Lab quiz 1: Human Physiology

How does the concentration of the substrate in an enzyme-controlled chemical reaction change over time?

the substrateconcentration will decrease

The ________ secretes a hormone that increases the body's metabolic rate, promotes alertness and quickens reflexes, and stimulates the fetal nervous system.

thyroid gland

Cell membranes are freely permeable to water.

true

One inch is equal to 2.54 centimeters.

true

The tare button is used to zero (i.e., reset) the scale.

true

When comparing the milligram, gram, microgram, and kilogram, the largest unit of weight is the kilogram.

true

The only way to tell if the red blood cells are crenated is to

view them through the microscope.

The optic nerve (CN II) carries the special sense of

vision

In the Movement of Water across a Selectively Permeable Membrane lab, what substance was actually able to pass through the membrane?

water

In the metric system, the ________ describes the relationship of each unit to the base unit.

prefix

alpha cells

produce glucagon

beta cells

produce insulin

The __________ occurs in response to a sudden increase in light intensity.

pupillary reflex

Which of the following lists the parts of a reflex arc in the correct sequence?

receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector

The primary function of an enzyme or any biological catalyst is to

reduce the energy of activation and increase the rate of a reaction.

The mechanical stage lower knob causes the stage to move

right and left

What instrument did you use to weigh objects in the metric system lab?

scale

delta cells

secrete somatostatin

Which of the following items should be disposed of in a biohazard bag? (Select all that apply)

- used agar plates - gloves used while working with infectious organisms - paper towels used to clean up a bacterial spill - animal tissue

Which objective lens requires oil to be applied?

100x

The magnification of the ocular lens is

10x

Which chemical would you predict to move the fastest (and thus go furthest in a given time period) through air?

Ammonia (mw=17)

Which of these will affect the rate of diffusion? A. molecular weight B. All of the answer choices are correct. C. molecule size D. concentration gradient E. density of media

B. all of the choices are correct

If thyroid hormones are not released, you can regulate body temperature by _____, which requires a greater use of _____.

shivering; oxygen

When testing insulin levels on swimming fish, hypoglycemia results in

slow, lethargic movements.

If blood cells are placed in a hypertonic solution,

the cells will shrink due to water loss by the cell.

An increase in temperature will cause an increase in diffusion rate because

the frequency and force of molecular collisions increases.

What makes a cell a target of a particular hormone?

the presence of a receptor for that particular hormone

The spreading out of molecules from a center of higher concentration is the result of

the random movement of molecules

If temperature is increased,

the rate of diffusion increases

Tonicity in cells refers to the concentration of solute in a solution outside of a cell, relative to

the solute concentration of the cytoplasm inside the cell.

As molecular weight increases, A. the rate of diffusion increases. B. the rate of diffusion stops. C. the rate of diffusion remains unchanged. D. the rate of diffusion increases at first, then slows down. E. the rate of diffusion decreases.

E. the rate of diffusion decreases

A wet mount requires the addition of certain dyes and cell fixatives approximately 12 hours before viewing the specimen

False

Enzymes are consumed in chemical reactions and must therefore be replenished.

False

Temperature, pH, and ionic concentrations play an important role in the proper functioning of enzymes.

True

The scissors are not used for some dissection techniques because they are not sharp enough to make incisions.

True

Astigmatism is assessed using a

astigmatism chart.

nzymes in human cells tend to perform best

at 37 degrees celsius

Enzyme function is optimum

at specific pH and temperature ranges.

In the Demonstrate Monosynaptic Reflexes Lab, why do the reflexes occur? Select all that apply.

- By triggering stretch receptors in the muscle you are initiating the reflex arc. - By triggering a skin receptor near the muscle you are initiating the reflex arc.By - By triggering the muscle effector you are initiating the reflex arc.

