Lab Practical 2 (evolution to fungi)

False

(true or false) A nematode is a segmented worm.

False

(true or false) A polychaete is a pseudocoelomate.

False

(true or false) Arthropods have a closed circulatory system.

False

(true or false) Earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) are hermaphroditic selfers. They never (or almost never) mate with another individual.

False

(true or false) No living cephalopods have an external shell.

True

(true or false) Sea stars feed by everting their stomach through their mouth subsequently digesting the food outside of their body before consumption.

Indeterminate

Determinate development is to protostomes as ____________________ development is to deuterostomes.

2

How many tagmata do organisms in the Arachnida have?

Anthozoa

Match each specimen from phylum Cnidaria to its class.

3 - to hold as yet poorly digested food 4 - to physically grind up food 6 - to make sperm 7 - to receive sperm 9 - to pump blood

Match the functions

Ascomycota

Match the organism to its phylum.

Basidiomycota

Match the organism to its phylum.

Chitrydiomycota

Match the organism to its phylum.

the end closest to the umbo

On a bivalve, how can you tell which end is anterior?

cycloid scales

Place the correct kind of integument structure with each clade. Actinopterygii

- has a nidamental gland - female

Select all that apply to squid "B"

Chitridiomycota

This is a close-up view of a frog's skin. It is infected with a certain type of organism. Two sporangia containing numerous zoospores are visible. What is the phylum of the organism?

gill

What is #2?

adductor

What is #3?

foot

What is #8?

trochophore larvae

What is a presumed homology that connects the mollusks to the annelids?

the presence or absence of the nidamental gland

What is an easy way to tell the sex of a (mature) squid?

stomach; foot

What is the Greek/Latin derivation of the name gastropod?

An oligochaete lacks parapodia

What is the difference between a polychaete and an oligochaete?

Clitellum

What is the external structure indicated by the arrow?

Ephyra

What is the name of this developmental stage observed just after the sessile stage in some cnidarians?

Increase surface area for absorption

What is the primary function of the typhlosole in an earthworm?

It increases our ability to attribute the results of experimental treatments to the cause we are manipulating as opposed to other effects of our protocol.

What is the purpose of including a control group in experiments?

beak and buccal bulb

What is this structure from a Giant Squid?

ectomycorrhizal

A fungus cloaks the roots of a conifer, White Spruce (Picea glauca). What kind of relationship is this?

segmentation; metameres or repeated segments that appear like "little rings"

A primary characteristic of the phylum of this organism is ...

- raspy tongue - bivalves

A radula is a _____ _______ and is found in all Mollusca groups EXCEPT _______

Arthropoda

All these organisms (excluding the humans) belong to the phylum _____

Ecdysis

Because the exoskeleton is rigid, arthropods must shed it periodically, to grow in a process known as molting, or __________.

Crypsis

Can you see the stick insect? Many insects have evolved colors and patterns that allow them to blend into their environment, this form of protection is called _____________.

- pharyngeal slits (in some derived to be pouches) - notochord - post-anal tail - jaws - dorsal hollow nerve cord

Check synapomorphy(ies) that mark(s) the Chordata (and not some larger or smaller clade)?

- Females prefer wildtype fish. - Males have no significant preference. - Male and female preferences do not differ significantly from each other

Choices of female and male focal fish. Positive values were recorded when a focal fish was closer to a wildtype neighbor, and negative values were recorded when a focal fish was closer to a mutant neighbor, bars represent means ± 95% confidence limits of the average distance of focal fish from a center line. n = 20 for each sex.

- head - muscular foot - mantle - visceral mass

Choose the main parts uniting the various groups of mollusks.

anus

During deuterostome development, the blastopore goes on to form which of the following?

defense against larger predators, protection from stings/bites

Hair is highly modified to form quills in porcupines, scales in armadillos, and antlers in deer. Suggest the adaptive values of each. Armadillos

sexual combat

Hair is highly modified to form quills in porcupines, scales in armadillos, and antlers in deer. Suggest the adaptive values of each. Deer

defense against larger predators

Hair is highly modified to form quills in porcupines, scales in armadillos, and antlers in deer. Suggest the adaptive values of each. Porcupines

a notochord was present during their larval stag

How come tunicates and lancelets are classified as chordates even though they have no backbone?

Acoelem, Pseudocoelem, coelem.

Identify each body plan in order from A to C.

- Bivalvia - Cephalopoda

Identify the two classes shown (octopus and clam).

molting the outer cuticle

In nematodes, ecdysis refers to...

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

In triplobastic animals, the three cell layers of the gastrula are called the ______________ ____________ and ____________; list them from outer-most layer to inner-most (without the word "and"—just as three words).

hirudin

Leeches use an anticoagulant called _________________ to prevent their host's blood from clotting.

Mutualistic Facilitative Symbiotic (all correct)

Lichens are constituted by a _________ relationship between a fungus and an alga.

swim bladder

Many Actionperygii use a _________________ [two words] for regulating buoyancy.

A) sporangium B) mycelium

Match each letter to its correct structure.

Branchiopoda

Match each organism to its class

Cirripedia

Match each organism to its class

Copepoda

Match each organism to its class

Malacostraca

Match each organism to its class

Bivalvia

Match each organism with its correct class.

Cephalopoda

Match each organism with its correct class.

Gastropoda

Match each organism with its correct class.

Polyplacophora

Match each organism with its correct class.

Hydrozoa

Match each specimen from phylum Cnidaria to its class.

Scyphozoa

Match each specimen from phylum Cnidaria to its class.

Crypsis

Match interpretations to photos.

Mimicry

Match interpretations to photos.

Acoelom

Match the body cavity to the organism.

Coelom

Match the body cavity to the organism.

