LALS 1 final practice Q's
22. The military government in Peru distinguished itself from other military regimes by: adopting revolutionary policies, such as agrarian reform. concentrating power in the hands of a single individual, rather than a junta. ruling only for a few years, and then returning the country to democratic leadership. disappearing and torturing a large number of its opponents.
a
17. Che Guevara believed he could recreate the Cuban Revolution's success by: creating small focal points of guerrilla activity that would create revolutionary conditions in a country. training revolutionaries in combat and ideology on Cuban soil. sending weapons and Cuban soldiers around the world to fight. forming a cooperative army of Latin American revolutionaries to oust U.S. power in the region
a
13. Paulo Freire coined the term: "consciousness raising," for a method of interactive learning for adults. "foco" strategy, to create revolutionary conditions in a country. "liberation theology," an interpretation of Christian teaching that emphasized an end to poverty and ignorance. "dependency theory," to describe Latin America's position in the global economy.
a
16. Populist leaders often relied heavily on the support of: urban industrial workers. the landowning class. rural peasantry and indigenous communities. the military.
a
3. The United States dominated the Organization of American States by: -maintaining a voting block of dictators who outvoted any opposition to U.S. policy. -threatening to withhold foreign aid to member states. -holding a veto over any resolution made by members. -expelling any member that diverged from U.S. policy.
a
35. Opponents of increased immigration to the United States have proposed: the construction of a wall along the U.S.-Mexican border. increasing U.S. support to Latin American states to minimize the need for economic migration. banning all immigration from Latin America to the United States. criminalizing the use of Spanish in the United States.
a
36. Viewing its Amazonian borders as a security risk, Brazil's military government: sought to repopulate the area with "real Brazilians" instead of indigenous people. built military installations deep in the Amazon forest. brought massive aid and infrastructure to secure the loyalty of indigenous communities to the state. fought a series of deadly conflicts with neighboring countries to secure disputed borders
a
40. The Zapatista uprising in Mexico coincided with: the day that the North American Free Trade Agreement went into effect. the election of neoliberal president Ernesto Zedillo. the gathering of an international conference on indigenous rights in Bolivia. the sale of Mexico's national oil company to a U.S. firm.
a
45. Before becoming president, Brazil's Lula had been: the organizer of a large labor party. a grower of coca and leader of a growers' union. an army officer. the husband of Brazil's first female president.
a
52. The Brazilian military was ultimately motivated to move against Goulart: out of fear that he would forge a coalition of urban working class and peasant support. when he agreed to award a medal to the revolutionary Che Guevara. after his administration expropriated U.S.-owned coffee and sugar plantations. after he attempted to import weapons from Soviet bloc countries.
a
54. Pablo Escobar avoided extradition to the United States by: creating mass violence and targeting journalists and politicians for assassination. operating his drug trafficking business from FARC-held territory. bribing judges and government officials. escaping the police and military by fleeing to Cuba.
a
7. The United States cut its purchase of Cuban sugar in response to: Cuba's expropriation of U.S.-owned oil refineries. the Cuban government's purchase of weapons from Russia. Cuba's support for a revolutionary movement in Bolivia. Fidel Castro's controversial meeting with Malcolm X in New York.
a
8. After pledging not to invade Cuba in 1962, the United States: attempted to assassinate Castro with an exploding cigar. launched a proxy invasion at the Bay of Pigs. staged a failed military coup against Fidel Castro. withdrew its forces from the naval base at Guantánamo Bay
a
9. Upon returning to Chile, the poet Pablo Neruda: was elected to the senate for the Communist Party. was imprisoned for his outspoken criticism of the government. retired from politics and retreated to his seaside home to write. became a visible supporter of Chile's Conservative movement.
a
1. The economic and political changes in Guatemala were especially troubling to the United States because: -President Jacobo Arbenz had joined the communist party as a student. -several prominent U.S. policymakers had financial stakes in the United Fruit Company. -the Arbenz government expelled U.S. diplomats after a labor dispute. -the Soviet Union was found to be building missile silos in Guatemala.
b
11. One reason that Jorge Luis Borges never won the Nobel Prize might be: he wrote exclusively in English. his support for right wing politics was unpopular. he was a known member of the Argentine Communist Party. his work never achieved the acclaim of Neruda's.
b
25. Brazil's economic "miracle" resulted from: U.S. economic investment as a part of the Alliance for Progress. heavy industrialization and the suppression of workers' wages. nationalization of key economic sectors, such as mining and coffee growing. a worldwide spike in prices for agricultural exports.
b
27. Nicaraguans finally united in opposition to Somoza after: the Sandinista army launched a major offensive against Managua. the murder of a conservative journalist by the government. the brutal suppression of a demonstration of university students. a rigged election in which Somoza received an unrealistically high vote total.
b
28. The Alliance for Progress was intended to: provide for the mutual defense of Latin American states against invasion or attack. relieve revolutionary pressures by stimulating economic growth and political reform. promote cooperation between Latin American economies and limit dependence on the United States. allow the United States to intervene militarily against communist rebellions.
