Lab Practical 3

Total Lung Capacity

4200-6000- TV+IRV+ERV+RV

What are they key differences between a restrictive and an obstructive diseases.

A restrictive disease reduces lung distensibility, making inspiration difficult. An obstructive disease increases airway resistance, making expiration difficult.

Accessory Organ

Organs that assist in mechanical or chemical digestion, including the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, and liver

The lungs elastic recoil is responsible for

Passive expiration

The folds of the stomach are known as

Rugae

T/F: The three smooth layers of the stomach allow it to perform churning motions

T

VC- Vital Capacity

Total exchangeable air of the lungs- between 3100-4800 TV+IRV+ERV

Lourdes has been diagnosed with gallstones that are blocking her cystic duct. What functional impairment will Lourdes face with a blockage of cystic duct?

Bile leaves the gallbladder through the cystic duct. The gallbladder stores bile, so less bile will be released than normal. This will interfere with the digestion and absorption of dietary lipids.

hyperventilation

an increase in the rate and depth of ventilation

Salivary Glands

Accessory organs around the mouth that secretes saliva, which contains substances such as water, salivary amylase, antibodies, and lysozyme

The final passages of the respiratory zone, which have walls made of alveoli are called

Alveolar ducts

FRC- Functional Residual Capacity

Amount left in the lungs after a tidal expiration 1800-2400 mL. ERV+RV

Pancreas

Exocrine and endocrine gland that sits posterior and inferior to the stomach; its exocrine functions are digestive where its endocrine functions are metabolic

T/F: The trachea is lined with O shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

F- C shaped rings

T/F: The superior vocal folds are the true vocal cords

F- Inferior

T/F: The left primary bronchus is shorter, straighter, and wider than the right primary

F: Right

The pyloric sphincter regulated flow from the esophagus to the stomach

F: from the stomach to the duodenum

The muscles of inspiration

Increase lung volume and decrease intrapulmonary pressure

The condition of chron's disease is a disease of the immune system that results in inflammation of different parts of the digestive tract. One of the most commonly affected sites.....

Intestinal villi increase the surface area available for absorption. When the villi are destroyed in crohns disease, fewer nutrients and less water are absorbed, resulting in diarrhea, weight loss, dehydration, and nutrient deficiencies.

Jejunum

Middle part of the small intestine; between the duodenum and ileum

Gastroesophageal sphincter

Ring of smooth muscle located at the inferior end of the esophagus that prevents contents of the stomach from regurgitating up into the esophagus

pyloric sphincter

Ring of smooth muscle located between the stomach and duodenum that controls emptying of the stomach contents into the small intestine.

Gallbladder

Saclike organ located posterior to the liver's right lobe that stores the liver's bile; when stimulated by certain hormones, it will contract and eject bile into the cystic duct to aid in digestion.

Which of the following is not one of the components of the respiratory membrane.

Smooth muscle fiber

What are the functional differences between the conducting zone and the respiratory zone?

The conducting zone transports air, during which time it is warmed, humidified, and filtered. The respiratory contains alveoli, through which gas exchange occurs.

Which of the following is not a trend we find in the respiratory tract?

The epithelium gradually increases in heigh as we move deeper into the respiratory tract

Which of the following statements about the alveoli is true?

The grapelike structure of the alveolar sacs create a huge surface area for pulmonary gas exchange

Pulmonary gas exchange is best defined as

The movement of gases across the respiratory membrane

Fill in the blanks. Carbon dioxide is transported through the blood primarily as _______ ______ due to a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme _____ ________

bicarbonate ions, carbonic anhydrase

expiration

expelling of air from the lungs

inspiration

movement of air into the lungs

atmospheric pressure

the force exerted by the weight of air in the atmosphere

gas transport

the movement of gases through the blood

ERV- Expiratory Reserve Volume

Volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal respiration- between 700-1200

hypoventilation

a decrease in the rate and depth of ventilation

The pleural cavity contains a thin layer of ____, which functions to ______

serous fluid; reduce friction as the lungs change shape and size

Peritoneal cavity

A cavity located between a double layers serous membrane that secretes serous fluid, allowing organs to slide over each other without friction.