When should hands be washed? (Select all that apply)

- before starting lab activities - after completion of lab activities - after cleaning any spill of chemicals or infectious organisms - after removing gloves worn during lab activities

Adrenal medulla

epinephrine and norepinephrine and catecholamines

Structures that produce and release substances into a duct are known as glands.

exocrine

If inhibiting thyroid hormone release with PTU (propylthiouracil) in an experiment, the ____ group receives PTU and the ____ group receives no PTU.

experimental; control

2.2 pounds is equal to 10 kilograms.

false

Beverages are allowed in the laboratory as long as the containers are covered

false

Most chemicals used in the laboratory can be discarded in the sink after use.

false

On the Celsius scale, water freezes at 32 degrees.

false

One foot is equal to 0.705 meters.

false

Proper hand washing will sterilize the hands.

false

The metric scale of temperature is Fahrenheit.

false

You may eat a snack in lab as long as there are no bacterial cultures on your bench and you have thoroughly washed your hands.

false

The fine adjustment knob on the microscope

fine-tunes the focus

If you were testing the plantar reflex by stroking the lateral aspect of the sole of the foot in an adult which of the following would be a normal response?

flexion of the toes downward

zona fasciculata

glucocorticoids and cortisol

In the metric system, the base unit of weight is the

gram

A(n) _______ solution has a higher concentration of water and lower concentration of solute than the cell placed in the solution.

hypotonic

A person with longer eyeballs is said to have myopia (or nearsightedness). This means images held further away from the eye appear blurry because the point of the eye's focus is __________ the retina.

in front of

Tonicity

is the comparison of relative concentrations of two solutions, separated by a selectively permeable membrane.

he optimum condition for an enzyme

is where it works best

A(n) _______ solution has the same concentration of water as the cell placed in the solution.

isotonic

Does the elasticity of the lens increase, decrease, or stay the same with age?

it decreases

When testing tonicity of red blood cells, if the solution became transparent after adding blood cells, you could assume

the solution was hypotonic and the cells had burst.

Identify the correct statements about lab coats. (Select all that apply)

- Lab coats provide some protection against contamination with infectious microorganisms.Lab - Lab coats provide some protection against exposure to corrosive chemicals.

When reading a Snellen eye chart, what does 20/20 mean? Select all that apply.

- The top number refers to the standard distance a person is standing while taking the test. - The bottom number refers to the distance a person with normal vision should recognize the letters.

Goggles or appropriate safety glasses protect the eyes from (Select all that apply)

- chemical splashes - uv exposure when using UV radiation in the laboratory

Which of the following are examples of safety equipment found in nearly every laboratory classroom? (Select all that apply)

- fire extinguisher - first aid kit - eye wash - chemical shower

Which of the following items should be autoclaved? (Select all that apply)

- glass culture tubes - biohazard bag

Which properties of water contribute to the formation of the meniscus? Select all that apply.

- high heat of vaporization - high heat capacity - universal solvent

Gloves provide protection against (Select all that apply)

- infectious microorganisms - contamination of cultures with skin bacteria from the hands - exposure to chemicals and stains

Why is it important to perform the coronal cut in the frontal third of the eyeball correctly?

- prevents you from destroying important structures - enables you to easily separate the anterior and posterior cavities of the eyeenables

Which of the following items should be disposed of in the Sharps container? (Select all that apply)

- scalpel blades - broken glass - glass pipettes - needles

When your body temperature is low, you rely on ________ to regulate your body temperature.

- shivering - sweating - breathing heavy

Water freezes at _____ and boils _____ temperature.

0 degrees Celsius; 212 degrees Farenheit 32 degrees Farenheit; 100 degrees Celsius

Which three cranial nerves innervate the extrinsic eye muscles? (Select all that apply)

1. CN VI, the abducens nerve 2. CN V, the trigeminal nerve 3. CN III, the oculomotor nerve

Which of the following are reasons for washing hands before and after lab activities? (Select all that apply)

1. Hands may be a source of contamination to the lab experiments. 2. Hands may become contaminated with infectious bacteria during lab experiments. 3. Hands may become stained during lab. 4. Hands may be contaminated with irritating chemicals during experiments.

Each of the following steps are necessary in preparing and observing a wet mount. Place the steps in the correct order.

