LAND 240 Final
Which of the following statements is UNTRUE about Mecca?
Its Kaaba is believed to be founded by Muhammad
This piazza is in a bowl like enclosure of buildings in Siena. The tower acts as a sundial broadcasting the time of day to observers. A sloping surface for drainage, a refined level of detail in the paving patterns, and bollard posts separating the inner circle from outer track make this space unique.
Piazza del Campo
This term describes a structure designed of hinged surfaces that could be adjusted by chains and pulleys (like venetian blinds) to gain a more desirable angle of the sun or let pure sun in.
Polyprosopic
Which of these events DID NOT occur within the Medieval period?
Bronze Age
The Romans drastically altered the Classical Greek landscape when they took power. Which of the following is NOT an example of the Roman alteration of the Greek landscape?
Rebuilding of the Parthenon
Which of the following statements about Neolithic Art is FALSE?
Stone and wooden utensils were utilized more than pottery based utensils
This cosmological landscape is found in the Salisbury Plains in England and evolved from an earthen bankment, to a wooden structure, to the stone stackings currently seen today.
Stonehenge
Which of the following characteristics is TRUE about Medieval urban form?
There was a usually a clear delineation between castle and surroundings
The Islamic states had a much different political, economic, and social structure than the rest of Medieval Europe. Which of the following characteristics DOES NOT describe an attribute of the Islamic States?
Ruled by heads of state known as muhtasibs
A.J. Downing laid out 3 underlying principles of good design in his book on landscape gardening. Which of these 3 principles was the controlling idea behind the design which was based on leading and subordinate site features?
Unity
Which of the following terms describes the inward focused houses and gardens of Arabic Spain design?
Carmen
The term used to describe the aesthetic values embodied in Greek and Roman art and architecture
Classical
An Italian viewing gallery or corridor at ground level
Loggia
Italian Renaissance ideals made their way to Northern Europe for a multitude of reasons. Which of the following answers is NOT a reason behind the spreading of humanist thought from Italy to its northern counterparts?
A synthesis between French humanist thought and Gothic design principles
Which of the following statements is UNTRUE about Victorian gardens?
A unique design style independent of previous styles
Mogul Islamic gardens in India typically had four primary characteristics which defined their layout. Which of the following characteristics does NOT CHARACTERIZE a typical Mogul garden?
An external focus away from water features
An optical illusion used in design which creates "hidden distortion" to establish decelerated perspective (i.e. pools in Versailles were narrower at closest points to viewer and wider at further points)
Anamorphosis abscondita
The social structure of the Islamic Empire was based on a categorization of its inhabitants which created its primary economic components. Which of the following class(es) ARE considered portions of the Islamic social hierarchy?
Answers A, B, and C are correct A. Nomadic Bedouins who herded livestock and regularly raided one another B. Traders who formed the economic elite C. Farmers who worked the agricultural lands
The name of the FRENCH Renaissance manor houses or residences for lords or nobility.
Chateau
Which of the following statements is UNTRUE about Versailles?
Employed informal and irregularity in bosquet plantings
According to Feng Shui, houses were planned with the main gate (entrance) facing a specific way and the primary structure in a specific location. Which statement best describes this relationship?
Houses were planned with the main gate facing south and with major settlement on the north side
Renaissance philosophies stressed the outlook or system of thought which attached prime importance to humans rather than divine or supernatural matters. What was the term used to describe this philosophy?
Humanism
This scholars garden was completed in 1526 and its design reflected the owner's desire to adopt a hermits life. Daoism influenced the garden design which was originally a wetland. The first owner's son lost this garden to pay gambling debts.
Humble Administrator's Garden (Zhuo Zheng Yuan)
The Renaissance plan of Paris was developed by Henry V. He wanted to establish the city as an indisputable royal capital of Europe and create spaces that would glorify the institution of the monarchal system. Which of the following is NOT part of his program to re-structure Paris?
Implement courtyard spaces with an agricultural basis
A distinctive architectural feature of Islamic mosques, generally a tall spire with an onion-shaped or conical crown.
Minaret
This settlement in India is thought to be the oldest city in the Neolithic period. It was a farming village consisting of rectangular mud huts compactly packed together.
Mehrgarh
Which of the following statement or statements are UNTRUE about Classical Greek city life?
Men and women were allowed citizenship and allotments were paid to the city for improvement purposes
The space around the medieval church where people gathered before or after service, or sometimes used as a burial ground
Parvis
The Greek civilization attempted to categorize units of the landscape from a regional scale to a site scale. All of the following terms are portions of the structure of Greek City States based on Aristotle's notion of topos EXCEPT: a. Agora b.Acropolis c. Deme d.Tholos e. Daemon
Tholos
The first book ever published purely on landscape design. It recognized garden making as a distinct profession and attempted to categorize parterre patterns.
Traite du Jardinage
This Medieval town was created by a system of canals and the major means of transportation within it is the gandola. Its primary public square is the Piazza San Marco
Venice
Scenic quality was a tremendous design intent in the Romantic Era. Many influential persons had differing views on the theories behind what contributed to these qualities. Which of the following statements links the CORRECT people with their theories?
William Gilpin and "Landscape as Picturesque"
One of the two ENGLISH bastide towns, this town was built as a replacement harbor for a lost sea town but fell victim to the retreat of the sea and invasion due to extremely weak walls.