Alimentary Canal (GI Tract)

A passage extending from the mouth to the anus along which food is digested and absorbed; it includes the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and intestines.

IC- Inspiratory Capacity

Amount that can be maximally inhaled after a tidal expiration- 2400-3600 (TV+IRV)

T/F: The longest segment of the small intestine is the duodenum

F: ileum

Bile is produce by the gallbladder

F: stored

T/F: The mesentery is a double fold of parietal peritoneum

F: visceral

Duodenum

First part of the small intestine that receives chyme from the stomach, bile from the common bile duct, and pancreatic juice from the main pancreatic duct

Ileum

Last part of the small intestine; between the jejunum of the small intestine and the cecum of the large intestine

Trace the pathway the piece of carrot had to take from his mouth to his respiratory pathway

Mouth, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx, trachea, right primary bronchus, right inferior secondary bronchus, tertiary bronchus, bronchiole tree, bronchiole, terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole

Liver

Organ located on the right side of the abdominal cavity consisting of 4 loves; produces bile for digestion; detoxifies, processes, and eliminated toxins in blood before the blood enters the general circulation in the body

Which of the following correctly describes the relationship of pressure and volume according to Boyles Law

Pressure and volume are inversely proportional- as volume increases, pressure decreases

Colon

Section of the large intestine containing four divisions (ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon); it extends to the rectum

T/F: Bronchioles are passages of the respiratory tract that are less than 1 mm in diameter

T

T/F: Circumvallate papillae are located at the posterior tongue and house taste buds

T

T/F: The paranasal; sinuses filter, warm, and humidify inhaled air.

T

RV- Residual Volume

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiration 1100-1200

TV- Tidal Volume

The amount of inhaled and exhaled with a normal respiration- approximately 500 mL

Will a blockage of the cystic duct interfere with the production of bile? Why or why not?

The gallbladder only stores bile produced by the liver. It does not make bile. For this reason, a cystic duct blockage will not hamper bile production.

The carrot has caused inflammation around the alveoli in the affected area, which has collapsed the alveoli. How would this affect his ability to exchange gas?

The grapelike structure of the alveoli provides huge surface area for gas exchange. When the alveoli collapse, surface area decreases drastically, giving far less surface area for gas exchange.

What happens to the pH of the blood during hyperventilation, and why?

The pH of blood increases during hyperventilation because carbon dioxide is "blown off" This decreases the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood, which in turn decreases the number of hydrogen ions released from carbonic anhydrase. This increases the pH of the blood.

Respiration

The physiological process that consists of four separate processes: pulmonary ventilation, pulmonary gas exchange, gas transport, and tissue gas exchange.

IRV- Inspiratory Reserve Volume

Volume of air inhaled after a normal inspiration- between 1900-3100. VC-(TV+ERV)

The enzyme that catalyzes the reaction that breaks down carbohydrates is

amylase

Fill in the blanks: Bile drains from the gallbladder via the ____ duct and drains from the liver via the ________. These two ducts unite to form the ___________ duct.

cystic, common hepatic, common bile

carbonic anyhdrase

enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of water and carbon dioxide into carbonic acid; it also catalyzes the reverse reaction

Clusters of bile sales, digested lipids, and other nonpolar substances that escort lipids to enterocytes are called

micelles

boyles law

principle stating that the pressure and volume of a container are inversely proportional- as pressure increases, volume decreases

carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

system by which carbonic acid and bicarbonate buffer the blood and resist changes in pH

pulmonary gas exchange

the diffusion of gases across the respiratory membrane

tissue gas exchange

the diffusion of gases between the blood and the tissues

intrapulmonary pressure

the force exerted by the weight of the air within the lungs

Pulmonary ventilation

the physical movement of air into and out the lungs