LANGE RADIOGRAPHY REVIEW
Use of the shortest possible exposure time
What is the most important way to reduce involuntary motion?
Trapezium/greater multangular
What is the most lateral carpal of the distal carpal row?
Advance Healthcare Directive/Living Will (health care proxy)
What is the name of a personal document naming the individual who is authorized to make all health care decisions?
Transverse plane
What is the name of a plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions?
Coronal plane
What is the name of a plane that is parallel to the MCP?
Sagittal plane
What is the name of a plane that is parallel to the MSP?
Swan-Ganz (a type of pulmonary artery flow-directed catheter)
What is the name of the catheter frequently used to measure cardiac output and right heart pressures?
HIS (hospital information system)
What is the name of the computer system that tracks admission and discharge information, diagnostic and treatment services, pharmaceutical and equipment information, and billing information?
RIS (radiology information system)
What is the name of the computer system that tracks radiological procedure ordering and scheduling, patient database maintenance, recording and transcription, and billing?
Anatomically programmed radiography
What is the name of the computerized system in which pre-programmed exposure techniques are available?
Anatomically programmed radiography
What is the name of the computerized system in which the radiographer has a selection of exams available on the consul from which to choose?
Pneumothorax
What is the name of the condition in which air or gas is present in the plural cavity?
Calipers
What is the name of the device that can be used to measure anatomical parts?
A transformer
What is the name of the electrical device that operates on the principle of mutual induction and functions to change the magnitude of voltage and current?
The image intensifier
What is the name of the electronic vacuum tube that functions to amplify the fluoroscopic image, thereby reducing patient dose?
Variable kilovoltage (KV) system
What is the name of the exposure system that is used to make small incremental changes and exposure to compensate for variations in body part thickness?
Remodeling
What is the name of the final stage of healing/repair of a bone fracture?
Histogram
What is the name of the graphic representation of the amount of exposure, and the frequency of pixels for each exposure amount?
PACS (picture archiving and communication system)
What is the name of the network of computers capable of acquiring, storing, and transmitting medical images?
Spermatogonia
What is the name of the particularly radiosensitive male sex cell?
Occlusal plane
What is the name of the plane formed by the biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth?
Mid coronal plane (MCP)
What is the name of the plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior halves?
Mid sagittal plane (MSP)
What is the name of the plane that divides the body into left and right halves?
Pterion
What is the name of the point formed at the junction of the parietal bone, temporal bone, and greater wing of the sphenoid bone?
Haustra; number one: left colic/splenic flexure, number two: right colic/hepatic flexure, number three: ascending colon, number 4: cecum, number five: sigmoid colon, number six: descending colon
What is the name of the pouches/segmentations seen in this image? Identify the anatomy indicated in the image.
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
What is the name of the procedure used to examine the biliary and pancreatic ducts by fiber optic means?
Glabella
What is the name of the prominence of the squamous portion of the frontal bone that may be used as a positioning landmark?
Direct contact
What is the name of the route of transmission in which the infected person touches a susceptible host's tissue?
Metaphysis
What is the name of the somewhat wider portion of a long bone adjacent to the epiphyseal plate?
Ileocecal valve
What is the name of the sphincter muscle located at the junction of the terminal ileum and cecum?
Coronal suture
What is the name of the suture separating the frontal bone from the parietal bones?
Xiphoid/ensiform process, inferior costal margin, iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine, greater trochanter, symphysis pubis, ischial tuberosity
What is the name of the upper, middle region of the abdomen?... The lower lateral region?
Apex (plural = apices)
What is the name of the uppermost portion of the lungs, I E, above the level of the clavicle's?
12 to 18 breaths/min; children have a higher rate up to 30 breaths/min.
What is the normal adult respiratory rate? How does that compare with the normal respiratory rate of children?
100-140; 60-90
What is the normal adult systolic range? What is the normal diastolic range?
Sternoclavicular joint
What is the only articulation between the upper extremity and thorax?
Amorphous selenium (a-Se)
What is the photo conductor generally used with a TFT array in direct captured digital imaging?
Amorphous silicon (a-Si)
What is the photo detector generally used with a TFT array indirect captured Digital imaging?
Electronica masking
What is the post processing function that serves to protest the viewers eyes from extraneous illuminator light?
Look up tables (LUTs)
What is the primary factor influencing image contrast in Digital imaging?
To reduce patient skin dose
What is the primary purpose of filtration of the useful x-ray beam?
Because the source of x-ray photons is much closer to the patient in fluoroscopy
What is the principal reason that fluoroscopy potentially delivers a significantly higher patient dose than general radiography?
The patient
What is the radiographer's principal source of exposure to scatter radiation?
To protect the patient from injury
What is the radiographers most important task if the patient experiences a seizure?
To the MSP at the level of T7
What is the recommended exact centering point for a PA chest, average size patient?
Parallel
What is the relationship between the MCP and the IR in the PA projection of the chest?
They should be parallel
What is the relationship between the MSP and the IR in the lateral projection of the chest?
Perpendicular
What is the relationship between the plantar surface and the IR in the lateral projection of the foot?
Perpendicular
What is the relationship between the plantar surface and the IR in the plantodorsal axial projection of the calcaneus?
They are all retroperitoneal structures
What is the relationship of the kidneys, ureter, pancreas, duodenum, ascending and descending colon, and aorta to the peritoneum?
Parietocanthial projection (waters method)
What is the single best projection to demonstrate the facial bones?
Restriction of the useful beam
What is the single most important way to reduce patient exposure?
Automatic exposure control (AEC)
What is the system that terminates the x-ray exposure, thereby consistently controlling the amount of radiation reaching the IR?
Bone marrow
What is the target organ believed responsible for radiation-induced leukemia?
Palmar Plantar Volar
What is the term that refers to: The palm of the hand The sole of the foot The palm of the hand or the sole of the foot
Matrix
What is the term used to describe a combination of rows and columns of small picture elements?
Ageism
What is the term used to describe a discriminatory attitude toward the elderly?
Pixel pitch
What is the term used to describe distance from the center of one pixel to the center of the adjacent pixel?
Aphasia
What is the term used to describe loss of language function; inability to speak?
Displacement; distraction
What is the term used to describe movement of fractured ends of the bones away from each other? Name the term used to describe the gap between fractured ends of bones?
Pixel density
What is the term used to describe number of pixels per unit area?
Confidentiality
What is the term used to describe patient protection concerning release of their private information?
Dose area product (DAP)
What is the term used to describe radiation dose and volume of irradiated tissue?
Restraint
What is the term used to describe restriction of patient movement to ensure safety?
PACS (picture are calving and communication system)
What is the term used to describe the electronica network for communication between image acquisition modalities, display stations, and storage?
Beneficence
What is the term used to describe the ethical principle of goodness?
Veracity
What is the term used to describe the ethical principle of truthfulness?
Acute radiation syndrome
What is the term used to describe the human sequence of events following high-level radiation exposure, and leading to death in a short time?
Radiation hormesis
What is the term used to describe the hypothesis that a positive effect exists for certain populations that are continuously exposed to moderate levels of radiation?
Bit depth
What is the term used to describe the number of gray shades that can be displayed within a pixel?
Exposure indicator (EI)
What is the term used to describe the numeric value representative of the exposure the IR receives in digital radiography?
Reservoir of infection
What is the term used to describe the principal habitat where a particular infectious agent lives and multiplies, and form which it can spread to cause disease?
Trendelenburg
What is the term used to describe the recumbent body position, with head positioned at a level lower than the feet?
Minimum response time
What is the term used to describe the shortest exposure time that a particular AEC system can produce?
Immobilization
What is the term used to describe the use of various devices to help prevent patient movement during image procedures?
Communited
What is the type of bone fracture where bone appears shattered or broken into several fragments?
Stellate
What is the type of fracture that can be common to the patella or cranium, radiating from a central point, i.e., star shaped?
Compression fracture
What is the type of fracture that vertebral bodies are subject to, especially in cases of osteoporosis?
Spinous processes are bifid; transverse processes each have a transverse foramen
What is the unique characteristic of cervical spine is processes; of cervical transverse processes?
NPO after midnight (at least eight hours)
What is the usual patient preparation for an upper gastrointestinal series?
NPO for about 8 hours prior to the examination
What is the usual patient preparation for and upper GI series?
RAO and lateral
What is the usual protocol for a sternum examination?
Transthoracic lateral
What is the usual way of obtaining a lateral projection of the humerus in cases of trauma?
An AP of the entire cervical spine
What is the wagging jaw/Ottonello method used to demonstrate?
Recumbent (no air/fluid levels seen)
What is this image made in the recumbent or erect body position?
Tube rating chart
What is used to determine the maximum safe exposure for a particular x-ray tube?
Intense white light
What is used to erase the PSP?
Radiation monitoring/dosimeters
What is used to evaluate the effectiveness of personnel radiation protection?
Wide dynamic range
What kind of dynamic range allows optimal visualization of both soft tissue and bony structures in a given image?
Ionizing
What kind of effect do x-rays have on air?
Increased/higher contrast
What kind of image contrast results from a narrow/decreased window width?
High energy
What kind of incident photon energy is involved?
Monochromatic helium neon (HeNe) gas laser or a solid-state laser beam
What kind of light is used to simulate PSP?
90 degrees
What should be the angle between the needle and skin for intramuscular injections?
Parallel
What should be the relationship between the MSP and the IR in the lateral position of the cervical spine?
45°
What should be the relationship between the MSP in the IR in the posterior oblique position of the cervical spine?
The exposure indicator should indicate values within the recommended range
What should the radiographer Use as a guide to evaluate a CR image and determine if it has been optimally exposed?
Basal cell
What skin layer is most radiosensitive?
AP axial/towne method
What skull projection is most commonly used to demonstrate the occipital bone?
Rotator cuff
What structure is composed of the supraspinous, infraspinatus, Teres minor, deltoid, and subscapularis muscles?
Ileocecal valve
What structure is located at the terminus of the small intestine?
The transverse atlantal ligament
What structure separates the anterior and posterior arches of C1?
Number one: frontal sinus, number two: maxillary sinus, number three: zygoma/malar; Waters position, parieatocanthial projection
What structures are indicated by the numbers one, two, and three in this figure? In what position/projection was the image made?
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and small intestines
What structures constitute the upper G.I. track?
Costophrenic angle's
What structures might appear blunted on a chest radiograph of a patient with plural effusion?
Surgical/operative cholangiography
What surgical procedure may be done to demonstrate biliary anatomy and rule out residual biliary stones?
Replenishment system
What system of the film processor is responsible for keeping correct solution levels?
Eversion
What term describes a turning out word or lateral motion of an articulation, sometimes with an external tension or stress applied?
Circumduction
What term describes movement of a limb that produces circular motion; circumscribing a small area and its proximal end and a wide area at the distal end?
Abduction
What term describes movement of a part away from the body's MSP?
Flexion
What term describes the bending motion of an articulation, decreasing the angle between associated bones?
Tangential
What term is used to describe a projection that projects a part in profile by skimming surface?
Contraindication
What term is used to describe a symptom or circumstance that makes a particular treatment unsafe or inappropirate?
Ionization
What term is used to describe the breaking apart of electrically natural atoms by high-energy electromagnetic radiation?