b
31. Neoliberal reformers in Latin America typically: protected local industry by raising tariffs. privatized state-owned corporations and public services. used short-term loans to spark their economies, resulting in ballooning debt. invested heavily in expanding telephones and other utilities.
b
43. Lula's "family scholarship" program proposed to: provide free schooling to the families of his supporters. provide food subsidies to families if their children attended school. fund academic research that supported traditional values. create a new system of adult education and vocational training.
b
44. Hugo Chávez has maintained power and strong support by: eliminating elections and using his military support to rule by decree. opening Venezuela to foreign investment, bringing the middle class into his coalition. taming Venezuela's considerable inflation problem. channeling benefits to the poor in exchange for continued electoral support.
b
48. The Madres de la Plaza de Mayo were able to publicly demonstrate against the Argentine government because: they were defended by armed urban guerrillas. as mothers, they were off-limits to a government that defended conservative values. the military regime didn't consider their nonviolent protests threatening. the United States government warned the military against suppressing the protest
b
5. Nuclear conflict nearly broke out over Cuba when: the Soviet Union launched an invasion of the island to secure Castro's rule. the United States discovered Russian nuclear missiles being set up in Cuba. Cuban forces launched an attack to unseat Trujillo in the Dominican Republic. the Cuban government expropriated all remaining U.S. holdings on the island.
b
56. The "Chicago Boys" were: a group of advisers to Mexican leader Porfirio Díaz. technocrats who advised Augusto Pinochet on neoliberal reforms. a series of Mexican neoliberal presidents who were educated in economics in the United States. American CIA agents who helped plan Chile's 1973 military coup.
b
59. Among the fastest-growing religious groups in Latin America is: Islam. Pentecostalism. Catholicism. Episcopalianism.
b
12. Raúl Prebisch gained notoriety around Latin America for his: advocacy of a "comparative advantage" strategy for Latin America. belief that nationalism was a threat to global capitalism. center-periphery model of the global economic system. the "developmentalist" economic model.
c
15. Tamara Bunke became renowned after she: was killed fighting with Fidel Castro in the mountains of Cuba. fled Argentina to work for the East German government. died in Bolivia supporting Che Guevara's revolutionary effort. moved to Cuba from Germany to oversee the ten million-ton harvest.
c
2. The "decade of spring" in Guatemala was characterized by: -a rise in world fruit prices, creating an export boom. -political stability and economic expansion brought on by a neocolonial dictatorship. -the successive election of nationalist, socially progressive leaders. -a lasting ceasefire to end a long civil war.
c
20. Getulio Vargas's political career ended with: his ouster by the Brazilian military. his suicide while in office. a massive defeat in a free election. a Marxist revolution that drove him from office.
c
21. In the early 1980s Argentina's military government made a play to solidify its control by: announcing new laws protecting labor and local industry. launching a military assault to take the British-controlled Falkland Islands. beginning a new offensive against opposition activists and leaders. agreeing to reinstate parliament and other republican institutions.
c
29. Bureaucratic authoritarianism most closely means: the concentration of power in the hands of a single ruler. dictatorial power seized by a parliamentary body. authoritarian rule exercised by a committee of military leaders. an elected government which then dissolves republican institutions.
c
30. Augusto Pinochet was: the leader of Peru's Shining Path movement. Chile's socialist president who was overthrown by the military. a Chilean general who took control of the government after the 1973 coup. the head of the Peruvian military regime.
c
33. The Shining Path movement of Peru drew its followers mostly from: Catholic conservatives from rural areas. a populist-like alliance of urban workers and rural peasants. the indigenous people of the Andean highlands. intellectuals and urban students in Lima.
c
34. Under neoliberal leadership, the PRI government of Mexico: increasingly relied on the memory of Emiliano Zapata to solidify its revolutionary credentials. offered a vision of national identity that celebrated indigenous Mexicans. began rehabilitating the image of pre-revolutionary leader Porfirio Díaz. rejected the North American Free Trade Agreement as an affront to nationalism.
c
37. In 2001, Argentina, which had implemented every neoliberal reform: saw an economic boom similar to the Brazilian "miracle." elected a left-wing, nationalist president. defaulted on its foreign debts. once again fell under military rule.
c
38. In part, why was Brazil's Unified Black Movement unsuccessful? The Brazilian state viewed it as a threat and arrested its leading activists. White supremacists in Brazil launched a successful counter-campaign against the MNU. Many poor Afro-Brazilians strongly believed in the national ideal of "racial democracy." The movement's rhetoric was too radical.
c
39. Evo Morales of Bolivia antagonized the United States by: accusing the United States of organizing a coup against him. expanding U.S.-owned mines that refused to comply with new labor laws. resisting U.S. efforts to eradicate Bolivia's coca crops. refusing to allow the U.S. military fly-over rights.
c
4. The journals of Carolina María de Jesús illuminated: -the process of managing election results in Brazil. -the prevalence of racism in Brazil despite official denials. -the struggles faced by the poorest Brazilians. -the rise of Marxist ideology among Brazilian clergy.