Winchelsea
The Americanized version of the French "chateaux" which describes a small farmstead with an orchard
bouwerie
Select the word which is best used to describe a tall, narrow, four-sided, tapering monument which ends in a pyramid-like shape at the top and is usually placed upon a pedestal, regularly constructed during the Egyptian times to pay homage to rulers and placed at entrances to other symbolic sites.
obelisk
Street terminology took on an immense growth during the Baroque period. Sometimes called a parade, these passageways were small scale places intended purely for walking which allowed London to grow district by district. What is the term used to describe them?
promendade
Developed by Humphrey Repton, this collection of "before and after" paintings served as images of what a newly design landscape could look like compared to their existing conditions.
red books
Designed by William Kent in 1730 in Oxfordshire, this landscape was designed as a fermee ornee. Views were framed as a series of visual events and fabriques were implemented. Some examples of the program of the design include a Statue of a Lion vs Horse on a grassy terrace, a hilltop with a sham Gothic ruin, and clusterings and clearings of trees.
rousham
Medieval architecture was characterized by a Gothic style of design, replacing the previous Romanesque style. Choose the answer which IS MOST TRUE when comparing Gothic style to Romanesque style of architecture.
***All of the above answers are incorrect when comparing Gothic style to Romanesque style - Gothic Style utilized rounded tipped arches while Romanesque style utilized pointed tipped arches - Gothic style was characterized by small windows while Romanesque had large, stained glass windows - Gothic interiors were dark and simplistic while Romanesque interiors were elaborate and ornate
Which answer of the following choices is UNTRUE about East Asian gardens?
***East Asian gardens are geometry-oriented to control nature and emphasize hierarchy and order. - East Asian gardens are influenced primarily by Buddhism. - East Asian gardens stress pondering and promote the impressions of scenery upon the senses. - East Asian gardens utilize the notion of ¡°landscape as a text¡± with encoded meanings. - East Asian gardens create spaces with memory and association to bring meanings into the space.
Which of the following answer is UNTRUE about the Chinese private (scholar) garden?
***The typical features of the Chinese scholar garden are the stepping stones, stone lanterns, and division into outer and inner gardens. - The Chinese scholar garden is closed off from the town by high walls providing privacy and security. - The Chinese scholar garden displays an elegant and light-hearted use of color and patterns. - The largest group of the Chinese scholar gardens is located in Suzhou area. - The Chinese scholar garden can be viewed from a network of walks, corridors, and pavilions.
Which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of CHINESE gardens?
***Typical use of open, uncovered corridors connecting garden spaces - Gardens composed as a series of scenic spaces - Scenic composition through enframement - Importance of providing a spatial sequence - The importance of water
Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE in regards to defining the Baroque style of landscape design?
A Germanic term meaning irregularly shaped pearl - Space occupation was the hallmark - A continuation of Renaissance ideals on a grander scale - Broadened the language of classicism throughout Europe so it became a universal language of building
Early Renaissance fortress towns shared many characteristics making them look eerily similar to one another. Which of the following representative features is NOT considered a primary characteristic of these fortress towns?
A disregard for ring roads and access to peripheral areas
As Renaissance ideas spread to Northern Europe, new capitalistic and market economies began to take their toll on nature. Which of the following statements is UNTRUE in regards to the environmental views of the Renaissance population?
Agricultural technology advancement increased immensely
Imperial Chinese gardens and private (scholar) Chinese gardens differ in which of the following option(s)?
All of the above Garden layout and shape Architectural style Use of color & plants Scale of garden & clients
The use of axial planning on an urban scale during the Renaissance merged well with the emphasis on proportion during the time. Which of the following options best describes the primary design elements of axial planning on an urban scale during the Renaissance?
All of the above answers are correct -The straight primary street - the relatively small utility of the gridiron - enclosed spaces such as piazzas and squares
Agrarian landscape style values rural society as superior to urban society, the independent farmer as superior to the paid worker, and sees farming as a way of life that can shape the ideal social values. The agrarian emphasis in English gardens promoted several characteristics. Which of the following answer(s) describes the characteristics promoted by this agrarianism?
All of the above answers are correct - Agricultural self-sufficiency - Farms as places of private retirement and social entertainment - Attention to human comfort and scenic prospect
The Industrial Revolution (1750-1850) fostered the expansion of capitalistic economies as changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the social, economic and cultural conditions. Which of the following statements is MOST TRUE in regards to the impact of the Industrial Revolution on the landscape?
All of the above answers are true - Widespread industrial degradation of the environment - Cholera and other diseases associated with overcrowding were contaminating drinking water - New infrastructures were needed more rapidly than could be produced - Massive inpouring of immigrants in developing areas in pursuit of a better life
Sebastien Le Prestre de Vauban (1633-1707) was a significant military mind of the Renaissance era. Which answer BEST describes the list of his major accomplishments during this time?
All of the above answers are true - Created a science out of urban fortification and initialized the use of bastioned walls - Created the French International Waterway System - Invented the bayonet
Lancelot "Capability" Brown was a major influential garden designer of the 1700s. Which of the following statements is MOST TRUE about Capability Brown?