Frequency
What term is used to describe the number of cycles per second?
Pixel
What term is used to describe the picture elements within a matrix?
Voxel
What term is used to describe the volume elements within a matrix?
Pronation
What term is used to describe turning of the body or arm so that the palm face is backward, with the thumb at toward the midline of the body?
Anterior/ventral; posterior/dorsal
What term refers to the front part of the body; what terms refers to the back part of the body?
The lens of the eye, the breasts, the reproductive organs
What three parts of body should be shielded from the useful beam whenever possible?
AP supine abdomen, erect or lateral decubitus abdomen, PA chest
What three projections are generally included in an acute abdomen survey?
Slit camera, the pinhole camera, and the star pattern; slit camera is most commonly used
What three tools can be used to measure the focal spot size; which is the most commonly use?
Roentgen
What traditional unit is valid up to 3 MeV?
Roentgen
What traditional unit measures X or gamma radiation only?
Roentgen
What traditional unit on measure is valid up to 3 MeV?
The perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, and the vomer
What two bones form the nasal septum?
The cystic duct and the common hepatic duct
What two ducts unite to form the common bile duct?
A TV camera or a CCD (charge coupled device)
What two kinds of devices maybe use to convert the fluoroscopic output phosphor image into an electronic signal?
Psoas major (left and right)
What two muscles are located on either side of the lumbar vertebra and can be fairly well visualized on a quality abdominal image?
LPO, RAO
What two positions maybe used to demonstrate the right colic/hepatic flexure without self superimposition?
Ionization chamber
What type of AEC is considered an entrance type device?
Photo timer
What type of AEC it uses a photomultiplier tube?
Photomultiplier/phototimer type
What type of AEC uses a fluorescent screen to terminate the exposure?
Fiberglass
What type of cast often requires no change in exposure?
Alternating current
What type of current is required to operate a transformer?
Stochastic (probabilistic)
What type of dose-response relationship is characterized by a late response to low-dose exposures?
Deterministic (nonstochastic)
What type of dose-response relationship is characterized by an early response to a high-dose exposure?
When using an IP that has not been used or arrest for 48 hours or more
When might background radiation artifacts occur in CR imaging?
Down
When performing a lateral decubitus chest to show small amounts of fluid in the pleural cavity, the affected side should be
Femoral neck; IR
When performing an axial lateral projection (horizontal beam lateral) of the hip, the CR must be perpendicular to the ______ and _______.
Second full inspiration
When performing chest radiography, the diaphragm moves to its lowest position on which phase of respiration?
Up
When performing lateral decubitus abdomen to show small amount of air in the peritoneal cavity, the affected side should be
Before entering the patient's room
When should mobile equipment be cleaned for mobile studies or compromised patients?
Starting at the center, using a circular motion in widening circles (ie, working from center outward)
When skin is being prepared for a surgical procedure, it is first cleansed in what direction and motion?
Ischial tuberosities
When the body is in the seated upright position, the body's weight rests on what pelvic structure?
One AP with the arm parallel to the IR; another AP with the humerus parallel to the IR
When the elbow cannot be extended for an AP projection of the elbow, what projections can be taken to demonstrate the required AP anatomy?
Thermionic emission
When the x-Ray tube filament is heated to incandescence/white hot, this is termed ________.
75%
A 0.5-mm Pb equivalent apron will attenuate what percentage of the scattered beam at 100 kV?
Ankle mortise
A 15° medial oblique angle is performed to demonstrate the
An electronica signal
A TV camera and a CCD each function to convert the output phosphor image into __________.
The floor of the orbit
A blowout fracture affects what portion of the bony orbit?
Green stick
A break in the bone cortex on one side of the shop/body of a long bone, especially in children, is termed
Hypoglycemia; tremor, perspiration, weakness and hunger; providing sweetened fruit juice, candy, or a prepackaged dose of glucose gel
A diabetic patient who has taken insulin, but no food, may develop _________; some symptoms are _________; examples of quick treatment while the patient is still alert are ________.
Matrix
A digital image is made up of a 2D array of numbers called a
Erythema
A dose of 200 rad (2 Gy) to the skin can cause a radiation-induced reddening, termed __________.
Two focal spots with two filaments
A double-focus x-ray tube is one that has ________.
Antidote
A drug specifically used to treat a toxic effect is termed a/an ________.
Some kind of infection
A febrile condition is usually caused by ______.
Smith fracture (colles equals posterior displacement)
A fracture of the distal radius characterized by anterior displacement of the fragments is termed a _______ fracture
Thoracotomy
A incision into the chest, with insertion of tube to relieve pneumothorax or hemothorax is termed ______.
Foramen magnum
A large opening in the base of the occipital bone which the spinal cord passes is the
Spatial frequency/resolution
A line pair test tool is used to evaluate _________.
Lateral decubitus; aspiration
A nonambulatory patient should be helped to the _______ position to avoid _______ of vomitus.
Horizontal beam lateral and AP
A patient arriving in the emergency x-ray has a cervical collar in place; what do you images it should be taken initially?
.5 rem/500 mrem/0.5 mSv
A pregnant radiographers gestational fetal exposure must not exceed _______.
0.05 rem/50 mrem/0.5 mSv
A pregnant radiographers monthly fetal exposure must not exceed ________.
Lower extremities
A pulmonary embolism (PE) is most often a complication of thrombus formation in one or both _______.
Oxygen saturation level of blood; pulse rate
A pulse oximeter measures _______ and ________.
Hiatal hernia and esophageal varices
A radiographic examination of the esophagus must be performed in the recumbent position in order to demonstrate what to types of pathology?
Contrecoup
A severe blow to the head often results in injury on the opposite side. This is called a _______ injury.
Avulsion
A small chip of bone that breaks away when a joint is dislocated, or when a tendon is pulled, is termed
Blood pressure
A sphygmomanometer and a stethoscope are needed to assess ______.
Greater
A step-up transformer has a ________ number of turns in the secondary coil than in the primary coil.
Last image hold
A stored fluoroscopic image, from the immediately previous fluoroscopic exposure, is a dose reducing a feature termed __________.
Colostomy; stoma
A surgically formed passage from the large bowel to the exterior is termed a _______, and the external opening of the bowel is termed a _______.
External; greater tubercle
A true AP projection of the shoulder is obtained in the ________ rotation position; the _______ should be seen in profile laterally
Decreased; decreased
A vasovagal response is characterized by _______ heart rate and _______ blood pressure.
Vertebral body; vertebral arch
A vertebral foramen is bounded anteriorly by the ______ and posteriorly by the ________
Low contrast
A wide window width will display an image having what kind of contrast?
Nosebleed; breath through mouth, keeping head level and pressing firmly against nasal septum for about 10 minutes
Epistaxis is the medical term for _________. How should epistaxis be treated?
Skin
Erythema can be an effect of excessive ionizing radiation exposure to what body part?
Triage
Especially during a disaster, the process of identifying victims, performing initial examinations, and assigning priorities for further care is called _______.
Mobile equipment, dedicated chest units
Examples of dedicated x-ray equipment include _________.
+\-5%
Exposure and reproductibility should be consistent to within what percentage?
10
Exposure linearity between adjacent mA stations must be accurate to within ________.
5%
Exposure timer accuracy (greater than 10 ms) should be within what percentage of the selective exposure time?
Nonverbal
Eye contact, facial expression, personal appearance, touch, etc are all types of ________ communication.
LENS OF THE EYES (annual) - 150 mSv EMBRYO/FETUS (1 month) - 0.5 mSv THYROID (annual) - 500 mSv SKIN, HANDS, AND FEET (annual) - 500 mSv GONADS (annual) - 50 mSv
Fill in the NCRP-recommended dose limits: LENS OF THE EYES (annual) EMBRYO/FETUS (1 month) THYROID (annual) SKIN, HANDS, AND FEET (annual) GONADS (annual)
Myelography
Fluoroscopic and radiographic examination of the spinal cord and it's meninges using a positive contrast agents is termed
21 mGya/min (2.1 R/min)
Fluoroscopic tabletop intensity should not exceed _______ per mA operated 80 kV.
2.5 mm Al equivalent
Fluoroscopic total filtration must be at least ______.
The input phosphor
Fluoroscopic x-ray photons exiting the patient first encounter which part of the image intensifier?
Recorded detail/special resolution
Focal spot size impacts what image quality?
And its normal AP position; no attempt should be made to straighten the foot
For the AP projection to demonstrate congenital club foot, kite method, how should the food be aligned on the IR?
Gloves
All vascular access procedures require that the health care worker wear ______.
Wavelength and frequency
Although all electromagnetic radiations travel at the same velocity, in which ways do they differ?
0.5 inches distal to the patellar Apex
An AP projection of the knee should be centered to what point?
Less
An RAO sternum on a patient having a deep chest will require _______ obliquity than an RAO sternum on a patient having a shallow chest
Polyp
An abnormal growth of tissue projecting from mucous membrane into a lumen is termed
Sterile/a sterile field
An area that is free of viable microorganisms is considered to be _______.
A vector
An arthropod in whose body an infectious organism develops/multiplies before infecting a host is termed ______.
Fluid is running low or its flow has been interrupted
An audible alarm from an infusion/medication pump usually signals that _______.
Mechanical
An endotracheal tube is used for ________ ventilation.
A fomite
An object that transmits infectious material/pathogenic organisms is termed _______.
Extend the fingers and support them parallel to the IR ( finger sponge)
An oblique hand image demonstrates for shortening of the digits and poor visibility of the inter-phalangeal joints. How can this be corrected
Lesser tubercle
And internal rotation projection of the shoulder should demonstrate in ________ profile medially
They are all reservoirs of infection
Animals, food, water, and the soil are all examples of what part of the cycle of infection?
Malpractice
Another name for professional negligence is __________.
Sterilization
Another namer for surgical asepsis is _________.
45; unaffected
Anterior oblique positions of the ribs are done using _______ degrees, _______ side closest to the IR
20°; 70°
Anterior oblique positions of the thoracic vertebra require that the MSP _____ degrees to the IR and the MCP be _______ degrees to the IR.
15; affected
Anterior obliques of the sternoclavicular joint require _______ degrees rotation, _______ side down
Lateral
Anterior/posterior relationships are demonstrated in the _________ projection
Increase; increase
Anticholinergic drugs _______ the blood pressure and ______ the heart rate.
A vehicle
Any medium that transports microorganisms is termed _______.
Portal of exit Susceptible host Portal of entry Transmission of disease
Arrange the cycle of infection components in their correct order following the recognized reservoir or infection: Transmission of disease Susceptible host Portal of exit Portal of entry
Expose, stimulate, read, erase
Arrange the following CR steps in CR in correct order from first to last: read, stimulate, erase, expose.
Developer, fixer, wash, dryer
Arrange the following film processor components in their correct order: fixer, dryer, developer, wash
Protective coat, phosphor layer, reflective layer, base, anti-static layer, lead
Arrange the following six layers of a PSP screen in order from front to back: reflective layer, phosphor layer, base, protective coat, lead, antistatic later.