1. Obtain a clean slide and cover slip. Obtain a clean slide and cover slip. 2. Using a transfer pipette, obtain a drop of specimen and place onto the center of the slide. 3. Carefully place the cover slip over the drop of specimen. 4. Observe preparation under the 10X objective lens. 5. Observe preparation under the 40X objective lens.

Indicate the correct order of steps as you bring an object into focus under high power.

1. Place slide on stage and secure with stage clips. 2. Turn on the light and center the specimen over the light source. 3. Focus specimen on scanning objective using coarse focus adjustment 4. Rotate to low power objective, then use fine focus to sharpen the image 5. Rotate high power lens into position. 6. Readjust fine focus under high power to produce the sharpest image.

order of washing hands:

1. thoroughly wet hands in running water 2. apply soap 3. lather for 20 seconds 4. rinse in running water 5. dry hands and use towel to turn off faucet

If the diffusion rate of one crystal of potassium permanganate within a liquid is 240 mm/hour, predict how far one crystal of potassium permanganate would diffuse within 10 minutes?

40 mm

Hormones of the posterior pituitary vs Hormones of the anterior pituitary

Hormones of the posterior pituitary: - antidiuretic hormone -oxytocin Hormones of the anterior pituitary: - adrenocorticotropic hormone - thyroid stimulating hormone - follicle stimulating hormone - growth hormone - prolactin - lutenizing hormone

Hormones vs Neurotransmitters:

Hormones: - released into the blood stream - potentially affects several body organs takes longer to cause a resposne in target cells Neurotransmitter: - usually has relatively local specific effects - produces a very quick response in target cells released at synapses of target cells

How does an enzyme work to catalyze a reaction?

It lowers the energy barrier needed for reactants to achieve the transition state or lowers the energy of activation of a reaction.

Major Endocrine glands with only endocrine function vs. organs that have other (nonendocrine) primary functions

Major Endocrine glands with only endocrine function: - adrenals - thyroid - pituitary - parathyroids Organs that have other (nonendocrine) primary functions: - ovaries - testes - pancreas

Rod vs cones

Rods: - involved with night vision - uses rhodopsin - principal photoreceptor in nocturnal vertebrates - used in scotopic vision - smooth plasma membrane surrounding the intramembranous discs - high degree of neural convergence - absorption peak occurs at 500 nm Cones: - highly concentrated in and around the macula - involved with color vision uses photopsin - infolded plasma membrane surrounds each disc - absorption peaks occur at 420, 531, 558 nm

The principle hormones produced by the thyroid gland are

T3 and T4.

How can you determine the optimum pH of an enzyme?

Test the enzyme at different pH levels.

What is the function of rod cells?

They are photoreceptor cells that detect the amount of light but not colors.

Diffusion is the movement of a molecule from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

True

Nearsightedness is also called myopia.

True

When testing tonicity of red blood cells, if the solution became opaque after adding blood cells, you could assume

You could determine that the cells remained intact, but you could not determine whether the solution was isotonic or hypertonic without looking at the cells under the microscope.

zona reticularis

adrenal androgens

The mechanical stage upper knob causes the stage to move

back and forth

A disinfectant is used on your work surface:

before the beginning of lab procedures, after all work is complete, and after any spill of live organisms.

The ________ of the reflex hammer is used to tap on tendons or ligaments.

broad flat side

Hormones are

chemicals released directly into the blood stream.

The blind spot is located in the __________ visual field of each eye.

lateral

In the metric system, the base unit of a liquid is the

liter

The base unit of fluid volume in the metric system is the

liter

The coarse adjustment knob on the microscope

locates the focus plane

The ________ of the reflex hammer is used to touch and move over areas of the skin.

metallic tip

In the metric system, the base unit of length is the

meter

zona glomerulosa

mineralocorticoids and aldosterone

In which circumstance is food and/or beverage allowed in the laboratory?

never

lab coats, gloves, face masks, and goggles are all examples of

personal protective equipment