All of the above answers are true - Naturalistic style reached its height with him - Tremendous skill in visualizing the capability of a site to be transformed into a garden - Primarily re-designed existing gardens into naturalistic fashion - Had an apprenticeship at Stowe
Baroque street systems were the hallmark of civic design during the era. Which of the following element(s) of this system are NOT consistent with the Baroque cityscape?
All of the above elements are consistent -cours - rond points - boulevards
The art of the Renaissance was really its claim to fame. Which of the following statements is BEST DESCRIBES the attributes of Renaissance art?
All of the above statements are true - The depiction of nudes was original and became commonplace in art - Pagan scenes and myths were popular subjects with no apologies to the Church - Stressed proportion, balance and harmony
A level space in a garden or yard occupied by an ornamental arrangement of flower beds consisting of surface decorations based on rhythmic linear patterns of scrolling and/or interlacing foliage
Arabesque
An Italian garden structure dependent upon a 'beautiful view' usually used as a lookout area whose purpose is the aesthetics of its surrounding scenery
Belvedere
Built by King Francis, this French garden was built in a style based on three terraces of different levels bordered by old walls. Besides the parterres of flowers, the gardens produced a wide variety of vegetables and fruits, including orange and lemon trees in boxes, which were taken indoors in winter. The building that sheltered them, still standing, was the first orangerie in France.
Blios
The collection of villa water elements packaged through many large scale French Renaissance gardens.
Buffet d'eau
As one of the best examples of Japanese Amida Buddhism (also called as Pure Land Buddhism) Temple gardens, this garden was built in the Heian period. It has an east-west axis following the principle of Amida's paradise.
Byodo-in
Designed in 1844 with Joseph Paxon as head gardener and lead fountain designer, this Victorian landscape was considered the finest gardens of the time. Paxon set up a pinetum, a series of greenhouses known as the conservative wall, and a huge glasshouse which served as a testbed for the Crystal palace within the site.
Chatsworth
A Renaissance art style which utilizes light-dark contrasts used to suggest the volume and modeling of the subjects depicted and for dramatic effect
Chiaroscuro
Japanese Gardens were highly influenced by Chinese gardens, but eventually developed their own style. Which of the following answers is NOT an example of a design characteristic of a JAPANESE garden?
Courtyards surrounded by adjacent building structures
This philosophy emphasizes the search for longevity and immortality and significantly affected the Chinese garden by taking amplifying more natural approaches to garden design.
Daoism
Designed by John Claudius Loudon in 1839 during the Victorian Era in England, this landscape housed one of the first botanical gardens containing living collections of trees and woody plants which was intended partly for scientific study and education. Linear mounds focused views to the surroundings and screened people on the ground while two broad straight axes and a major intersection connected the meandering passageways.
Derby Arboretum
Which of the following statements INACCURATELY links the designer to his principle design style characteristics?
Edwin Budding and the championing of the picturesque landscape for the middle class
This term describes a design technique used by most Chinese gardens to bring the focus to the subject by capturing a view within an outlined opening
Framing
Located in Suzhou, this 1 acre garden consisting of a series of interlocking courtyards and pavilions was designed by Zongyuan Song. Centered around a pond, it was considered by many to be the most classic example of a scholar's garden
Garden of the Master of Fishing Nets (Wangshi Yuan)
Introduced by John Claudius Loudon (1783-1843) in 1832 to describe a style of planting design that philosophized that, to be recognizable as a work of art, primarily exotic plants should be used.
Gardenesque
All of the following are key characteristics of Japanese gardens EXCEPT:
Gardens require a low level of maintenance
Islamic city layout was a result of reasons for their founding, their location, the climates they were settled within, and any pre-Islamic precedents which already existed on the site pre-settlement. Which of the following IS NOT a typical characteristic of an Islamic city?
Garrison towns located at coastal locations
A Polish invention during the Baroque period describing a semicircle of columns acting as an outdoor conservatory
Gloriette
Contemporarily referred to as Central Park, this space in Manhattan was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux during a competition. Olmsted divided park into two categories - neighborly and gregarious. Below grade connections made pedestrian connections separate and inconspicuous from carriage traffic.
Greensward Plan
Frederick Law Olmsted was an extremely influential figure in regards to the profession of Landscape Architecture. Which of the following feats is UNTRUE about Olmsted?
Had little to do with the implementation of the first American parkways
Built during the Renaissance (1611), this site of English Country House was the childhood home and residence of Queen Elizabeth I. The House comprised four wings in a square surrounding a central courtyard while the gardens covered 42 acres and included orchards, fountains, scented plants, terraces, herb gardens, and a foot maze.
Hatfield
Andrew Jackson Downing (1815-1852) was the son of a nurseryman, a self-taught botanist, and student of the picturesque. Which of the following statements is UNTRUE about A.J. Downing's life?
Head gardener and fountain designer of Chatsworth
Which of the following events DID NOT occur during the Baroque period?
Henry V lost power in France to Germanic Areas
Which of the following statements BEST DESCRIBES the Japanese tea garden ceremony?
Intended to be a ritual that fosters meditative and spiritual practices
The Medieval and Italian Renaissance eras popularized plazas and piazzas in Europe. The idea of an urban plaza did not however penetrate the realm of France until a certain French architect visited Rome and brought the idea back to France. What was this architect's name?
Jacques Androuet Cerceau
English, Chinese, and Japanese garden styles of the 18th century were all very different variations on naturalistic design approaches. Which of the statements below is CORRECT when comparing only CHINESE to JAPANESE gardens during this time?
