Lab Practical 3

Hypoventilation

A decrease in the rate and depth of ventilation

What are the key differences between a restrictive and an obstructive disease?

A restrictive disease reduces lung distensibility, making inspiration difficult. An obstructive disease increases airway resistance, making expiration difficult

______ test is used to detect the presence of certain sugars

Benedict's

Explain why lipids are absorbed into a different structure than are carbohydrates and proteins

Carbohydrates and proteins are absorbed into intestinal capillaries because they are small, water-soluble molecules. Lipids are packaged into structures called chylomicrons, which are too large to be absorbed into capillaries. For this reason, they are absorbed into lacteals, which have large valves in their walls that allow large particles to enter

On which components of the tear fluid can pancreatin act? On what do you base your answer?

Lipids and proteins, since pancreatic juices contain lipase and protease enzymes

Fatty creamy substance used to detect the presence of acids

Litmus

______ test is used to detect the presence of starch

Lugol's

Your friend is drinking water when you suddenly say something funny. Your friend laughs as she is swallowing, and water comes out of her nose. What happened to cause this? (HINT: which anatomical structure normally prevents food from entering the nasopharynx?)

Normally, the uvula moves posteriorly to block the nasopharynx during swallowing, which prevents material from entering the nasal cavity. However, when she laughed, the uvula failed to move posteriorly, resulting in water being pushed into her nasal cavity and out of her nose

How would digestion of tear fluid components help a wearer of contact lenses?

Prevent build ups and vision is more clear

Enzymes that break apart proteins are termed ___________ enzymes

Proteolytic (protease)

At what temperature would you recommend using enzymatic contact lens cleaning? Explain.

Room temperature which is close to body temperature an optimum environment for enzymatic activities.

Respiratory tract

Series of highly branching passages that conducts air to the structures for gas exchange

Which of the following is not one of the components of the respiratory membrane?

Smooth muscle fibers

What are the functional differences between the conducting zone and the respiratory zone?

The conducting zone transports air, during which time it is warmed, humidified, and filtered. The respiratory zone contains alveoli, through which gas exchange occurs

Pulmonary gas exchange

The diffusion of gases across the respiratory membrane

Tissue gas exchange

The diffusion of gases between the blood and the tissues

Which of the is not a trend we find in the respiratory tract?

The epithelium gradually increased in height as we move deeper into the respiratory tract

intrapulmonary pressure

The force exerted by the weight of the air within the lungs

Which of the following statements about the alveoli is true?

The grapelike structure of the alveolar sacs creates a huge surface area for pulmonary gas exchange

B: the carrot has caused inflammation around the alveoli in the affected area, which has collapsed the alveoli. How would this affect his ability to exchange gases?

The grapelike structure of the alveoli provides a huge surface area for gas exchange. When the alveoli collapse, surface area decreases drastically, giving far less surface area for gas exchange

Gas transport

The movement of gases through the blood

Pulmonary ventilation

The physical movement of air into and out of the lungs

Respiration

The physiological process that consists of four separate processes: ventilation, gas exchange, gas transport, tissue gas exchange

The inferior vocal folds are the true vocal cords

True

The paranasal sinuses filter, warm, and humidify inhaled air

True

The right primary bronchus is shorter, straighter, and wider than the left primary bronchus

True

The trachea is lined with C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

True

Peritoneal cavity

a cavity located between a double-layered serous membrane that secretes serous fluid, allowing organs to slide over each other without friction; much of the alimentary canal and many accessory organs reside here

Alimentary canal (GI tract)

a passage extending from the mouth to the anus along which food is digested and absorbed; it includes the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and intestines

Salivary glands

accessory organs around the mouth that secrete saliva, which contains substances such as water, salivary amylase, antibodies, and lysozyme

The final passages of the respiratory zone, which have walls made of alveoli, are called

alveolar ducts

Tidal Volume (TV)

amount of air exchanged with normal, quiet ventilation

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

amount of air forcibly inspired after a tidal inspiration

Residual Volume (RV)

amount of air remaining in the lungs after expiration of the expiratory reserve volume