Opening the flap farthest from you Opening the side flaps Opening the flap closest to you
Arrange the following steps for opening a sterile package in their correct order: Opening the side flaps Opening the flap furthest from you Opening the flap located closest to you
Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Arrange the following structures in order as they fill with air upon inspiration: trachea, pharynx, lungs, nose, bronchi, larynx.
Zygopophyseal articulations; diarthrodial
Articulations formed between adjacent superior and inferior articular processes are termed _______ and are classified as _______ joints
Injection and ingestion
Artificial contrast agents can be introduced into the body and what two ways?
Low
Artificial contrast media are required when subject contrast is
Pixels/millimeter (or pixel density)
As sampling frequency increases, spatial resolution increases. How is sampling frequency expressed?
Below the level of the urinary bladder
At what level should urinary collection bags be kept?
#1
At what number is the source of electrons?
Automatic brightness control (ABC)
Automatic adjustments of the kV and/or mAs for adequate visualization during fluoroscopic examinations, according to part thickness, is termed _________.
512 x 512, 1024 x 1024, 4096 x 4096
For the same FOV, arrange the following matrix sizes in order of increasing a special resolution: 1024 x 1024, 512 x 512, 4096 x 4096
Pneumothorax
For what diagnosis might an expiration chest image be requested?
High atomic (Z) number, high melting point, and high thermal conductivity
For what three reasons is tungsten (W) the target material of choice?
To permit the diaphragm to move to its lowest position, permit visualization of air and/or fluid levels
For what two reasons should chest imaging be done in the erect position?
Roentgen
For which traditional unit of measure are all the ions of either sign collected and measured?
Spondylolisthesis
Forward displacement of one vertebra upon the one beneath it is termed
Colles fracture
Fracture of the distal radius, accompanied by posterior displacement and fracture of the owner styloid process, is typical of what type of fracture?
SID, OID
From the following list, select the factors that are most likely to have an impact on distortion: focal spot size, SID, OID, KVP, MAS
OID, KVP
From the following list, select the factors that are most likely to have an impact on image contrast in filmscreen imaging: focal spot size, SRD, oh ID, KVP, MAS
Part thickness, pathology
From the following list, select the factors that are most likely to have an impact on image contrast: part thickness, anode heel effect, pathology
Motion
From the following list, select the factors that are most likely to have an impact on image distortion: motion, beam restriction, protective of filtration, grids
Part of sickness, x-ray tube angle, IR angle
From the following list, select the factors that are most likely to have an impact on image distortion: part of sickness, x-ray tube angle, IR angle
Focal spot size, SID, OID
From the following list, select the factors that are most likely to have an impact on image of spatial resolution: focal spot size, SID, OID, KVP, MAS
Motion
From the following list, select the factors that are most likely to have an impact on image spatial resolution: motion, beam restriction, protective filtration, grids
SID, KVP, and MAS
From the following list, select the factors that can have a significant impact on receptor exposure: focal spot size, SID, OID, KVP, MAS
Beam restriction and grids
From the following list, select the factors that can have a significant impact on receptor exposure: motion, beam restriction, protective filtration, grids
Beam restriction, grids
From the following list, so if the factors that are most likely to have an impact on image contrast: motion, beam restriction, protective filtration, grids
Part thickness (resulting in OID)
From the following list, so let the factors that are most likely to have an impact on image spatial resolution: part thickness, and anode heel effect, pathology
Part thickness, anode heel effect, and Pathology
From the following list, so let the factors that can have a significant impact on receptor exposure: part thickness, anode heel effect, pathology
Grid ratio, kilo voltage, OID
From these list of factors select the ones that have an affect on film screen image contrast/gray scale: grid ratio, SID, kilo voltage, MAS, protective filtration, focal spot size, OID
Pixel bit depth, window width, LUT
From these list of factors, select the ones that have an affect on digital image contrast/gray scale: pixel depth, window width, window level, matrix size, pixel density, LUT
Pixel density, pixel pitch, matrix size
From these list of factors, select the ones that have an affect on digital image resolution: pixel density, window level, pixel pitch, matrix size, window width
Window level
From these list of factors, so if the ones that have an affect on digital image brightness: pixel bit depth, window width, window level, matrix size, pixel density
The fixer solution
From which processing solution is silver recovery made?
Lyme disease, West Nile virus, malaria, bubonic plague, Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Give some examples of arthropod-borne infectious diseases.
Skin, lens of the eyes, chromosomes
Give two examples of common local tissues that can be affected by ionizing radiation.
Peristalsis
Glucagon can be useful in radiologic examination of the GI tract because it slows _______.
Increase
Grids improve the radiographic image by reducing the amount of scattered radiation fog, but necessitate a/an ________ in exposure/
EfD (effective dose)
Gy x Wr x Wt =
Electrons
Heating the x-Ray tube filament to incandescence functions to provide a source of _______.
Body
Heating water-soluble iodinated contrast agents to ______ temperature reduces its viscosity and makes it easier to inject.
Angina pectoris
Episodes of chest pain occurring when coronary arteries are unable to supply the heart with sufficient oxygenated blood is termed ______.
200 mGya/min (20 R/min)
High-level control fluoroscopic tabletop exposure must not exceed _______.
Perpendicular and 1 inch inferior to the coracoid process
How and where should the CR enter for the AP projection of the shoulder?
Perpendicular to the third MPJ (metacarpal phalangeal joint)
How and where should the CR enter for the PA projection of the hand?
Perpendicular to the proximal IPJ (interphalangeal joint)
How and where should the CR enter for the PA projection of the second digit?
Bilateral, with and without weights
How are acromioclavicular articulations usually examined in order to demonstrate small separations?
They are cared for appropriately and are imaged annually to check for cracks/damage.
How are lead aprons and other protective apparel checked for effectiveness?
Maximum spatial resolution equals Nyquist frequency (which is equal to 1/2 the pixel pitch[mm])
How are the Nyquist frequency and pixel pitch related to spatial resolution?
They are inversely related, ie, as one increases, the other decreases
How are wavelength and frequency related?
Inversely, ie, as x-ray energy increases, wavelength decreases
How are x-ray energy and x-ray wavelength related?
X-ray quantity doubles; quality remains unchanged
How are x-ray quantity and quality affected when changing from half-wave to full-wave rectification?
Their age in years x 10 mSv (or years x 1 rem)
How can a radiation worker determine lifetime cumulative effective dose (CumEfD) limit?
Increase distance from the source of radiation, place shielding between the source and yourself, decrease the amount of time exposed
How can each of the cardinal principles of radiation protection be used to decrease personnel exposure?
Shield any unexposed and/or exposed areas do you each individual exposure
How can image degradation from scattered radiation be reduced when making more than one exposure on a CR image plate?
Using a breathing technique with extended exposure time
How can pulmonary vascular markings be made less obvious in the RAO sternum position?
Polyenergetic, ie, having a spectrum of energies
How can the energy of an x-ray beam be described?
FPDF detectors provide better contrast resolution, uniformly distortion free images, and high DQE
How do flat panel digital fluoroscopy (FPDF) detectors compare to see CCDs with respect to contrast resolution, image distortion, and DQE?
The effective focal spot is smaller than the actual focal spot
How do the actual and effective focal spots differ in size?
Increased pixel density increases spatial resolution; decreased pixel pitch increases spatial resolution
How do the changes in pixel density and pixel pitch impact spatial resolution?
Axial
How do we describe a projection that is made angled to the long axis of the body?
Voltage is increased, and amperage is decreased proportionally.
How does a step up transformer change voltage & amperage?
The average energy is increased
How does added filtration affect the average energy of the x-ray beam?
Added filtration has no effect on the minimum wavelength of the x-ray beam
How does added filtration affect the minimum wavelength of the x-ray beam?
As a sampling frequency increases, special resolution increases
How does assembling a frequency of a PSPs impact spatial resolution?
As KV increases, scattered radiation production increases; as field size increases, scattered radiation production increases; as tissue thickness/density increases, scattered radiation production increases
How does each of these features/factors affect that scattered radiation production?
Magnification mode increases patient dose
How does fluoroscopic magnification mode affect patient dose?
The presence of oxygen increases cell/tissue radiosensitivity
How does oxygenation affect cell/tissue radiosensitivity?
The image on the output phosphor is minified, brighter, and inverted.
How does the image on the image intensifier's output phosphor compare with the image on its input phosphor?
Emphysema, bowel obstruction
Select the conditions that are likely to require a decrease exposure: emphysema, bowel obstruction, hydrocephalus, edema
Pneumothorax and osteoporosis
Select the conditions that are likely to require a decrease in exposure: congestive heart failure, sclerosis, pneumothorax, osteoporosis, cirrhosis
Ascites, pleural effusion, congestive heart failure
Select the conditions that are likely to require an increase in exposure: ascites, multiple myeloma, plural effusion, congestive heart failure
Atelectasis, pneumonia, and osteochondroma
Select the conditions that are likely to require an increase in exposure: atelectasis, gout, pneumonia, emphysema, osteochondroma
Narrow pelvic inlet, pubic angles less than 90°
Select the features that are typically of the normal male/android pelvis: shallow from anterior to posterior, narrow pelvic inlet, pubic angle less than 90°, wider and more horizontal
Submitting misleading educational history Revealing privileged patient communication Violating state/federal narcotics laws
Select the violations of ARRT Rules of Ethics from the following: Submitting misleading educational history Revealing privileged patient communication Failure to obtain pertinent information from the radiologist Violating state/federal narcotics laws
Explaining the examination to the patient Speaking to toddlers at eye level Providing privacy and modesty for adolescents
Select the ways in which interpersonal communication can be improved: Explaining the examination to the patient Speaking to toddlers at eye level Moving quickly with the elderly Using a family member to translate for language-challenged patients Providing privacy and modesty for adolescents
A trained interpreter
Select who should be used as interpreter for patients having language barriers: Parent, child, or spouse of the patient Any immediate family member A trained interpreter
Hypovolemic
Shock caused by loss of blood or tissue fluid is termed _______ shock.
Frontal (AP/PA)
Side to side (L/R) relationships are demonstrated in the _________ projection
Nonlinear (sigmoid), threshold dose response
Skin effects that result from fluoroscopic exposure follow what type of dose-response relationship?
Sesamoid
Small bones found in tendons are termed
Enteroclysis
Small bowel series using G.I. intubation is termed
Diverticula
Small saccular protrusions of intestinal mucosal through the intestinal wall are called
Culture
Socially shared characteristics, attitudes, beliefs, language, customs, etc of a group of people that are passed from one generations to the next defines _________
Early, or short-term, effects
Somatic effects that occur within minutes, hours, days, or weeks after initial irradiation are termed ____________.
Scintillation
Some materials absorb x-ray energy and omit visible light in response. This is termed _________.
Focal spot size, filmscreen contact, OID, SID, motion
Somebody's list the factors, select the ones that have an affect on recorded detail in a film a screen imaging: focal spot size, filmscreen contact, OID, SID, filtration, motion, MAS, KVP, tube angle
Discarding used sharps (needles, etc.)
Special puncture-proof containers are provided for ________.
Mutual induction
Step-up and step-down transformers operate on what principle?
Radiopaque
Structures that absorb x-ray photons are termed ___________.
Spatial resolution
TFT size in (cassetteless) digital systems impacts what image characteristic?
The relationship between the actual and effective focal spot (the effective is always smaller than the actual)
TO what does the line focus principle refer?