Japanese gardens were usually limited to selected shapes of rocks and native plantings following their design principles while Chinese gardens were more diverse and remarkable shapes with some non-native imports
This Chinese term describes garden designs that controlled views by either screening out unpleasant views or borrowing good distance views into the garden
Jie Jing
In Chinese gardens, the application of view framing (kuangjing) in the garden was influenced largely by:
Landscape painting
This garden design reflected an application of the principle of essay writing in an approach where: the beginning from the main entry was the prelude, to the wide open space - the argument stage, and then concluded with a final view. It has 2,300 feet of roofed corridor to control the visual and physical sequences.
Lingering Garden (Liu Yuan)
An estate of George Washington in Virginia, the design of this site placed the house to take advantage of picturesque views as a sloping lawn extended from the front of the house to the river. The plan was symmetrical and linked by a curvilinear path while ornamental gardens abutted a bowling green which was surrounded by orchards.
Mount Vernon
A Renaissance fortress town designed by Sebastien Le Prestre, this bastion walled fortified city had nine streets in each direction with a ring road surrounding the perimeter. The central square was an assembly ground for the military and was surrounded by the church, the town hall, and the market place.
Neuf Brisach
The 19th Century was a time when science assumed much authority previously assumed by religion and philosophy in the centuries before. Which of the following persons was NOT a 19th century philosopher?
Niccolo Machiavelli
The vision and foresight of the growth of New York City for was Central Park' s greatest design achievement. Which of the following design elements is UNTRUE in regards to Central Park?
No new uses were ever absorbed into the park over the years
The function of most Medieval gardens was mostly utilitarian as most formal gardens disappeared with the collapse of the Roman empire. Which of the following statements is TRUE about gardens in Medieval Europe?
Non-herb plantings typically included iris, lily, and rose specimen
European influence in the colonial Americas was dominated by Spanish, Dutch, French, and English cultures. Spanish and English cultures left the strongest influences on the landscape. Spanish townships were functionally based while English townships were form based. Which of the following statements is UNTRUE about Spanish colonial settlements in early America?
None of the above answers are correct
An Islamic bucket-scoop waterwheel that raised water into elevated canals and helped facilitate the construction of numerous gardens in the Islamic landscape
Noria
The Renaissance designers developed an intense system of terminology for their design features. Considering the set of Renaissance design terms from class, which of the following terms IS NOT considered an aspect of Renaissance design?
Noria
Initiated during the Renaissance, the French word for conservatory or greenhouse
Orangerie
The market and church square were primary spaces of public forum in the Dark Ages, especially in Italy. Which of the following cities was NOT discussed in class as having a major public square designed within it during Medieval times?
Palma Nova
Developed by Frederick Law Olmsted, this term describes roads which were segregated for pedestrians, bicyclists, equestrians, and horse carriages and planted with multiple street trees which usually connected open spaces within cities to help form a park network.
Parkway
Which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of JAPANESE gardens
Pastoral scenery and working rural landscapes
Renaissance design was highly influenced by politicians, artists, and philosophers famous although they did all not specifically design space. Which of the following list of individuals DID NOT play a major role in the LAYOUT AND DESIGN of space during the Renaissance Era?
Patricia Francesco
A three pronged set of radial avenues, or goose foot shaped set of pathways
Patte d'oie
This Chinese term describes a way of keeping in touch with natural spirits by making a composition of mountains, water and trees on a tray. It was primarily due to Daoism's effect on the Chinese garden.
Penjing
A garden feature forming a shaded walkway, passageway or sitting area made of vertical posts or pillars that usually support cross-beams and a sturdy open lattice, often upon which woody vines are trained.
Pergola
Medieval European cities were generally small, compact urbanized pockets of development. While most towns were significantly different in terms of layout and aesthetics, Medieval urban form also had many shared characteristics. Which one of the following elements is NOT an urban form component of a typical Medieval town?
Peristyle gardens
This bridge designed during the Renaissance to cross the River Siene is currently the oldest bridge in Paris. Its function was to view the city, view the river, and facilitate traffic. It is composed of two separate spans, one of five arches joining the left bank to the Île de la Cité, another of seven joining the island to the right bank. The bridge is a portion of the early Parisian urban design ensemble of the bridge, square, and sculpture.
Pont Neuf
The 61 acre private sanctuary of Thomas Jefferson, this artful representation of Enlightenment ideals sited the house to take advantage of views at the center of a 540' diameter drive. Willow tree clusterings were also planted in 20' circular mounds to echo the weight of the house.
Poplar Forest
A generally level area in the Italian Renaissance intended specifically for walking, usually connecting major public spaces.
Promenade
The Plan of Rome by Sixtus V restructured the entire city in an effort to bring it back to its historic prestige. Which of the following tasks DOES NOT describe a portion of the scheme of Sixtus V's Plan of Rome?
Reconstruction of the Temple of Apollo in the Piazza Del Campo
Designed in 1869 by Frederick Law Olmsted, this site in Illinois was arguably the first planned community in the United States. It was composed of leaf-like curving circulation patterns, tree lined roads with sidewalks bordering lawns, and a common interior green space.
