the velcro areas together. 3. Palpate the brachial pulse, and lightly mark the position. Don the stethoscope , and place its diaphragm over the pulse point. Within this time, deflate the cuff and wait 1-2 minutes, and try again. 4. Inflate the cuff to approx. 160 mm Hg pressure, and slowly release the pressure valve. Watch the pressure gauge as you listen carefully for the first soft thudding sounds of the blood spurting through the partially occluded artery. Mentally note systolic pressure, and continue to release pressure cuff. Diastolic note the sound when the sound becomes muffled or disappears

ACTIVITY 1 how to auscultate heart sounds the locations of each valve

1.obtain a stethoscope and some alcohol swabs. Heart sounds are best auscultated if the subjects outer clothing is removed , so a male subject is preferable 2.With an alcohol swab, clean the earpieces of the stethoscope. Allow the alcohol to dry. Notice that the earpieces are angled. For comfort and best auscultation , the earpieces should be angled in a forward direction, when placed in ears. 3.Don the stethoscope Place the diaphragm of the stethoscope on your partners thorax, just to the sternal side of the left nipple at the fifth intercostal space, and listen carefully for heart sounds. The first sound will be a longer, louder (more booming) sound than the second, which is short and sharp. After listening for a couple of minutes, try to time the pause between the second sound of the one heartbeat and the first sound of the subsequent heartbeat.

Average pulse in mm Hg

120/80 mm Hg

Leukocytes

4,800-10,800, spiracle and nucleated cellsDefense and immunity

Erythrocytes

4-6 million,Biconcave,orange pink Transport oxygen and help transport carbon dioxide

Blood volume in liters

5l

PH of blood plasma

7.35-7.47

Average pulse/ range

70 to 76 beats, 60- 100 per minute

Average heart beats per minute at rest, average range

75, 60-100

Why is differential WBC count more valuable than a total WBC count when trying to determine the specific source of pathology

A DIFFERENTIAL WBC COUNT IS MORE VALUEABLE BECAUSE ANY ABNORMAL COUNT (INCREASE/DECREASE) OF ANY OF THE WBC'S CAN INDICATE A PROBLEM OR THE SOURCE OF PATHOLOGY.

Leukocytosis

An abnormal large WBC count, a decrease in the white blood cell number below 4000/mm(leukopenia)

Polycythemia

An increase in the number of RBC's (polycythemia)

Pulse on the side of neck

Carotid artery

Average life span of red blood cell, how does it anucleate condition affects this life span

DURATION OF DEVELOPMENT ABOUT 15 DAYS; LIFE SPAN 100 - 120 DAYS. BECAUSE ITS ANUCLEATE THEY ARE UNABLE TO REPRODUCE OR REPAIR DAMAGE CAUSED TO IT DURING CIRCULATION.

Bleeding time

How long bleeding last is referred to as bleeding time and tests the ability of platelets to stop bleeding in capillaries and small vessels

Monocyte

Nucleolus u shaped/kidney shaped blue grey cytoplasm diameter 14-24um, 100-700, differential count 3-8% Develop into macrophages in tissues and phagocytize pathogens or debris

Basophil

Nucleus bilobed; large blue-purple cytoplasmic granules; diameter 10-14um; 20-50 differential count:<1%; Release histamine and other mediators of inflammation; contain heparin; an anticoagulant

Eosinophil

Nucleus bilobed; red cytoplasmic granules; diameter 10-14um; 100-400vdifferential count 2-4%; Kill parasitic worms; slightly phagocytic; complex role in allergy and asthma

Granulocytes

Nucleus multilobed; pale red and blue cytoplasmic granules; diameter 10-12um; 3000-7000 differential count 50-70%; phagocytic pathogens or debris

Lymphocytes

Nucleus spirical or indented, pale blue cytoplasm; diameter 5-17um; 1500-3000 differential count 20-40%; Mount immune response by direct cell attack or via antibody production

Explain why an Rh-negative person does not have a transfusion reaction on the first exposure to Rh-positive blood but does have a reaction the second exposure

RH ANTIGENS OF DONOR SENSITIZES THE RECIPIENT ON THE FIRST TIME, THE SECOND TIME IT DOES NOT SENSITIZE AND A REACTION WILL OCCUR.