Lateral epicondyle (and sometimes radial head)
Tennis elbow is a painful condition that affects what bony area of the elbow?
Lesser, or true, pelvis
That area posterior inferior to the pelvic brim/inlet is called the
Pars interarticularis
That portion of each lumbar lamina line between the superior and inferior articular processes is called the
30 to 35° cephalic
The AP axial L5/S1 projection requires how much angulation and in what direction?
10° caudal
The AP axial projection of the coccyx requires tube angulation in what direction and how many degrees?
15° cephalic
The AP axial projection of the sacrum requires tube angulation in what direction and how many degrees?
Radial head
The AP lateral oblique, external rotation, projection of the elbow should demonstrate what structure free of super imposition?
30°
The AP medial oblique projection of the foot requires what degree of obliquity?
In the developer solution
In x-ray film processing, where are exposed silver bromide grains change to black metallic silver?
In the fixer solution
In x-ray film processing, wordprocessing a solution is responsible for removing unexposed silver from the film emulsion?
Spondylosis
Information of one or more vertebra is termed
Fast speed
Intensifying screens made with large phosphors in a thick layer are likely to be what general speed?
Subarachnoid
Intrathecal injections are made into the ______ space.
Leakage radiation
Ionizing radiation that is emitted from the x-ray rube housing in directions other than that of the useful beam is termed ________.
Epilation or alopecia
Ionizing radiation-induced hair loss is termed _________.
Expiration
It is recommended that images of below diaphragm ribs be made on what phase of respiration?
Place the humerus and forearm on the same plane
It's a lateral projection of the forearm demonstrates the epicondyles not super imposed, how should that positioning be corrected?
Number one: temporal bone, number two: bregma, number three: glabella, number four: zygomatic bone, number five: anterior nasal spine
Label the anatomic structures/features seen in this illustration.
Histogram analysis
Lack of adequate correlation and/or selection of incorrect processing algorithm is likely to cause ________ errors
Smaller; hub
Larger guage needles have a _______ bore; the part of the needle attached to the syringe is the _______.
Mild: skin redness, hives, itching; Severe: itchy eyes, running nose, sneezing, difficulty breathing, wheezing.
Latex allergy can be manifested with mild reactions such as ______ or more severe reactions such as _______.
100 mR/hr
Leakage radiation emitted from the x-ray tube housing must not exceed ________.
MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), hepatitis A, varicella, impetigo, varicella zoster
List at least three conditions that require the use of contact precautions.
Flat contact shields, shaped contact shields, shadow shields, and breast shields
List at least three types of patient shields.
Carcinogenesis, catarctogenesis, embryological effects, and lifespan shortening
List four types of late effects of ionizing radiation exposure.
Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD), film badge, and pocket dosimeter
List four types of personal radiation monitors.
If seated, bend forward and place head between knees; if recumbent, place in Trendelenburg position; if upright, place in recumbent position.
List some appropriate actions to take if a patient feels faint.
Coronoid process
The AP medial oblique, internal rotation, projection of the elbow should demonstrate what structures free of superimposition?
45°
The AP oblique, medial rotation, of the ankle requires what degree of obliquity?
Parallel
The AP projection of the humerus or elbow requires that the epicondyles be _______ to the IR
ASIS; pubic symphysis
The AP projection of the pelvis requires the CR be directed to the midline midway between the _______ and _______.
Pubic symphysis
The Balleto AP oblique/frog-leg projection/modified Cleaves method of the pelvis requires that the CR be directed to the midline 1 inch superior to what bony structure?
0.25 mm Pb equivalent
The Bucky slot cover must have at least what lead equivalent?
Iliac crest
The CR should be directed to midline at the level of the ________ for an AP projection of the abdomen.
2 inches above the level of the iliac crest
The CR should be directed to the midline ________ and for a lateral decubitus projection of the abdomen
2 inches above the level of the iliac crest
The CR should be directed to the midline ________ and for an AP erect projection of the abdomen
Single lumen nasoenteric tubes; double-lumen nasoenteric tube
The Cantor and Harris tubes are examples of _________; the Miller-Abbott tube is an example of _______.
Nosocomial and HAI (health-care associated infection) infections are those acquired in health care facilities
Nosocomial, or HAI, refers to what kind of infection?
Copper
Of what material is #5 usually made?
Copper, to conduct heat away from the face of the anode
Of what material is the anode stem usually made, and what is its purpose?
Cesium iodide
Of what material is the image intensifier's input phosphor usually made?
Undirectional/dc
On what type of current does the x-ray tube most efficiently operate?
Rescaling
Once VOI's are assigned, what process then adjusts and over/under exposed image?
Nephron
One functional unit of the kidney is termed
Bile; hepatic
One of the principles functions of the liver is to produce _______, which leaves the liver via the right and left _______ ducts.
Microwaves, visible light, x-rays
Organize the following electromagnetic radiations in order of longest wavelength to shortest wavelength: visible light, x-rays, and microwaves.
Tibial tuberosity
Osgood - Schlatter disease affects what body part?
Patient
Our most important source of scattered radiation is the ________.
Verbal (oral), written, or implied
Patient consent can be ________, _______, or ________.
Cathode ray tubes (CRT)
Pincushion distortion is common in what type of display device?
Scattered radiation
Primary x-ray photons that strike matter and undergo a change in direction are termed ________.
Handwashing
Probably the easiest and most effective method of controlling the transmission of infections is ________.
Peristalsis
Progressive wavelike movement occurring involuntarily in hollow tubes, especially the alimentary canal, is called
Scattered
Protective lead aprons and gloves are worn to protect from ________ radiation.
0.25 mm Pb equivalent
Protective lead aprons must have at least (according to CFR, Title 21) what Pb equivalent?
0.25 mm Pb equivalent
Protective lead gloves must have at least what Pb equivalent?
Hiatal hernia
Protrusion of a portion of the upper stomach through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm describes
Multiple myeloma; skeletal/bone survey
Punched out radio Lucent lesions are representative of the malignant condition called ________ and the x-ray examination most frequently requested to diagnose this condition is ________
A photo meter
Quality assurance testing of monitor luminance requires the use of what device?
Closer
RAO & LAO positions of the thoracic spine are performed to demonstrate the zygapophyseal articulations that _______ are to the IR
Somatic
Radiation-induced biologic damage to living organisms is termed __________ effects.
Thyroid
Radiographers should wear their dosimeter at collar-level in order to approximate dose to what organ?
Cystography
Radiographic examination of the contrast filled bladder is termed
Erect; to demonstrate air/fluid levels
Radiographic positioning of the paranasal sinuses should be performed in what position and why?
Two; at right angles (perpendicular) to each other
Radiography of most structures usually requires a minimum of ________ projections; what is their relationship to each other?
Enteroclysis
Radiologic examination of the small intestines via Bilbao or Sellink tube through which barium sulfate is injected is termed _______.
Production of x-rays
Rapid deceleration of electrons at the anode result in _________.
Cause a widening of the histogram
Scattered and also focused radiation outside of the colonnade in Ford can have what effect on the width of the histogram?
The act of swallowing; the act of inhaling fluid or solid foreign body in to the bronchi and lungs
The term deglutition refers to _______. What does the term aspiration refer to?
Sweating/perspiration
The term diaphoresis refers to profuse __________.
The act of urination/voiding
The term micturition refers to
Drooping or downward displaced kidney
The term nephroptosis means
Hives; antihistamine
Urticaria is the medical term for _______, and its most common treatment is administration of _______.
Beam restrictors and grids
What are the two devices that function to reduce the amount of scattered radiation reaching the IR?
Pulsed fluoroscopy and last image hold
What are the two features of digital fluoroscopy that function to reduce patient dose?
To reduce patient dose and improve image contrast
What are the two important functions of beam restrictions?
LUT (lookup table) and windowing
What are the two most common ways of adjusting the brightness and/or contrast levels in digital imaging?
Body and vertebral/neural arch
What are the two parts of a typical vertebra?
Iodine and barium
What are the two types of compound substances used to make positive contrast media?
Size distortion and shape distortion
What are the two types of distortion?
Scatter radiation and leakage radiation
What are the two types of secondary radiation?
Bremsstrahlung (Brems) and characteristics
What are the two types of x-radiation that are produced at the anode through energy conversion process?
Wt and Wr
What are the two weighing factors that are used to determine the Sievert?
Body temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate, arterial blood pressure
What are the viral signs?
Photographic, radiographic, and electronic
What are three methods of providing a proper identification on a radiographic image?
Femoral condyle's superimposed, patella femoral joint space open
What are two evaluation criteria for correct positioning of the lateral knee?
Genetic effects, radiation-induced cancer, leukemia
What are two examples of radiation-induced conditions that follow a linear nonthreshold dose-response relationship?
kV and HVL (half value layer)
What are two ways used to express x-ray beam quality?
Proximal radioulnar articulation
What articulation is formed by the ulnar notch and radial head?
Hypersthenic
What body type has a high transverse stomach with indistinguishable curvature's?
Four bones: left and right innominate bones, the sacrum, the coccyx
What bone makes up the pelvis?
Tibia, fibula, and talus
What bones form the ankle joint?
Two scapula and two clavicle's
What bones form the shoulder girdle?
The two hip/innominate bones
What bones make up the pelvic girdle?
The two maxilla
What bones separate the oral and nasal cavities?
The odontoid process/dens
What bony structure articulates with the posterior aspect of the anterior arch of C1?
An artificial contrast agent
What can we use to increase image contrast when radiographing tissues having low subject contrast?
Must be cleaned/decontaminated with an antiseptic solution
What care should be given to the mobile equipment used for imaging a patient with contact precautions?
If a grid used in CR has a frequency similar to the CR processors scan frequency, aliasing effect can result
What causes aliasing artifact in Digital imaging?
Incomplete erasure of the PSP
What causes ghost images on a PSP's?
Phosphor type, thickness of active/phosphor layer, size of phosphors
What characteristics impact intensifying screen speed?
It would have to be a tilting table; tilting 90 degrees to the foot side and 30 degrees to the head side.
What characteristics would the x-ray table require if it were to be used for fluoroscopy?
Low mAs with high kV
What combination of kV and mAs is recommended to decrease patient exposure?
Open and closed mouth projections of the TMJ
What comparison images are often obtained to demonstrate range of anterior movement of the mandibular condyle in relationship to the mandibular fossa?
RIS (radiology information system)
What component of HIS functions to provide each modality work list, patient tracking, scheduling, and image tracking?
Filters
What component of personnel dosimeters functions to evaluate radiation quality?
Electrostatic focusing lenses
What component of the image intensifier assists directing electrons toward the output phosphor?
The photocathode
What component of the image intensifier emits electrons?
Negligence
What could a radiographer be sued for is a patient falls off a stretcher, whose side rails are down, while waiting outside the x-ray room after their examination?
Approximately 47°
What degree angle is formed by the petrous ridges and MSP in the mesocephalic shapes skull?
45 to 60°
What degree of obliquity is recommended for cystography?
The induction motor
What device functions to rotate the anode?
The CCD
What device is connected to the output phosphor of the DF image intensifier tube?
Photo detector
What device is used to collect a light emitted by storage plate phosphors?