Riverside
The central point of conversion for the long urban axes and vistas in Baroque planning
Rond Point
This Austrian Baroque garden is a good example of French ideals disseminating into other countries. Located in Vienna on a former 1,441 room former Rococo summer residence, the program of this site consists of a Great Parterre Garden, a sun Fountain down the primary axis, and a large gloriette overlooking the entire garden on a high point.
Schonbrunn
Andre Le Notre was the premier landscape designer of the Baroque period. He became so popular that his framework for design spread to many countries throughout Europe and set a standard for French design during the Era. All of the following are principle features of a Le Notre design scheme EXCEPT:
Secret gardens as essential for personal reflection
Used by the English to depict many Chinese gardens, this term describes landscapes "of such excellence or grandeur as to inspire great admiration or awe."
Sublime
Also called the Garden of Harmony and Ease, this landscape had a ½ mile long covered gallery over its north lake, a large hill named Longevity Hill, and a 17 arch bridge. Behind its royal Palace was a garden within the garden known as the Garden of Harmonious Interest.
Summer Palace (Yihe Yuan)
The Islamic open market for relatively small-scale craft sales composed of narrow streets lined with craftsmen's shops with each street often dominated by a particular craft.
Suq
As French adaptations of Baroque design ideals made their ways to other countries, many countries adapted their existing styles to conform to the popular styles of the French. Which of the following statements is UNTRUE in regards to the adaptation of French baroque design into other countries in Europe?
Sweden used parterre patterns to accent interiors and gardens conformed to existing hilly terrains
While Mogul, Moorish, and other Arabic cities and gardens had geographic and cultural differences, garden design had an immense amount of overlap in terms of shared characteristics. In regards to this statement, which of the follow statements is UNTRUE?
Tamed plant growth and hedging were common
Which of the following answers is TRUE about the Japanese Zen dry garden?
The Japanese Zen dry garden demonstrates that materials can be used allegorically to symbolize other materials.
While the two Periods overlapped slightly, the Medieval and Renaissance eras were extremely different in regards to philosophical thought and design. Which of the following statements is TRUE when comparing the Medieval Era to the Renaissance Era?
The Renaissance system of town design was based on the role of designers and persons with money as town developers while the Medieval system of town design was based on the role of an individual as the down builder.
The feudal system was the basis of local government in Europe from the 12-13th century. It structured society around relationships derived from laborers providing services for land owners. Which of the following statements is UNTRUE about the feudal political system?
The church had no authority to tax lands or landowners
French Renaissance gardens were renowned for their collections of water elements. The "buffet" of water features employed within these gardens consisted of a package of 4 typical elements. Which of the following is NOT considered an element within this package of features?
The elevated water channel
Life in the middle ages was harsh, uncertain, and somewhat dangerous which is why many of the new cities were so heavily fortified. Which of the following events DID NOT occur during medieval times?
The famous sculpture of David is unveiled, marking the depiction of nudity in art as commonplace
The market in Islamic cities was drastically different from the market in cities of Medieval Europe. It was highly regulated and had a governing structure in an attempt to keep market operations fair for the population. Which of the following options is UNTRUE about the urban marketplace in Islamic cities?
The market overseer was known as the caliph
This term was used to describe the belief that there was an inherent goodness to both man and nature and society and its institutions ultimately corrupted the purity of the individual
Trancendentalism
This term is used to describe the landscape which was based on localized needs and construction materials. It reflected local traditions and was built by necessity rather than pure aesthetics.
Vernacular
Parterre patterns were the hallmark of French Renaissance gardens. Which of the following patterns is NOT considered a Northern Renaissance parterre pattern?
Villandric
The greatest difficulty in transporting seeds and specimen over long ocean voyages was cold, mildew, sea spray, and natural disaster. What was the name of the CASE that was created to haul these seeds to help prevent this?
Wardian
John Loudon coherent design framework for Victorian gardens was called the Axis of Symmetry. It was based on the principle of congruity. Which of the following was NOT an element associated with the notion of congruity?
Water bodies placed in existing high points
Medieval towns can be either organic or planned. Which of the following types of towns is NOT a type of Medieval town?
bastion
French Monarch Francis I spread many chateaux throughout this VALLEY in France. It was the first region of France to embrace absolutism.
loire
Which of the following terms describes the overseer of the market operations in the historic Islamic Empire?
Muhtasib
This early French renaissance fortress town was separated into two distinct parts: the Medieval portion and the Renaissance portion. Integrating the two sections was done by the design of Place Royale - a square to Louis XV at the meeting of the two axes. This town was the first attempt at weaving the civic ideals of the two time periods together rather than simply rebuilding.
Nancy
Which word best describes the feature of the French formal garden that was both a promenade and an extension of a view. It either ended in a terminal feature, such as a garden temple, or extended into apparent infinity at the horizon.
Allee
Which of the following statements is UNTRUE about Islamic architecture? - Interiors of the Mosques generally contained an inlet space which indicated the direction of Mecca known as a mihrab - Within the courtyard of a mosque was usually an ablution fountain where worshippers washed before prayer - A Muezzin would lead prayers from towers known as minarets. - A muhtasib would generally conduct rituals and sacrifices from the mudejar
A muhtasib would generally conduct rituals and sacrifices from the mudejar
Which of the following options is NOT a type of Japanese Garden? Zen Gardens Stroll Gardens **Amida Hinduism Gardens Tea Gardens
Amida Hinduism Gardens
This French Medieval Bastide town was established in 1240 by King Louis IX and served as a base for future crusades to Israel. The wall still exists in its original form and the entire town has been adaptively reused. The Tour de Constance was its major citadel with a lighthouse beacon.