Pulse at wrist

Radial artery

Palpating pulse locations for yourself, infant, another adult, elderly/diabetic

Self= common carotid artery; infant= brachial artery; another adult= radial artery; elderly/ diabetic= dorsalis pedis artery, posterior tribal artery

Broadly speaking, why are hematologic studies of blood so important in diagnosing a disease

THE HEMATOLOGIC IS IMPORTANT IN DIAGNOSING DISEASES BECAUSE BLOOD COMPOSITION REFLECTS THE HEALTH STATUS OF MANY BODY FUNCTIONS.

Pulse in front of the ear

Temporal artery

Heart sounds Lub/ S1 and Dub/S2 (what do each mean/what is happening)

Two distinct sounds can be heard during each cardiac cycle. These heart sounds are commonly described by the monosyllables "Lub" and "Dup"; and the sequence is designated Lub-dup, pause, and so on. The first heart sound (Lub) is referred to as S1 and is associated with closure if the AV valves at the begininng of the ventricular systole. The second heart sound (dup), called S2, occurs as the semilunar valves close and corresponds with the end of systole.

Plasma and it's make up

Water, Salts, plasma proteins

Leukemia

a malignant disorder of the lymphoid tissues characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal WBC's accompanied by a reduction in the number of RBC's and platelets

Wright's stain

a mixture of eosin and methylene blue, used for demonstrating blood cells

Murmurs

abnormal heart sounds are called murmurs and often indicate vascular problems

Apical pulse

auscultated at same location as mitral valve

Sphygmomanometer

blood pressure cuff

Diastolic pressure

diastolic pressure which reflects the pressure during ventricular relaxation

Pulse pressure

difference between systolic and diastolic pressure is called pulse pressure

Pulse on the dorsum of foot

dorsalis pedis artery

How do you count WBC

estimate the white cell count by counting the number of WBC in each of 5 or 6 low power fields. Average the numbers. Multiply the average by 1000 and divide by 4.

Antigens,Agglutunogens,Antibodies

for an ABO blood groups, these antigenes are accompanied by plasma proteins

What determines whether blood is bright red or dull brick red?

how much oxygen the blood has

Sounds of Kortokoff

indicate the resumption of blood flow into the forearm

Atherosclerosis

is a disease process in which the body's blood vessels become increasingly occluded, or blocked, by plaques

Blood typing

is a system of blood classification based on the presence of specific glycoproteins on the outer surface of the RBC plasma membrane (same as lecture)Blood types and Rh factor

Cardiac cycle

is equivalent to one complete heartbeat

Hematocrit

is routinely determined when anemia is suspected. Centrifuging whole blood spins the formed elements to the bottom of the tube

Cholesterol

is.a major component of the smooth muscle plaques formed during atherosclerosis

Hemoglobin concentration

oxygen carrying capacity of blood is to determine its hemoglobin content. Oxygen which combines reversibly with the heme (anemia is what it checks for)

Define Hematocrit

packed cell volume (PCV) occupied by erythrocytes

Blood pressure

pressure the blood exerts against any unit area of blood vessel walls, and it is generally measured in the arteries

Pulse

refers to the alternating surges of pressure (expansion and then recoil) in an artery that occur wit each contraction and relaxation of the left ventricle.

Anemia

simply indicates a decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood

Formed elements(which ones they are)

three types of formed elements:Erythrocytes,Red blood cells, leukocytes

Why would you take elderly/diabetic patient pulse at a secondary location also?

to check for circulation in the feet since they typical have poor circulation there.

Systolic

ventricular contraction

Diastolic

ventricular relaxation

Systolic pressure

which is pressure in the arteries at the peak of ventricular contraction