Pseudocoelom

Match the body cavity to the organism.

Arthropoda

Match the characteristic to the correct phylum. Exoskeleton of chitin

Annelida

Match the characteristic to the correct phylum. Metameres (segmentation)

Cnidaria

Match the characteristic to the correct phylum. Radial symmetry, cnidocytes

Mollusca

Match the characteristic to the correct phylum. Soft body, muscular foot

Zygomycota

Match the organism to its phylum.

Class Oligochaeta

Match the organism to the correct class or phylum.

Class Polychaeta

Match the organism to the correct class or phylum.

Phylum Nematoda

Match the organism to the correct class or phylum.

3 - crop 4 - gizzard 6 - seminal vesicles 7 - seminal receptacles 9 - hearts

Match the parts

Approximately the mean +|- 2 times the standard error

Match the statistical term to its definition: Confidence Interval

An average calculated by summing all the values and dividing by the sample size

Match the statistical term to its definition: Mean

The number of variates for a variable within a group

Match the statistical term to its definition: Sample Size

The standard deviation of the items divided by the square root of the sample size

Match the statistical term to its definition: Standard Error

Acoelom

Name the body-cavity type that this organism exhibits.

- Chordata - Chondrichthyes - Deuterostoma

Name the clade(s) to which this organism belongs.

- Tetrapoda - Aves

Name the clade(s) to which this organism belongs.

systemic heart

Name this part

none - just cells of skin

Place the correct kind of integument structure with each clade. Amphibia

feathers

Place the correct kind of integument structure with each clade. Aves

placoid scales

Place the correct kind of integument structure with each clade. Chondrichthyes

epidermal scales

Place the correct kind of integument structure with each clade. Lepidosauria

hair

Place the correct kind of integument structure with each clade. Mammalia

- Mollusca - Gastropoda - Helix

Select the groups below that either are, or include, snails.

Head; foot

Squid and octopuses are in Phylum Cephalopoda. What is the derivation of the name "Cephalopoda"?

mastax

Structure (A) is a muscular throat called a __________________ that this animal uses to grind up food.

cartilage

The class Condrichthyes has a skeleton composed of _________ instead of bone.

True

The fungus pictured belongs to the one fungal phylum (Chytridiomycota) that has flagellated cells in its life cycle. The character state should be considered primitive since flagella are also found in more distantly related organisms such as animals. Thus, other fungi presumably belong to one or a few lineages that have lost the flagellum. (true or false)

Chitin

The principal components of the insect exoskeleton are proteins and a type of carbohydrate called _________.

coelenteron gastrovascular cavity coelenteron gastrovascular (All options correct)

The upside down Daphnia (water flea) has been ingested by the hydra. What is the name of the cavity the Daphnia is in?

Glomeromycota

These images represent a group of fungi that are endosymbiotic with plants. What is the phylum?

asexual production of a new polyp

This is a Hydra whole mount. What is taking place on the left?

Typhlosole

This is a Lumbricus in cross section. Complete the following analogy using your knowledge of Annelid anatomy. small intestine: Humans :: __________: Lumbricus

gastric mill

This is a close up, internal photo of the cardiac stomach of a crayfish. What are the three sets of 'teeth' inside called?

zooxanthellae (Symbiodinium sp.)

This is a polyp of an Anthozoan. Which organism gives it this internal color?

Polychaeta

This organism is a segmented worm; to which class does it belong?

feeding; hydranth

This structure is specialized for ______________ and is called a _________________.

Rotifera

To what phylum does this organism belong?

Spicules

What are the sharp structures that make up this whole mount of Leucoselenia (Phylum Porifera)?

head, thorax, abdomen

What are the three tagmata of insects?

Scyphozoa

What group uses this mode of reproduction?

mantle

What is #1?

telson

What is the structure indicated by the arrow? These animals often orient so that water flows from left to right; given their shape, water flow pushes them down against the substrate rather than lifting them up, when they have this orientation.

that the neurophysiology those drugs affect has been conserved since the common ancestor of protostomes and deuterostomes

What might it mean if C. elegans has a similar neurophysiological response to caffeine and alcohol as humans do?

- ascomycota - green alga (Chlorophyta)

What organism(s) make up a typical lichen?

- has a cuttlebone - may eject ink when threatened

Which are characteristics of this organism's class?

- Your skin - Water - Plant matter and detritus

Which of the following are locations where fungi are found?

- Actinopterygii - Amphibia

Which of the following are not members of the clade Amniota (the amniotes)? Lepidosaurs Aves Actinopterygii Mammalia Amphibia

- Chordata - Vertebrata - Mammalia

Which of the following clades are humans included in?

- Aves - Lepidosaurs

Which of the following clades within the vertebrates have animals that undergo development within an amniotic egg?

- To reduce the standard errors within experimental groups. - To provide stronger evidence regarding the hypothesis you are testing. - To increase the (potential) significance and reliability of the results (if there actually was a difference between treatments).

Why are replication and reasonably large sample sizes important in an experiment?

thin skin makes them vulnerable to rapid water loss

Why do amphibians tend to be largely restricted to moist places?

- to give a reliable baseline for comparison on how an organisms reacts under "normal" circumstances - so that it becomes possible to compare treatment groups to an untreated group

Why is it important that you have a control group in an experiment

- To give a reliable baseline for comparison on how an organisms reacts under "normal" circumstances - So that it becomes possible to compare treatment groups to an untreated group

Why is it important that you have a control group in an experiment?

Swimmerets

Your lab partner wants to know if the crayfish you are dissecting is a male or female. What external anatomical feature should you look at to determine the sex of your crayfish?

Torsion

process allows the body of the gastropod to rotate 180 degrees so that the anus is near the anterior end of the organism.