The enzyme that catalyzes the reaction that breaks down carbohydrates is

amylase

Hyperventilation

an increase in the rate and depth of ventilation

Nasal cavity

area within the skull framed by cartilage and bone that extends from the anterior nares to the posterior nares; filters, warms, and moistens inhaled air

Carbon dioxide is transported through the blood primarily as __________ ___ due to reaction catalyzed by the enzyme ________ _________

bicarbonate ions; carbonic anhydrase

Secondary bronchi

branches off of the primary bronchi that each serve one lobe of the lung

Larynx

cartilage-framed region of the respiratory tract within the neck that houses the vocal cords

Bile drains from the gallbladder via the ______ duct and drains from the liver via the ______ _______ duct. These two ducts unite to form the ______ ____ duct.

cystic; common hepatic; common bile

Enzymes called ____________ digest sugars such as sucrose and maltose

disaccharidase

Bile ________ globules of fat

emulsifies

An _________ is a protein that catalyzes biochemical reactions

enzyme

Digestive enzyme

enzymes produced by organs of the digestive system that catalyze reactions that break food down chemically into smaller molecules

Duodenum

first part of the small intestine that receives chyme from the stomach, bile from the common bile duct, and pancreatic juice from the main pancreatic duct

The muscles of inspiration

increase lung volume and decrease intrapulmonary pressure

Bile is helpful in preparing

lipid (fat) for digestion

Lipase is an enzyme that digests

lipid (fat) molecules

The ______ secretes bile salts

liver

Expiration

lung volume decreases and intrapulmonary pressure increases

Inspiration

lung volume increases and intrapulmonary pressure decreases

Clusters of bile salts, digested lipids, and other nonpolar substances that escort lipids to enterocytes are called

micelles

Jejunum

middle part of the small intestine

Carbohydrates are absorbed into the body in the form of ______________ molecules

monosaccharide

Glucose is an example of a(n) ______________ type of carbohydrate molecule

monosaccharide (simple)

Henry accidentally inhales a fragment of carrot, and it lodges deep in his respiratory tract, in the respiratory bronchioles of his right lower lobe A: trace the pathway the piece of carrot had to take from his mouth to his respiratory bronchioles

mouth --> oropharynx --> laryngopharynx --> larynx --> trachea --> right primary bronchus --> right inferior secondary bronchus --> tertiary bronchus --> bronchial tree --> bronchiole --> terminal bronchiole --> respiratory bronchiole

Liver

organ located on the right side of the abdominal cavity consisting of four lobes; produces bile for digestion; detoxifies, processes, and eliminates toxins in blood before the blood enters the general circulation in the body

Serosa

outer connective tissue later partially composed of the visceral peritoneum found throughout much of the alimentary canal

Terminal bronchioles

passageways smaller than 0.5mm in diameter that control airflow to the structures for gas exchange

The lung's elastic recoil is responsible for

passive expiration

Alveolar ducts

portion of the respiratory bronchiole made up exclusively of alveoli

Trachea

portion of the respiratory tract in the inferior neck and mediastinum that connects the larynx with the bronchial tree

Boyle's Law

pressure and volume are inversely proportional

Which of the following correctly describes the relationship of pressure and volume according to Boyle's law?

pressure and volume are inversely proportional - as volume increases, pressure decreases

Chemical digestion

process by which the chemical bonds between food molecules are broken in chemical reactions

Gastroesophageal sphincter

ring of smooth muscle located at the inferior end of the esophagus that prevents contents of the stomach from regurgitating up into the esophagus

Gallbladder

saclike organ located posterior to the liver's right lobe that stores the liver's bile; when stimulated by certain hormones, it will contract and eject bile into the cystic duct to aid in digestion

The pleural cavity contains a thin layer of _________, which functions to __________

serous fluid; reduce friction as the lungs change shape and size

Respiratory bronchioles

small branches off the terminal bronchioles that have alveoli in their walls

Polysaccharides are broken apart to yield _______ molecules before being completely digested

smaller

Amylase in an enzyme that digests

starch (carbohydrate) molecules

Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

system by which carbonic acid and bicarbonate buffer the blood and resist changes in pH

Alveoli

terminal structures of the respiratory tract; consist primarily of thin simple squamous epithelium through which gases are exchanged with the blood