Aigues-Mortes
Select the answer which best characterizes the primary spatial, planning, elements utilized in Old World Cave design and layout.
All A, B, and C are correct answers - Art - Chamber - Passage
The Greek Island called Crete was a Minoan civilization which had a few settlement characteristics which made it somewhat distinct from mainland settlements. Which of the following characteristics best describe the Crete Island city of Knossos?
All of the above answers are correct a. Wall-less and peaceful b. Placed within a natural megaron c. The most important religious complex on Crete d. All of the above answers are correct e. None of the above answers are correct
The belief that elements such as wind and water had conscious life and that spirit forces dwelt within trees, birds, fish, reptiles, and mammals
Animism
The transition from prehistoric times to the time of language and writing saw many forms of stacked stone structures. Select the answer or answers for terms which can be used to describe Paleolithic or Neolithic stone stacking types which could be used as graves, sacred sites, or land art.
Answers A and B are correct Dolmen Megalith
The Early Mediterranean Region was composed of a multitude of areas which consisted of differing settlement characteristics. Select the answer or answers which describe some of the major CULTURES of the Classical Mediterranean Landscape.
Answers A, B, and C are all correct Greek Carthaginians Romans
Neolithic settlements tended to be sited on areas which were determined primarily by the lay of the land and the resources found within it. All of the following are examples of Natural World Determinants of where Neolithic Settlements began EXCEPT:
Available Terrestrial Space
This Islamic garden is considered a prototype from which most other Mogul gardens were copied. Located high in the mountains of Kabul, the garden became a royal court for military planning, important events, public communion, music and poetry. However, it did not contain a water surrounded platform which was typical.
Babur Gardens
This term is used to describe a molded shaft, square or of lathe-turned form, made of stone or wood and standing on a unifying footing, and supporting a banister or a staircase. Basically, it is a short pillar or column in a series supporting a rail.
Baluster
Invented by Sebastien Le Prestre de Vauban, these projections placed on town walls were a Renaissance breakthrough in town fortification. They provided angular structures projecting outward from the curtain wall, usually at the corners
Bastion
Of the two categories of Medieval Towns (organic and planned), which of the following is NOT considered a type or tier of town within these categories?
Bastion
Built by King Francis, this French garden was built in a style based on three terraces of different levels bordered by old walls. Besides the parterres of flowers, the gardens produced a wide variety of vegetables and fruits, including orange and lemon trees in boxes, which were taken indoors in winter. The building that sheltered them, still standing, was the first orangerie (greenhouse) in France.
Blios
This public space designed by Michelangelo was built at Capitoline Hill - the point where ancient Romans thought to be the center of the world. It was designed as a hilltop piazza with artfully framed vistas and its placement and orientation signified the new, developing sections of the city rather than emphasizing ancient ruins
Campidoglio
Roman cities typically developed around a grid layout oriented toward a central intersection generally forming the town center. What are the two principal streets which create this central intersection?
Cardo and Decumanus
A Near East Neolithic community, this settlement is located in Turkey with a fortress-like wall surrounding it and mud-brick structures whose entrances were on the roof. It became a huge trading post for obsidian.
Catal Huyuk
The Greek concept of sacred spaces was passed down through art and word of mouth from the Paleolithic and Neolithic eras. They took the concept of sacred spaces a bit further by attaching plant specimen to deities, making them sacred. All of the following terms are examples of sacred landscape plants in the Greek world EXCEPT:
Cedar Trees -Laurel Trees -Palm Trees -Willow Trees - Olive Trees
Named after the place of the blessed dead in Greek mythology, this primary avenue in Paris is lined with bosquets and acts as a social market corridor. The dimensions of the sidewalks of this 8 lane roadway measure 30 ft. wide.
Champs Elysses
The English Renaissance and French Renaissance large estates had differing characteristics and were called by different names. What was the name of the FRENCH manor houses or residences for lords or nobility?
Chateau
Cosmogony seemed to be a universal belief at one time in our prehistory. All of the following are examples of cosmological landscapes in the Pre Spanish Conquest Americas EXCEPT:
Chemi Shanidar Mounds in Mesa Verde, Colorado
The entirety of outlying environments and regional space in Greek city structure where connections for trade, defense, and building materials were made from the polis
Chora
All of these are examples of primary components of Medieval urban form EXCEPT:
Cloister Gardens Cathedrals Towers ***Peristyle Gardens Walls
A long sequence of columns joined by their entablature, often free- standing, or part of a building
Colonnade
This Islamic city is home to the Mezquita and was an important center of arts and trades as well as a center for studying botany and medicine in the Middle Ages. The Mezquita has horseshoe-shaped double arches atop a forest of columns within its interior which originally aligned to the Court of Orange-trees in its exterior. It was originally a pagan temple, then a church, then a mosque, then a Catholic Church again.
Cordoba
This Moorish city was home of the Mezquita and the Court of Oranges. Its mosque consisted of horseshoe-shaped double arches atop forests of columns which were recycled from earlier destroyed buildings from Roman and Germanic territories.