c
41. What feature of twentieth-century nationalism remained strong and popular during the neoliberal resurgence? state control of healthcare services subsidies for basic foodstuffs and other necessities ethnic nationalism built on mestizo identities nationalization of subsoil resources, like oil and minerals
c
42. Most settlers in Brazil's Rodônia province: engaged in subsistence farming on former rainforest land. were forced out by the resistance of indigenous communities. left their land after two or three years. became wealthy by using their inexpensive land for cattle ranching.
c
46. Salvadoran Archbishop Oscar Romero: was a vocal anticommunist and sought the expulsion of many priests from the Church. left the Church to take up arms against the Salvadoran state. was assassinated because of his criticism of the brutality of anticommunist strategies. was an anti-imperialist leader in the 1930s for whom El Salvador's rebel group was named.
c
47. The term "La Violencia" describes: the decades-long civil war between Marxist insurgents and the Colombian state. the brutal war between rival drug cartels in Medellín. the conflicts that arose in the countryside after the assassination of a populist leader. the rise of paramilitary groups to fight against Marxist revolutionaries.
c
49. Twice in the 1960s, the Argentine military took power: to dissolve governments that attempted unconstitutional reforms. to unseat a union of socialist and communist leaders from power. to nullify victories by Peronist parties. to confront threats from Brazil's military government.
c
50. Among the strategies that characterized "low intensity warfare" in Guatemala was: undercutting support for the revolution by enacting some of their economic demands. protecting urban areas but allowing the guerrillas to operate in the countryside. denying guerrillas support by moving rural people into separate "model villages." using car bombs and targeted assassinations.
c
51. The Tupamaros in Uruguay attempted to follow the example set by: Argentina's Montonero faction. the military junta that took over Brazil. Che Guevara's guerrilla warfare model. economic and civic nationalism pioneered by Batlle.
c
55. Under the National Security Doctrine, the role of Latin American militaries was: to safeguard elected governments and republican institutions. to build up against infiltration from abroad, especially the Soviet bloc. to police and defeat internal threats, especially suspected communists. to distribute U.S. aid and eliminate the appeal of leftist doctrines.
c
14. The Declaration of Caracas in 1954 stated that: the United States would no longer be permitted to interfere in Latin American politics. all countries of Latin America would observe free, democratic elections. Latin American leaders would allow foreign investment without constricting labor laws. Marxism was inherently alien to the region, and would be viewed as foreign influence.
d
18. Che Guevara arrived in Mexico after: being freed from a Cuban prison for his oppositional activities. traveling by motorcycle through Central America. organizing a guerrilla army to overthrow the PRI government in Mexico. fleeing Guatemala as the U.S.-trained proxy army ousted its government.
d
19. At the 1978 Conference of Latin American Bishops in Puebla: the Church adopted many of the ideas and strategies of liberation theologians. the pope excommunicated Paulo Freire. the bishops openly endorsed the violent repression of Communism. the Church appointed conservative bishops and officially silenced liberation theology.
d
23. El Mozote was: a critical staging ground for FMLN assaults on the Salvadoran military. a military base where U.S. personnel trained Salvadoran soldiers. a provisional capital set up by the FMLN in the territory under their control. a village whose people were massacred by Salvadoran soldiers.
d
24. Rigoberta Menchú gained fame as: a military leader of the Guatemalan guerrilla war. the first female president in Central America. a famous political figure killed by the Guatemalan military. an author who called attention to atrocities committed in Guatemala.
d
26. The U.S.-run School of the Americas was believed to: educate Latin American politicians in liberal, capitalist economics. train and provide teachers for poorer Latin American nations. serve as a detention center for captured Soviet agents. train Latin American militaries in counter-insurgency.
d
53. The Popular Unity movement in Chile was: a coalition of conservative parties opposed to socialism. the euphemistic name given to the ruling military junta. an urban guerrilla movement that launched attacks around Santiago. a political coalition of socialists and communists.
d
57. Opposition to Evo Morales has often emerged from: indigenous communities who believe his social programs have been too timid. his refusal to hold regular elections. the inflation that followed his nationalist economic reforms. concern over the empowerment of Bolivia's indigenous people.
d
58. Candomblé is: a Brazilian practice that mixes martial arts with dance. a strain of evangelical Protestantism that has gained followers in Brazil. an Afro-Cuban style of reggae music. a popular Afro-Brazilian religion that draws from West African religious practices.
d
6. Many Argentines admired Eva Perón because: she was a tireless advocate for women's rights and social advancement, she became the first female president of Argentina. she was an outspoken critic of her husband's unpopular policies. she came from a similar socio-economic background as many urban workers.
d
60. The International Monetary Fund encouraged governments to undertake neoliberal reforms by: forgiving debts accumulated in the previous fifty years. cutting off all lending, forcing Latin American governments to severely cut their budgets. working with the United States government to unseat unwilling leaders. renegotiating debt payments for states that agreed to make neoliberal changes.
d