A photo meter; candela per square meter (cd/m^2)
What device is used to measure the luminance of image display monitors and their uniformity; in what unit is it measured?
The control badge
What device serves as the standard for comparison with all the personal dosimeters returned to the processing facility?
Bending the film acutely, before or after exposure
What do Crescent like artifacts represent on images in a film screen imaging?
An amorphous selenium (a-Se) photoconductor
What do FPDF units used to convert x-rays directly into electrical charges?
Static electrical discharge
What do black, branchlike artifacts represent in filmscreen imaging?
The acceptable range of exposure
What do exposure indicators (EI), expressed as S number, EI value, or 1gM number depending on equipment to type, indicate in Digital imaging?
Do not resuscitate and do not intubate
What do the abbreviations DNR and DNI stand for?
The tungsten filament
What does #1 in this illustration represent?
The focusing cup (nickel or molybdenum)
What does #2 represent?
Patient dose, receptor exposure, quantity of image forming radiation
What does MAS control/regulate in digital imaging?
Modulation transfer function
What does the abbreviation MTF represent?
Region of interest
What does the abbreviation ROI refer to?
Values of interest
What does the abbreviation VOI represent?
Kidneys, ureters, and bladder
What does the abbreviation of KUB represent?
As Low As Reasonably Achievable
What does the acronym ALARA stand for?
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
What does the acronym HIPAA stand for?
Background radiation
What does the control badge measure?
Metformin/glucophage
What drug is most often used to treat non-insulin dependent diabetes?
Oxygen increases radiosensitivity
What effect does the presence of oxygen have on radiosensitivity?
The posterior fat pad
What elbow fat pad, usually unseen in a normal and accurately positioned lateral elbow, is often visible in the presence of pathology?
Double exposure
What exposure error is illustrated in the image here?
kV
What exposure factor regulates x-ray beam quality?
mA
What exposure factor regulates x-ray beam quantity?
kV
What exposure factor regulates x-ray photon wavelength and beam penetration?
Nasion
What external landmark corresponds to the nasofrontal suture?
Zygoma/malar
What facial bone is quadrilateral in a shape and has four processes: Frontosphenoidal, orbital, Temporal, and maxillary?
FOV/matrix size
What formula is used to determine pixel size?
PA (left) wrist and hand
What image is usually made to determine pediatric bone age?
Tube, heart, and IR alignment
What influences shape distortion?
OID & SID
What influences size distortion?
350 mSv (35 rem)
What is a 35-year-old radiation worker's lifetime cumulative effective dose limit?
One that is used for image interpretation
What is a primary display workstation?
Regional enteritis
What is another name for Crohn disease?
Supine
What is another term to describe dorsal recumbent?
Lateral recumbent
What is another term to describe lying on the left or right side?
Genetically significant dose (GSD)
What is defined as "the estimated dose to the gonads that, if received by the total population gene pool, would produce the total genetic on the population as the sum of the individual doses actually received?
Attenuation
What is defined as the reduction in intensity resulting from scattering and absorption processes?
LET (linear energy transfer)
What is described as a measure of the rate at which energy is transferred from ionizing radiation to soft tissue?
Electrons
What is emitted by the photocathode when it is struck by light photons emitted by the input phosphor?
Heat
What is most damaging to the x-ray tube?
Radiographic examination of the salivary gland's and their ducts
What is sialography?
300-400 rad (3-4 Gy)
What is the LD 50/30 for adult humans?
G-1 x-1 A-20
What is the Wr for GAMMA x ALPHA?
Lithium fluoride
What is the active ingredient in a thermoluminescent dosimeter?
Aluminum oxide (Al2O3)
What is the active ingredient in optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters?
0.1 rem/100 mrem/1 mSv
What is the annual effective dose (EfD) limit for radiography students participating in clinical education before the age of 18?
RAO; AP/LPO
What is the best position to demonstrate a barium filled pylorus and duodenum and sthetic patient? _______ to see double contrast of the pylorus and duodenum?
There is evidence of no rotation when the medial/sternal ends of the clavicle's are the same distance from the center of the vertebra
What is the best way to determine rotation of a PA just image?
MTF
What is the best way to express digital detector image resolution?
DNA
What is the cellular component having the greatest radiobiological signigicance?
DICOM (digital imaging and communications in medicine)
What is the common language that enables communication and exchange between image acquisition modalities, display stations, and storage?
HIS (Hospital information system)
What is the comprehensive integrated system that is designed to manage medical, administrative, financial, and legal aspects of hospitals?
ALARA (as low as reasonably acheivable)
What is the concept employed every day, with every examination, in order to achieve optimal radiation protection?
30°
What is the correct degree of obliquity used in intravenous urography?
Discontinue the medication for 48 hours before and 48 hours following the use of the contrast agent
What is the current recommendation for patients taking the medication metformin (Glucophage) who also require a radiologic examination using iodinated contrast media?
The AEC (automatic exposure control)
What is the device that automatically terminates the exposure once the IR has received the required radiation intensity/exposure?
ADC (analog to digital converter)
What is the device that converts PSL to an electronic signal for display?
Assault is the threat to touch another in an injurious way; battery is unlawful touching of another without consent
What is the difference between assault and battery?
Pixel shift
What is the digital imaging post processing function that can re-register an image to correct for patient motion during serial image acquisition?
Annotation
What is the digital imaging post processing function that enables addition of text to an image?
The peritoneum
What is the double walled serous membrane associated with the abdomen?
X-rays are electrically neutral
What is the electrical charge of an x-ray beam?
Positive
What is the electrical charge of the anode?
Veracity
What is the ethical term used to describe faithfulness or loyalty?
Nonmaleficence
What is the ethical term used to describe no evil, that is, our obligation not to inflict harm?
Autonomy
What is the ethical term used to describe self determination; our respect of the independence of others?
DAP ( dose area product)
What is the exposure indicator in digital (cassette less) systems?
Automatic exposure control (AEC)
What is the feature of most x-ray imaging systems that terminates the x-ray exposure once adequate exposure reaches the image receptor?
Cecum
What is the first, most proximal, portion of the large intestine?
ABC (automatic brightness control)
What is the fluoroscopic feature that changes kV and or mA according to part thickness?
To house and protect the PSP
What is the function of the image plate (IP)?
178 lines/in or 70 line/cm
What is the grid frequency recommended for CR?
HU = mA x time x kV
What is the heat unit (HU) formula?
The liver
What is the largest solid organ of the body that occupies the RUQ?
"The thing speaks for itself";"Let the master answer/respond"
What is the literal meaning of the doctrine res ipsa loquitur? The doctrine of respondeat superior?
At the collimator
What is the location of the DAP meter used in Digital imaging?
Acromion process
What is the long curved process that extends laterally above the head of the humerus?
Herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP)
What is the medical term for a slipped disc?
Laryngeal prominence
What is the medical term for the Adams apple?
Cholelithiasis
What is the medical term that describes condition of stones in the gallbladder?
Patient name/identification number, date, institution/office, and side marker
What is the minimum information legally required on every x-ray image?
Exposure field recognition error
What is the most common cause of histogram analysis errors?
Nasal cannula
What is the most common device used to deliver low concentrations and low flow of oxygen?
The foley catheter
What is the most common type of urinary catheter?
Scaphoid
What is the most commonly fractured carpal?
Good communication
What is the most effective means of reducing a voluntary motion?
Stronger
When transferring a patient from the wheelchair to the x-ray table/bed, the patient's _______ side should approach the x-ray table/bed first.
They emit light, photo stimulable luminescence (PSL)
When trapped PSP electrons are scanned by the laserbeam, in what form is electron energy released?
Reduce
When used correctly, digital imaging can significantly ________ patient dose.
Backup timer; patient; x-ray tube
When using AEC, the electronic (manual) timer acts as the _________ and should be set to 1.5 times the expected exposure time. This is done to protect the _________ and the __________.
150%
When using AEC, the radiographer should set the back up time to _______ of the total expected required exposure time
Mandibular rami, EAMs, sells turcica
When viewing a lateral skull radiograph, incorrect positioning caused by rotation is evidenced by what structure is not being superimposed?
Supra orbital margins/orbital plates, mandibular body
When viewing a lateral skull radiograph, incorrect positioning caused by the tilt is evidenced by what structures not being super imposed?
Legs are internally rotated 15 to 20°
Whenever possible, what maneuver is performed to place the femoral neck parallel to the IR for the AP projection of the hip?
At the end of the table
Where must the Bucky tray be placed during fluoroscopic examination?
Midway between the malleoli
Where should the CR be directed for the AP projection of the ankle?
1 inch medial to the elevated ASIS
Where should the CR directed for the LPO and RPO positions of the sacroiliac joints?
0.5 inches distal to the nasion; perpendicular to mid-zygoma
Where should the CR enter for a lateral projection of the nasal bones? For a lateral projection of the facial bones?
Perpendicular to the first MCP (metacarpal phalangeal joint)
Where should the CR enter for an AP projection of the first digit?
1 inch inferior to the coracoid process
Where should the CR enter for an AP projection of the glenohumeral/shoulder joint?
In a radiation-free area
Where should the control badge be kept?
In the lower 1/3 of the orbits
Where should the petrous pyramid be projected in the PA axial projection (caldwell method) of the skull using a 15° caudal tube angle?
Within the orbits
Where should the petrous pyramids be projected in the PA projection of the skull with the OML perpendicular to the IR?
Under the lead apron, at the waist level
Where/how should a fetal personal radiation monitor be worn?
At collar level, facing forward
Where/how should a typical personal radiation monitor be worn?
Compton scatter and photoelectric effect
Which are the two interactions between x-ray photons and tissue cells that occur most often?
Skeletal system
Which body system functions to permit movement, produce blood cells (hematopoiesis), support and protect body organs, and store calcium?
Urinary/excretory system
Which body system functions to regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, eliminate some body wastes, and regulate the chemical composition of the blood?
Respiratory system
Which body system supplies oxygen to the blood and eliminates carbon dioxide from the blood?
C1/ Atlas; C7/Vertebral prominence
Which cervical vertebra has nobody and no spinous process? Which has an extra long spinous process?
An increase in exposure
Which change in exposure is required when using iodine or barium contrast agents?
K characteristic x-rays
Which characteristic x-rays of tungsten are the only x-rays that are useful for diagnostic purposes?
The nickel (Ni) or molybdenum (Mo) focusing cup
Which device functions to direct the electrons toward the anode's focal spot?
Higher on the right because of the large liver below it
Which hemidiaphragm is higher and why?
Photoelectric effect
Which interaction between x-ray photons and matte involves the greatest patient dose?
Photoelectric effect
Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter involves a low energy (low kV) incident photon?
Compton scatter
Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter involves a recoil electron?
Compton scatter
Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter involves an outer shell electron and only partial transfer of energy?
Compton scatter
Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter involves most potential radiation hazard to personnel?
Photoelectric effect
Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter is more likely to produce short-scale contrast?
Compton scatter
Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter is most damaging to the diagnostic image?
Photoelectric effect
Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter is most likely to occur in high-density tissues like bone?
Coherent scatter/unmodified scatter
Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter occurs least often and is the only interaction that does not cause ionization?