Cordoba
This Paleolithic settlement in Marseilles, France is characterized by wall paintings of hands using negative space. Four-fifths of the interior, including any art on its walls, was submerged and obliterated by rising levels of water
Cosquer
This city was a spiritual center sacred to all Greeks and was said to house the most important oracle in the classical Greek world. Pilgrimages were made to consult oracles. Journeys here for men who lacked governmental roles and didn't take part in athletic contests were common.
Delphi
This Assyrian city in Mesopotamia was organized around water resources and parks (known as pairidaeza) were its key feature, generally walled hunting parks. Also, Exotic non-native trees characterized the landscape and it rested upon a mound of debris from constant rebuilding of its fallen mud and clay structures.
Erbil
Which of the following attributes is NOT a shared characteristic of a typical historic Islamic garden?
External focus away from water features
One of the first major urban expansions of the Renaissance in Italy, this city's alteration was designed by Biagio Rossetti using three principle features: Street widening, town enlargement, and extension of the current layout. The Palazzo Diamenti was its most famous structure.
Ferrara
This semicircle of alluvial soils in an otherwise arid landscape, housed a bulk of the Neolithic settlements and is generally accepted as the origin site of agriculture
Fertile Crescent
This Chinese garden, located in the center of Beijing (once known as Dadu), was built from 1406 to 1420 is around 180 acres in size, consists of 17 palaces (most with their own courtyards), 980 total buildings, and a 4 mile north-south primary axis.
Forbidden City
Which of the following options is NOT an example of a Chinese scholar garden? HINT: One of the options below was covered in the Romantic Garden period material
Garden of Perfect Brightness
Which of the following options is NOT an example of a Chinese imperial garden? HINT: One of the options below was covered in thee Romantic Garden period material
Garden of the Master of Fishing Nets
The spirit of a specific place and the idea of guardian deities of that landscape
Genius Loci
Large scale mages inscribed on the Earth, generally by carving into stone or the ground plane
Geoglyph
The Egyptian civilization had a theocratic government and thus devoted many of their landscape structures to their god-kings. All of the following are design characteristics of the temples of Mentuhotep II at Karnak, Egypt EXCEPT
Golden triangles atop linear columns
This early Islamic garden city was also known as the "City of Gardens." Its connective spine was a water distribution channel and its population maxed out at 600,000.
Isfahan
Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE in regards to defining the Baroque style of landscape design? - It is an Oriental term meaning "irregularly shaped pearl" - A continuation of Renaissance ideals on a grander scale - Space occupation was the hallmark of Baroque landscape design - Broadened the language of classicism throughout Europe so that in the 17th century, classicism became a universal language of building in Europe - The last rue universal style of European Art/architecture before Modernism
It is an Oriental term meaning "irregularly shaped pearl"
Which of the following Chinese terms means "borrowed scenery?"
Jie Jing
What is the name of the hunter/gatherer civilization that settled Japan?
Jomon
This Tuscan Rococo garden in Florence was the first to utilize a water parterre rather than a traditional hedge, lawn, or flower parterre. The program consists of a water fountain, a bowling lawn, a gated entrance, a bosco, a lemonaia, and the water parterre
La Gamberaia
The Aegean settlement landscape differed from the Near Eastern Settlements in all of the following ways EXCEPT?
Less isolated land masses with unstable cultural patterns
French Monarch Francis I spread many chateaux throughout this VALLEY in France. It was the first REGION of France to embrace absolutism.
Loire
The plan developed for this city was developed by Christopher Wren after the Fire of 1666 destroyed 400 acres of the city, 87 churches, 13,200 houses, and most public buildings. It called for: - Entrances to the town to be all gates or bridges - Houses to be uniformly rectangular - Street corners to be geometrical - Commercial center, and religious center to have dominant positions - Grand axes to be superimposed atop a grid plan
London
A singular large upright standing stone, generally used as a grave
Menhir
Select the answer or answers which best describe the primary DIFFERENCES in Paleolithic and Neolithic era human culture.
None of the above answers are correct a. The Neolithic Era was characterized mainly by painted cave walls while the Paleolithic Era had much more pottery based art b. The Neolithic Era was characterized by hunting and gathering while the Paleolithic Era was a more stable culture based on Agriculture c. The Paleolithic Era was characterized by mud-brick homes while the Neolithic Era had more cave based dwellings d. Both A and B are correct
This term is used to describe a bucket-scoop waterwheel that raised water into elevated canals. It facilitated the construction of numerous gardens,
Noria
Which of the following town types were developed with a military function in mind?
Only answers A & B are correct Burg Bastide
Which of the following answer best describes the characteristics of Hippodamus' planning strategies?
Only answers A and C are correct - Based upon a political system which divided the population into three classes - Promoted an oblong rectangular system of blocks and streets
Once known as Lutetia, the Renaissance plan of this town was developed by Henry V. He wanted to establish Paris as an indisputable royal capital of Europe and create spaces that would glorify the institution of the monarchal system. His major program was to: - Remove the medieval walls - Create a series of new public spaces - Integrate a web of a series of roadways to connect public spaces - Create new infrastructure and major buildings
Paris
This was the term was used to describe the space or square around the church where people gathered before or after service, or sometimes used as a burial ground.
Parvis
Which of the following Chinese terms means "to make a composition of mountains, water and trees on a tray?"