Pharynx

the area located posterior to the nasal cavity (the nasopharynx), the oral cavity (the oropharynx), and the larynx (laryngopharynx)

Emulsification

the first step in the process of lipid digestion, it breaks up the fat globules into smaller pieces with the help of bile salts

atmospheric pressure

the forced exerted by the weight of air in the atmosphere

Primary bronchi

the initial branches off the trachea that each serve one lung

Mucosa

the inner epithelial tissue lining of the alimentary canal that is composed of simple columnar epithelium overlying the lamina propria and a layer of muscularis mucosa

Pulmonary gas exchange is best defined as

the movement of gases across the respiratory membrane

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

total amount of air exchangeable with pulmonary ventilation and the amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximum expiration

Vital Capacity (VC)

total amount of exchangeable air with pulmonary ventilation

Bile is stored by the gallbladder

true

Circumvallate papillae are located at the posterior tongue and house taste buds

true

The pyloric sphincter regulates flow from the stomach to the duodenum

true

The three smooth muscle layers of the stomach allow it to perform churning motions

true

Pleural cavity

very thin potential space between the parietal and visceral pleurae, filled with serous fluid

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

amount of air forcibly expired after a tidal inspiration

Muscularis externa

contains two layers of smooth muscle (inner circular and outer longitudinal) that contract alternately producing rhythmic contractions of peristalsis

Pancreatic islet

endocrine cells of the pancreas that secrete hormones such as insulin into the bloodstream

pressure changes

gases flow to equalize pressure

The longest segment of the small intestine is the

ileum

Lungs and lobes

lungs are organs composed of elastic connective tissue and tiny air sacs called alveoli; each lung is divided into sections (3 in the right, 2 in left) called lobes

inspiratory capacity

maximum amount of air inspired after a tidal expiration

Accessory organ

organs that assist in mechanical or chemical digestion, including the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, and liver

Pyloric sphincter

ring of smooth muscle located between the stomach and the duodenum that controls emptying of the stomach contents into the small intestine

The mesentery is a double fold of visceral peritoneum

true

Manufactures of enzymatic contact lens cleaners recommend that the lenses be soaked in a non-enzyme solution for at least 4 hours after cleaning before wearing them again. What could happen if enzyme remains on a lens when it is put back on an eye?

It might damage the cornea and conjunctiva since both have a protein component

Ileum

last part of the small intestine; between the jejunum of the small intestine and the cecum of the large intestine

Submucosa

layer of connective tissue deep to the mucosa that houses blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics, and elastic fibers

The condition Crohn's disease is a disease of the immune system that results in inflammation of different parts of the digestive tract. One of the most commonly affected sites is the small intestine, resulting in loss of intestinal villi. How would this affect the functions of the small intestine?

Intestinal villi increase the surface area available for absorption. When the villi are destroyed in Crohn's disease, fewer nutrients and less water are absorbed, resulting in diarrhea, weight loss, dehydration, and nutrient deficiencies

Wha happens to the pH of the blood during hyperventilation, and why?

The pH of the blood increases during hyperventilation because carbon dioxide is "blown off". This decreases the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood, which in turn decreases the number of hydrogen ions released from carbonic anhydrase. This increases the pH of the blood

Bronchioles are passages of the respiratory tract that are less than 1mm in diameter

True

Carbonic anhydrase

enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of water and carbon dioxide into carbonic acid; it also catalyzes the reverse reaction

Pancreas

exocrine and endocrine gland that sits posterior and inferior to the stomach; its exocrine functions are digestive whereas its endocrine functions are metabolic

Acinar cells

exocrine cells of the pancreas that produce and secrete pancreatic juice (digestive enzymes, bicarbonate ions, and water) into ducts

Bile

fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder that contains bile salts, which are amphipathic molecules that emulsify fats in the small intestine and aid in their digestion

The substance _______ contains several enzymes and is often use to clean contact lenses

pancreatin

volume changes lead to

pressure changes

volume increases

pressure decreases

volume decreases

pressure increases

The folds of the stomach are known as

rugae

Colon

section of the large intestine containing four divisions (ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon); extends to the rectum

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

volume of air remaining in the lungs after a tidal expiration