Photoelectric effect
Which interaction between x-ray photons in matter produces a characteristic ray?
Mandible
Which is the largest and only movable facial bone?
OSL
Which is the most accurate personal dosimeter?
Mucosa
Which layer of stomach tissue forms folds called rugae?
The fifth metatarsal
Which metatarsal has a large tuberosity, commonly subject to trauma?
Number 1
Which number illustrates the use of the default mode?
Number 8
Which number in the illustration identifies the output phosphor?
Number 4
Which number in the illustration identifies the photocathode?
Number five
Which number in the illustration showing indicates the electrostatic focusing lens?
Number two
Which number in the illustration shown refers to the magnification mode?
CCD
Which of the above two devices (TV camera and CCD) has greater sensitivity to light and provides a higher SNR (Signal to noise ratio) and improved contrast resolution?
Alpha
Which of the following ionizing radiations has the highest LET? ALPHA BETA GAMMA
Equalization
Which of the following post processing functions says to address under/over exposed areas, giving the image and overall appearance of lower contrast?
Retrograde urography, retrograde cystography
Which of the following radiologic examinations do/does not demonstrate function? Excretory urography, retrograde urography, voiding cystourography, retrograde cystography
Optically stimulated luminescent dosimeter
Which of the following three types of personnel radiation monitoring devices is most sensitive? Thermoluminescent dosimeter Optically stimulated luminescent dosimeter Film badge
Photoelectric effect
Which of the major attractions between x-ray photons and tissue cells results in total absorption of the incident photon?
Photoelectric effect
Which of the major interactions between x-ray photons and tissue cells is a major contributor to patient dose?
Photoelectric effect
Which of the major interactions between x-ray photons and tissue cells is most likely to occur with tissues having high atomic number?
Compton scatter
Which of the major interactions between x-ray photons and tissue cells is responsible for scattered radiation fog?
Compton scatter
Which of the major interactions between x-ray photons and tissue cells occurs with high-energy photons?
Compton scatter
Which of the major interactions between x-ray photons and tissue cells poses a radiation hazard to personnel?
Compton scatter
Which of the major interactions between x-ray photons and tissue cells predominates in the diagnostic x-ray range?
Annotation
Which of the post processing functions allows text to be added to the image?
Image inversion
Which of the post processing functions permits changing of the image from negative to positive?
Edge enhancement
Which of the post processing functions serves to increase contrast along image borders?
Smoothing
Which of the postprocessing functions serves to suppress image noise?
X-rays
Which of the three electromagnetic radiations is most likely to be considered ionizing?
Hematological
Which of the three types of acute radiation syndrome requires the least amount of ionizing radiation dose to occur?
Bremsstrahlung
Which of the two x-ray production processes predominates?
Epinephrine/Adrenalin Ephedrine/Isuprel Norepinephrine bitartrate/Levophed
Which of these drugs have adrenergic/vasoconstrictor effects: Epinephrine/Adrenalin Ephedrine/Isuprel Hydrocodone/Vicodin Norepinephrine bitartrate/Levophed Meperidine/Demerol
Figure D
Which of these figures illustrates the asthenic body habitus?
Code of Ethics; Rules of Ethics
Which part of the ARRT Standards of Ethics is aspirational? Which part is enforceable?
The center cell
Which photo cell should be selected for the typical lateral chest projection?
Gy (gray)
Which portion of the effective dose equation represents absorbed dose?
Wt
Which portion of the effective dose equation represents the degree of radiosensitivity of the irradiated organ/tissue?
Wr
Which portion of the effective dose equation represents the ionizing capability of the irradiating photon?
The pharynx (specifically, the oropharynx)
Which portion of the respiratory system is also common to the digestive system?
Jejunum
Which portion of the small intestine has a feather in appearance when filled with barium?
Lateral
Which position will demonstrate cervical zygapophyseal joints to best advantage?
Lateral
Which position will demonstrate lumbar intervertebral foramina?
Lateral in flexion and extension
Which positions is/are recommended to demonstrate a degree of cervical anterior/posterior movement?
RAO and LAO
Which positions will demonstrate cervical intravertebral foramina closest to the image receptor?
RPO and LPO
Which positions will demonstrate lumbar zygapophyseal articulations closest to the image receptor?
The fixer solution
Which processing solution is closely related to film archival quality?
Lateral
Which projection of the digits will best demonstrate forward/backward fracture displacement?
AP projection
Which projection of the toes should demonstrate no overlapping of soft tissue?
Anatomically programmed radiography (APR)
Which system uses pre-programmed sets of exposure factors available for selection by the radiographer?
Navicular; cuboid
Which tarsal lies immediately anterior to the talus and immediately anterior to the calcaneus?
rad
Which traditional unit of measure is described as equivalent to 100 ergs/g of irradiated material?
RPO & LAO
Which two oblique positions could be used to demonstrate the right posterior ribs?
Hypersthenic
Which type of body habitus is likely to have a high, transverse stomach?
Hypersthenic
Which type of body habitus is likely to have a short and wide lung area?
Hyposthenic; asthenic
Which type of body habitus is likely to have redundant bowel loops?
Positive contrast agents
Which type of contrast agent produces increased brightness in tissue?
Pocket dosimeter
Which type of dosimeter may be used to obtain an immediate reading?
Mucus
Which type of membrane lines body cavities that open to the exterior?
The RSO (radiation safety officer)
Who is the individual that receives and reviews personnel monitoring reports to ensure radiation safety compliance?
1 year old child
Who of the following is likely to be the most radiosensitive? 1 year old child 20 year old young adult 50 year old adult
To reduce the amount of off-focus/stem radiation exiting the x-ray tube
Why are the uppermost collimator shutters placed as close as possible to the x-ray tube port window?
To be available for a wide variety of anatomic parts to be imaged
Why are there many preestablished, programmed histograms available in digital x-ray equipment?
To blur out ribs and pulmonary vascular markings
Why is breathing technique useful for the lateral projection of the thoracic spine?
It reduces patient anxiety, increases cooperation, and results in a better examination
Why is it important to clearly explain the procedure to the patient?
To avoid the background radiation artifacts
Why is it important to erase and IP but has not been used for 48 hours, or if there is any question about when it was last erased?
If the part is not accurately centered to the appropriate detector, over or under exposure is unlikely to occur
Why is part positioning/centering is so critical when using AEC?
Because of automatic rescaling
Why is the CR image not over exposed?
To project the sternum superimposed on the heart shadow, for uniform density/brightness
Why is the RAO the recommended oblique in sternum radiography?
To remove any residual image, ghost image, on a subsequent images
Why must image plates be erased after use?
Signal loss (image fading) becomes apparent after approximately eight hours
Why should PSP's be processed and read soon after exposure?
To reduce dose to radiosensitive organs (breast, thyroid, reproductive organs)
Why should a scoliosis series be performed in the PA rather than AP projection?
To superimpose the femoral condyle's
Why should the CR be directed 5 to 7° cephalic in the lateral projection of the knee?
To remove the scapula from the lung fields
Wireless the shoulders be rolled forward for APA projection of the chest?
Exposure reproducibility
With a selected mA, exposure time, and KVP, repeated exposures should produce identical radiation output; this is called __________.
Compton scatter occurs most frequently
With what frequency does this interaction occur in comparison to other types of interactions between x-ray photons and matter?
Occipital condyle's; occipitoatlantal articulation
With what structures do the superior articular facets of the Atlas/C1 articulate? What is the name of the articulation?
Body and transverse processes
With what two thoracic vertebra structures do the ribs articulate?
Off-focus or stem radiation
X- Ray photons produced when projectile electrons interact with structures other than the focal spot are termed __________.
100%
X-ray equipment operated by single-phase power produces what percentage voltage ripple?
4% ripple
X-ray equipment operated by three-phase 12-pulse power produces what percentage voltage ripple?
Arthrography
X-ray imaging of bony articulations, and their soft tissue structures, using positive and/or negative contrast agents is termed
Physiological
X-rays have a/an ________ effect on living tissue.
Penetrating
X-rays have a/an _________ effect on all matter.
Aseptic
_______ technique is used to prevent the spread of pathogens and protect the patient from infection.
Precise/close; histogram analysis
__________ collimating should always be used with digital systems because excessive scattered causes __________ errors
REM
rad x QF =
38 cm (15 in)
The SSD in stationary fluoroscopy must be at least _______.
Visual appraisal or monitor image geometric distortion
The TG 18-QC test pattern is used for ________.
Left
The _______ kidney is narrower, longer, and in a higher/more superior position in the body then the opposite kidney.
Proximal; pronated
The _______ portion of the radius and ulna are superimposed when they hand is ________
Hospital information system
The abbreviation HIS refers to
Fibrillation
The abnormal quivering of cardiac muscle fibers, instead of contraction, is termed ______.
Radiation absorbed dose
The acronym rad refers to _______.
Radiation equivalent man
The acronym rem refers to ________.
206
The adults skeleton consists of _______ bones
Moiré effect
The aliasing artifact, occasionally seen in digital imaging, is sometimes called
Type of ionizing radiation, atomic number of tissue, mass density of tissue, and energy of the radiation.
The amount of energy deposited and resulting possible biologic damage are related on what four factors?
Beneath the coracoid process
The anterior oblique position, scapular Y method, anterior dislocation is demonstrated when the humeral head is seen
S1-2
The anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) is at what vertebral level?
The atlantoaxial joint/articulation; diarthrodial
The articulation between C1 and C2 is termed ________ and is classified as a ________ joint
Intervertebral articulation/joint; intervertebral disks; amphiarthrodial
The articulation between two vertebral bodies is called ________; it's occupied by the _______, and is classified as a ________ joint.
Carpometacarpal articulations/joints
The articulations between the wrist bones and the bones of the palm are termed the
Middle ear; nasopharynx
The auditory/eustachian tube connects the ______ with the______.
Skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum
The axial skeleton consists of
Oblique
The axillary aspect of ribs is best demonstrated in the ________ position
The diaphragm
The base of each long rest on what muscle?
Molybdenum (Mo) or graphic disk; tungsten and rhenium (Re) alloy
The body of the anode is made of ________ and its focal track is made of ________.
Center of the pelvis (sacral level); lower; broader/wider
The body's center of gravity in the upright position is the _______; the body's stability is increased, and muscle strain decreased, with a ________ center of gravity and _______ base of support.
Contact/cortical; spongy/cancellous
The body/shaft of a long bone is mostly made of type of _________ tissue, while the extremities of long bones are typically made of ________ tissue
Acetabulum
The bones of the pelvis unite to form a socket from the femoral head called the
Metacarpals; phalanges
The bones that form the palm of the hand are called the _______; that form the digits are called the _______
25 to 30° to the long axis of the hand
The carpal Canal/tunnel, tangential inferiosuperior, projection of the wrist requires a CR angulation of how many degrees and in what direction?
AP, hip
The centering point 2.5 inches distal and perpendicular to the midpoint of a line between the ASIS and pubic symphysis identifies correct centering for _______projection of the _______.