Penjing
A porch leading to the entrance of a building, or extended as a colonnade, with a roof structure over a walkway, supported by columns or enclosed by walls
Portico
The ceremonial way developed in conjunction with religious rituals in which priests and populations assembled before ziggurats, pyramids, and temples
Processional Axes
This garden STYLE developed in Paris, France as a reaction against the grandeur, symmetry and strict regulations of the Baroque. Huge in Italy, the style stressed terraces and stairways over axial extension, larger water fountains, glorification of owners, not rulers in gardens, and outdoor theaters
Rococo
This term is used to describe the idealized aesthetic style derived from classical Art combine with the modernization of classicist design of the Late Renaissance/Baroque on an even larger scale than the Renaissance.
Rococo Style
What is the term used to describe the central point of conversion for the long urban axes and vistas in Baroque planning?
Rond Point
This is one of the most famous Zen dry gardens, (kare-sansui) founded in 1488 at Kyoto. There are 15 stones arranged in five groups surrounded by raked gravel. Its minimalist design approach influenced architecture and garden design in the West.
Ryoan-Ji
Which of the following is NOT an influential religion on Japanese garden design?
Sakuteiki
This Medieval Planted town was originally settled in 100 AD (then referred to as Old Sarum) then abandoned for 500 years until William the Conqueror built a castle there. The nearby valley town of Wilton was invaded by Vikings and a cathedral was built in 1092 and the 2 towns became 1 city.
Salisbury, England
This landscape is an urban shrine set into a hillside above the town of Praeneste, Rome with 7 terraces organized around a central axis. Columns and colonnades decorate the passageways and newly developed arches are celebrated through design
Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia
Which of the following is NOT one of the principle features of an Andre Le Notre design scheme?
Secret gardens as essential for personal reflection
Which of the following statements best describes the primary characteristics of architectural design in the CLASSICAL world?
Simple forms, harmonious proportions, and detailed ornament
All of the following are examples of Medieval Garden features EXCEPT: *A Mount for viewing the garden *Raised banks for seating purposes *Small applications as roses for plant specimen *Thick rectilinear hedges creating the edges if no walls were present *Transplanted grasses from country meadows
Small applications as roses for plant specimen
This mogul tomb garden in Agra, India has proportional characteristics similar to that of a Renaissance garden. The Major structure has the look of a Mosque but was actually built as a gift of love from Shah Jahan in honor of his wife Mumtaz-i-Majal.
Taj Majal
A design trend set by the design at Versailles, what is the term used to describe an unbroken expanse of lawn which was used as a major element of a French Baroque landscape design?
Tapis Vert
Roman urbanism was based on the philosophy of imperial order, a means of making manifest through planning and architecture common urban spatial arrangements and building types. Which of the following is NOT considered an element of Roman urbanism imperial order?
Temenos sanctuaries and ovular oculus
Which of the following sites is NOT considered an early Islamic Mogul Garden? -The Alhambra of Generalife -Babur Gardens of Kabul -The Shalimar Garden of Kashmir -The Taj Mahal
The Alhambra of Generalife
Located in Sperlonga, Rome (79 B.C.) and famous for its luxurious villas, this area functioned as a holy place with a natural seaside cave. The Cave was extended into the landscape and a fish pond with an area for outdoor banqueting functioned as its entranceway.
The Grotto of Tiberius
This grand piece of Baroque urban design featured an ensemble of the British Museum, Inner Court, and Garden. Once a wolf hunting den converted into a residential area by Francis I, built in 1546, this site was designed as "a place for bringing together monuments of all the sciences and arts." It was connected to the city by the Cours-la-Reine.
The Louvre
This Mogul garden was composed of three square terraces, each with an open sided pavilion placed on a stone platform set in the water within them. Its design epitomized the use of the baradari. Its name can be translated into the 'Abode of Love.
The Shalimar Garden of Kashmir
Italian Renaissance ideals made their way to northern Europe for a multitude of reasons. Which of the following answers is NOT a reason behind the spreading of humanist thought from Italy to its northern counterparts?
The fall of Constantinople to Islamic tribes under Muhammad caliph
This piece of Paleolithic art was sculpted of limestone and believed to be a symbol of fertility to prehistoric peoples and is thought to depict the ideal woman of the time.
Venus de Willendorf
All of the following are considered to be typologies of Roma villas EXCEPT: a. villa marittima b. villa urbana c. villa suburbana d. villa rustica e. villa jardin
Villa Jardin
Designed by architect Giacomo da Vignola, this Renaissance site offers expressions of Bramantian like axial planning combined with a highly imaginative use of water. A series of sequential steps along prescribed routes off of a central spine paves the way and highly decorated grottoes characterize the openings.
Villa Lante
Parterre patterns were the hallmark of French Renaissance gardens. They are level spaces in gardens occupied by ornamental arrangements of flower beds. The Traite du Jardinage by Jacques Boyceau was actually a book which categorized these parterres. Which of the following patterns is NOT considered a northern Renaissance parterre pattern?
Villandry
One of the two ENGLISH bastides towns, this town was built as a replacement harbor for a lost sea town but fell victim to the retreat of the sea and invasion due to extremely weak walls.
Winchelsea
The notion that within the larger sanctity of nature, some places are especially sacred
spatial hierophany