90°
The cervical zygapophyseal articulations are ______ degrees to the MSP
Hepatopancreatic ampulla of Vader; descending duodenum
The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct unite to form the short ________ duct that opens into the ________
Bennett fracture
The common fracture located on the base of the first metacarpal is called a/an _______ fracture
Intussuception
The condition characterized by telescoping of a portion of bowel into an adjacent portion is termed
Perichondrium
The membraneous covering of cartilage is termed
Periosteum
The membranous covering of the bone is termed
Anaphylactic
The most serious type of contrast media reaction is ________ shock.
Haustra
The muscular taeniae coli pulls the large intestine into pouches called
120°; anteriorly
The neck of the femur forms a _______ degree angle with its body/shaft. In what direction the femoral neck also projects 15° to 20°?
Sinus rhythm
The normal ECG waveform is termed _______.
Parallel; 15°; affected (side being examined)
The oblique inferiosuperior (tangential) projection of the zygomatic arches requires that the IOML be ______ to the IR, and that the head be rotated ________ degrees toward the ______ side.
Negligence
The omission or failure to take reasonable care or caution is termed _______.
Frontal bone, ethmoid bone, maxillae, sphenoid bone; sphenoid
The paranasal sinuses lie in which cranial bones? Which is the most posterior paranasal sinus?
Sagittal
The parietal bones meet midline to form what suture?
Sphenoid
The parietocanthial trans oral projection (open mouth waters method) demonstrates the _______ sinuses through the open mouth.
Decrease
The pathologic condition shown in this image is likely to require a/an (increase/decrease) and exposure factors
Sphenoid bone
The pituitary gland/hypophyseal gland is seated in which cranial bone?
Scapula
The posterior oblique position, Grashey method, of the shoulder requires that the part be rotated so that the _______ of the affected side is parallel to the IR
Ischium
The posterior portion of the acetabulum is formed body
Condyloid process
The process extending superiorly and posteriorly from the ramus of the mandible is the
Rectification
The process of converting alternating current to undirectional pulsating current/direct current is called ________.
Coronoid process
The process of extending superiorly and anteriorly from the ramus of the mandible is the
Teleradiology
The process of transmitting images remotely, and viewing remote images is termed __________.
Exposure rate x exposure time = total exposure
The product of what two factors equals total exposure?
Scaphoid
The radiocarpal joint is the articulation between the radius and which carpal?
Vignetting
The reduction in a brightness around the periphery of the fluoroscopic image is termed __________.
Look up tables (LUTs)
The representation of a reference luminance values that assess input intensities and assign predetermined VOI (values of interest/grayscale values) describes
Carina
The ridge located at the bifurcation of the trachea is termed the
Joint effusion/Radial head fracture
The sail sign or Spinnaker sail sign saying in a lateral elbow radiograph indicates a/in
Mediastinum; thymus gland, heart and great vessels, trachea, and esophagus
The space between the right and left lungs is termed the _______, and is occupied by what structures?
Intercostal
The spaces between the ribs, occupied by two sets of muscles, are termed _______ spaces
The induction motor
The stator and the rotor are the two parts of which device?
Europium activated barium fluorohalide (BaFl:Eu)
The storage screens typically used in CR contain what type of a phosphor material?
Obturator foramen
The superior and inferior rami of the ilium and ischium unite to form the
T2-3
The suprasternal/jugular notch is it what vertebral level?
Squamosal suture
The suture formed by the temporal and the parietal bone is the
Synarthrodial/immovable/fibrous
The sutures of the skull are the _______ type of joint/articulation - provide all three terms that can be used to describe this articulation
The arm adjacent to the IR
The swimmers position of the cervicothoracic area requires which arm to be elevated?
A lateral of the cervicothoracic area
The swimmers position/Twining method of the cervical spine is used to demonstrate
Urinary bladder and urethra
The term cystourethrography refers to radiologic examination of what structures?
Alkaline, acid
In x-ray film processing, what type of solution is the developer; the fixer?
Deterministic
Nonstochastic effects may also be referred to as _________ effecsts.
Air gap
A/an ________ technique can function similar to, or in place of, a low ratio grid when distance is introduced between the patient/part and the image receptor.
Ascites; pneumoperitoneum
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity is termed _________; abnormal accumulation of air is termed ________
Kyphosis
Abnormal or exaggerated convex curvature of the spine is termed
Scoliosis
Abnormal or exaggerated lateral curvature of the spine is termed
mGya (milligray in air)
According to CFR, Title 21, for continued awareness of patient exposure during fluoroscopic procedures, cumulative air kerma is displayed in what unit of measure?
0.5 mm Pb equivalent
According to NCRP #102, what is the minimum lead equivalent for lead aprons?
Intravertebral foramina
Adjacent vertebral notch is formed the
Ventral decubitus, lateral rectum
During double contrast BE, what projection may be used to demonstrate the posterior wall of the rectum?
The LUT (lookup table)
During image processing, what determines the number is assigned to pixel values resulting in brightness and contrast changes?
AP or PA axial
During radiographic examination of the large bowel, what projection is used to open up the sigmoid colon?
Greater
Because the primary x-ray beam is polyenergetic, the entrance dose is often significantly _______ than the exit dose.
Cathartics
Bisacodyl and citrate of magnesia are examples of ________.
Ventricular systole
Blood pressure in vessels is highest during what phase of the heart cycle?
Hypertension
Blood pressure reading consistently above 140/90 are termed ________.
Over/in line with
Body stability is maintained when its center of gravity is ________ its base of support.
Sesamoids
Bones formed in tendons, often near articulations, are called
Rectifiers
Electronic devices found in the x-ray circuit that allow current to flow in only one direction are called _________.
1/10th of the dose equivalent limit
CFR states that radiation monitoring must be provided for occupationally exposed individuals who are likely to receive more than __________.
100 compressions per minute
CPR compression should be delivered at a rate of about ________.
Fog from environmental resources
CR artifacts that appear as random small black spots are usually representative of
Photostimulable luminescence (PSL)
Certain materials emit light when they are exposed to another type of light. This characteristic is called ________.
45°; 15 to 20°
Cervical intravertebral foramina are _______ degrees to the MSP and ______ degrees to a transverse plane
Increase
Changing from nongrid to grid procedure will require a/an _______ in patient exposure.
Linear
Compared to the H & D/characteristic curve typical of film immersion, the digital image has a _________ response to x-ray exposure
Thin film transistor (TFT) detector element (DEL) size
Direct digital (cassetteless) systems have a fixed spatial resolution that is determined by
In a red bag or special container marked with biohazard symbol
Disposable materials wet with contaminated blood or body fluids should be placed ________.
Ilium, ischium, and pubis
Each innominate bone is made up of three bones: The ________, _________, _________
Perpendicular
Do you lateral projection of the humerus or elbow requires that the epicondyles be _______ to the IR
90°
Do you thoracic enter vertebral foramina are ______ to the MSP?
Renal
Elevated creatinine levels are most often seen in patients with compromised _______ function.
Short
During C-arm fluoroscopic procedures, the patient-to-image intensifier distance should be as ______ as possible to reduce patient entrance dose.
Radiographic
During DF, the (under table) x-ray tube operates in the ________ mode.
Common bile duct
During ERCP, contrast material is injected into the
Brachial
During blood pressure measurement, the cuff needs to be inflated enough to collapse the _______ artery.
Systolic
During blood pressure measurement, the first sound heard upon very slow opening of the bulb pump valve is the ________ pressure.
AP medial oblique
Cuboidal articulations and the sinus tarsi are well visualized in which projection of the foot?
Transverse colon
During double contrast BE, what part of the large intestine is likely to be filled with barium in the PA recumbent projection?
Transverse colon
During double contrast BE, what part of this large intestine is likely to be filled with air in the AP recumbent projection?
Left lateral decubitus position
During double contrast BE, what position will best demonstrate the lateral wall of ascending colon and medial wall of these descending colon?
Perpendicular
DPA axial projection of the intercondylar Fossa requires that the CR be directed _______ to the long axis of the tibia
Frontal and ethmoid
DPA projection, utilizing a 15° OML adjustment from the horizontal, is used to demonstrate which sinus groups?
Low energy and low LET
Describe the energy and LET of occupational radiation.
Vasovagal
Diaphoresis, hypotension, and bradycardia are symptoms of a _______ type of allergic reaction to contrast media.
Directly proportional
Did you get receptor exposure is _________ to the selected mAs
Inversely proportional to the square of
Did you receptor exposure is ______ the selected SID
More/significantly more
Digital imaging systems are ________sensitive to scattered radiation then film emulsion
Esophageal varices; dysphagia
Dilation of the esophageal veins, often seen in acute liver disease, is termed ________; the term used to describe difficulty in swallowing is ________.
The intensity of scatter 1 m from the patient is about 1/10% (1/1000th) of the useful beam.
How does the intensity of scattered radiation 1 m from the patient compare to the intensity of the useful beam at the patient's skin?
Digital detectors are far more sensitive to environmental, background, scatter, and off focus radiation
How does the sensitivity of digital detectors compare to the sensitivity of x-ray film?
With three-phase power, the applied voltage never drops to zero; it is nearly constant potential.
How does the voltage applied to the x-ray tube differ between single-phase and three-phase power?
The smaller the DEL size, the better the spatial resolution
How is TFT DEL size related to spatial resolution in cassetteless digital imaging?
Shorter wavelength= higher frequency, higher energy, increased ionization potential
How is a shorter wavelength photon associated with: frequency, energy, ionizing potential?
Faster-speed systems reduce required exposure
How is imaging system speed related to patient exposure?
Increased MA equals increased SNR
How is increased MA likely to affect SNR?
Patient ESE increases as SSD is decreased
How is patient entrance skin exposure (ESE) affected as fluoroscopic SSD is decreased?
As receptor exposure (quantity of x-ray photons) decreases, the likelihood of quantum noise increases
How is receptor exposure related to quantum mottle/noise?
Electromagnetic radiation is inversely related to the square of the distance from its source
How is the intensity of electromagnetic radiation related to distance?
Feelings of intimidation and increased anxiety
How is the patient likely to respond to a complicated explanation laden with technical jargon?
CCDs provide high special resolution, high SNR, high DQE, and lower patient dose
How is the use of a CCDs related to spatial resolution, SNR, DQE, and patient dose?
X-ray intensity increases toward the cathode end of the beam
How is x-ray beam intensity impacted by the anode heel effect?
30 to 35° cephalic. Number one: transverse process L5, number two: sacroiliac joint, number three: L5/S1 articulation, number four: sacral foramina
How many degrees, and in what direction, is the x-ray tube directed for this image? Identify the anatomy indicated in this image.
One
How many doses of injectable medication are contained in an ampoule?
Right lung has three; left lung has to
How many loads does each long have
30 to 40° cephalic
How much and then what direction should be CR be directed for an AP axial projection of the sigmoid colon?
10 kV
How much kV reduction can be expected using three-phase equipment compared to single-phase equipment?
2.5 mm aluminum equivalent
How much total filtration is required for equipment operating above 70 kV?
Back-to-back
How must OR persons in sterile gowns and gloves pass each other?
10 posterior ribs should be visualized above the diaphragm
How should a PA chest be evaluated for adequate inspiration?
Outside the lead apron
How should a typical personal radiation monitor be worn with respect to a lead apron?
Short exposure time with high MA should be used
How should technical factors be adjusted in pediatric radiography to minimize possible motion?
Weight bearing
How should the foot be examined in order to demonstrate the longitudinal arch and ligament injuries?
In a simple, clear, and direct manner, without the use of elaborate medical terminology
How should the radiographer explain the examination to the patient?
A line from the lower margin of the upper incisors to the base of the skull/mastoid tip should be perpendicular to the IR
How should the videographer adjust flexion of the head for the AP/open mouth projection?
Noisy/quantum model/graininess
How will resultant image appear if there are too few x-ray photons reaching the digital image receptor?
In a call drop place, away from ionizing radiation, with appropriate dark room safelight, and stored in a vertical position (not stacked horizontally)
How's your boxes of unexposed radiographic film be stored?
They must be radiographed or a fluoroscoped annually to ensure that no holes, crocs, or other defects are present
How/when our lead protective apparel such as aprons, gloves, thyroid shield, and go now chilled determined to meet quality control standards?
From inclusion of scatter and all focus radiation outside the VOI area, often as a result of improper alignment of part, x-ray beam, and IP
How/why do you exposure field recognition errors usually occur?
Number one: scapular notch, number two: coracoid process, number three: acromion process, number four: humerus, number five: axillary/lateral border
Identified the numbered anatomical parts in the illustration seen here
Expiration
Images of the abdomen are most generally exposed upon what phase of respiration?
Number 1: 12 rib (Right side), number two: spinous process, number three: L2-L3 intravertebral disc space, number four: L3 transverse process, number four: psoas muscle. Angle the x-ray tube 30° to 35° cephalic
Identify the anatomy indicated in this image. How can they interspace to be between L5-S1 be better visualized?
Femoral neck; IR
Identify the items below that must be parallel to each other when performing an axial lateral projection (horizontal beam lateral) of the hip: femoral neck, IR, CR
Number one: clavicle, number two: acromion process, number three: greater tubercle/tuberosity, number four: glenoid fossa, number five: coracoid process
Identify the labeled anatomic parts seen in this image
Number one: clavicle, number two: head of humorous, number three: scapula
Identify the labeled in atomic parts seen in this image
1 radial tuberosity, 2 neck of radius, 3 head of radius, 4 proximal radioulnar joint, 5 Radius, 6 ulna, 7 base of the fifth metacarpal, 8 lunate, 9 styloid process of ulna, 10 head of ulna, 11 scaphoid, 12 radial styloid process
Identify the labeled parts one through 12 seen in this image
Number one: olecranon fossa, number two: capitulum, number three: Radial head, number four: coronoid process
Identify the labeled structures in this image
Number one: sacral promontory, number two: greater sciatic notchess, number three: coccyx
Identify the number and atomic parts in the image here.
Number one: lateral femoral epicondyle, number two: head of fibula, number three: intercondylar eminence, number four: medial tibial condyle
Identify the number of anatomical structures in this image
Number one: distal inter-phalangeal joint of second digit, number two: sesamoid bone, number three: base of first metacarpal, number four: heard of fifth metacarpal; number three: articulates with the trapezoid
Identify the number to structures in this image; with what bone does number three articulate?
Number one: scaphoid(Note fracture), number two: hamate, number three: triquetrium, number four: ulnar styloid process
Identify the numbered anatomical structures in this image
Number oneColin metatarsal phalangeal joint, number two:3rd cuneiform, number three: navicular, number four: base of metatarsal, number five: cuboid
Identify the numbered anatomical structures in this image
Five line pairs per millimeter (Nyquist equals 0.5 pixel pitch in millimeters)
If a 0.050 mm pixel pitch yields a Nyquist of 10 line pairs per millimeter, a 0.100 mm pixel pitch will yield a Nyquist of
Overexposed
If a PA chest was performed with the center detectors selected, the resulting image is likely to be
Aliasing/Moiré effect
If a grid is used in CR has a frequency similar to the CR processors of scan frequency, what type of artifact can result?
Underexposed
If a lateral lumbar spine were performed with the center detector selected and the spinous process is centered to the sensor, the resulting image is likely to be
Unsterile
If in doubt about the sterility of an object, it should be considered _______.
0.225 mR
If patient entrance skin exposure (ESE) is 225 mR for a particular projection, what will be the intensity of scatter 1 m from the patient?
Median nerve; carpal tunnel syndrome
If the AP diameter of the concave purple arrangement is diminished, the ________ nerve is impinged upon; this condition is called _________
The chin should be depressed/more flexion is needed
If the base of the skull and Odontoid process are superimposed in the open mouth projection, how should the positioning and be adjusted?
5° caudal
If the distance between the ASIS & table top is less than 19 cm, what tube angle should be employed for the AP projection of the knee?
5° caudal
If the lower lumbar spine is not a supported it so as to be parallel to the IR in the lateral position, the CR should be angled how much and what direction?
The chin should be extended/elevated further
If the patriots pyramids are seen as superimposed on the anterior aspect of the maxillary sinuses in the parietocanthial projection, what changes in position is necessary?
0.2325 mGya (23.25 mR)
If the radiographer is exposed to 0.93 mGya/h (93 mR/h), what will be the total occupational exposure after 15 minutes?
Postoperative/T tube cholangiogram
If the surgeon suspects residual biliary stones during cholecystectomy, a catheter can be inserted into the common bile duct with one and extending outside of the body; the patient can later come to the radiology department to rule out biliary stones with what radiologic examination?
More extension is needed/chin moved up
If the teeth were obscuring the odontoid process in the open mouth position, how should skull positioning be adjusted?
Lower/more inferior
Images made during the latter part of a small bowel series require the CR point of entry is ________ than images made during the first part of the examination
Radial head
Images made of the elbow in the lateral position with the hand in external rotation, lateral position, pronation, and internal rotation are done to demonstrate what structure?
The recommended exposure range — expressed as S number, EI value, 1gM number, dependent on equipment type
In ( cassette based) CR, what is used to express an acceptable exposure level to the PSP?
Decreased OID, increased resolution, decreased scatter radiation
In C-arm imaging, for what three reasons is it always recommended that the image intensifier be placed above the patient?
X-ray tube positioned above the patient increases exposure to the operator
In C-arm imaging, which position of the x-ray tube increases exposure to the eyes, head, and neck areas of the operator?
Image saturation
In CR, beyond a certain exposure level, a large number of pixels reach maximum digital value resulting in loss of detail of visibility. This defines
Over exposure of the PSP
In CR, what does the term saturation refer?
Interrogation time
In DF, what is the term used to describe the time required for the x-ray tube to be switched on and reach the selected factors?
Extinction time
In DF, what is the term used to describe the time required for the x-ray tube to terminate its exposure?
The petrous pyramid should be projected below the maxillary sinuses
In a correctly positioned parietocanthial projection (Waters method), where should the petrous pyramids be seen with respect to the maxillary sinuses?
Under the x-ray table
In a general purpose x-ray room, the fluoroscopy tube will usually be located _________.
Less than
In a step-up transformer, the secondary current is ________ the primary current?
As matrix size increases, pixel size decreases
In diagnostic imaging, how are pixel size and matrix size related?
Smaller
In digital systems, pixel pitch is related to spatial resolution. The _______ the pixel pitch, the better the spatial resolution.
Be certain to include the joint nearest the injury/pathology or make two images: one from the hip down, the other from the knee up
In femur radiography, if both femoral articulations cannot be recorded on one IP, how should the radiographer proceed?
Increased film speed equals higher/shorter scale contrast
In film/screen imaging, fast film speed is likely to produce what kind of image contrast?
In a cool, dry place
In film/screen imaging, under what general environment conditions should boxes of film be stored?
Increased speed equals increased image density
In film/screen imaging, what impact does intensifying screen speed have an image density?
To maintain good detail, any area of poor contrast results in considerable blurriness/loss of recorded detail
In film/screen imaging, why is perfect film/screen contrast essential?
Diagonal
In order to demonstrate both the ankle and knee joints on an examination of the lower leg, the IR is often placed ________ to the long axis of the lower leg
Positioning; centering of CR
In order to produce predictable and accurate results, AECs require precise ________ and ________.
In abduction
In order to visualize a larger portion of the scapula in the AP projection, the arm should be placed
Both; nearest the site of the injury
In radiography of long bones, every effort should be made to include __________ articulation associated with the injured bone, but it is essential to include at least the articulation _________
Fundus
In the AP recumbent position of the stomach, barium will be seen in the
Increase the speed equals decreased image recorded detail
In the film/screen imaging, what impact does intensifying screen speed have on image recorded detail?
Red: fire; Silver: weapon or hostage situation; Blue: cardiac or respiratory arrest
In the standardized emergency code communication, to what do the following color codenames refer? Red; silver; blue
With a longer SIDs, with smaller IRs, and with x-ray tubes having a greater anode angles
In what are three ways can the anode heel effect be deemphasized?
Horizontal beam/cross table lateral. Number one: posterior arch of C1, number two: body of C2, number three: C3-C4 zygopohyseal joint, number four: C4-C5 disc interspace, number five: body of C5
In what position was this image most likely made? Identify the anatomic parts labeled in this image.
RAO sternum; low mA with lengthened exposure time (breathing technique)
In what position was this image obtained? What kind of MA and time combination was probably employed?
Use of beam restriction and appropriate level kV
In what two ways can we reduce the production of scattered radiation?
They emit some light, and they store some energy as the latent image
In what two ways do the PSPs europium activated barium fluorohalide phosphors react when stimulated by x-ray exposure?
Capacitor/condenser discharge mobile units
In what type of mobile x-ray equipment does the kV decrease during exposure?
lp/mm
In what unit is this quality measured (image quality)?
Needle recapping must be avoided; if recapping is required, "one-handed scoop" technique should be used.
In what ways are needlestick injuries avoided?
FPDF
In which of the above systems are pixels less likely to be distorted? (FPDF and traditional image intensified fluoroscopy)
The first trimester
In which portion of pregnancy is the embryo/fetus most radiosensitive?
Medial/internal oblique
In which projection of the elbow should the coronoid process be viewed in profile?
Perforated ulcer, obstruction; iodine sensitivity, dehydration
List some diagnosis that would indicate use of water soluble iodinated contrast agent for UGI or BE exams. What are some contraindications to the use of water soluble iodinated contrast agents?
Pig o stat, papoose board, sheet wrap (mummifying), sandbags, compression band, stockinette, tape, radiolucent sponges, etc.
List some examples of immobilization device is, techniques, and equipment used in pediatric radiography
Sternoclavicular, sternochondral, costochondral, costovertebral, and costotransverse
List the five articulations of the thorax
Gonads, lungs, liver, skin
List the following in order of decreasing radiosensitivity: skin, lungs, gonads, liver
Mucosa, submucosa, muscular, serosa
List the four layers of G.I. tissue, from inner to outer
Parotid gland/Stensen's duct (parotid duct) Submandibular gland/Wharton's duct (submandibular duct) Sublingual ducts/ducts of Rivinus (the largest is Bartholin's duct)
List the salivary gland's and their associated ducts
Anode, cathode, and vacuum glass envelope
List the three fundamental parts of the typical diagnostic x-ray tube.
Fundus, body, pylorus; duodenum, jejunum, ileum
List the three parts of the stomach; of the small intestine?
Trauma radiography, bedside radiography, and surgical radiography
List three common uses of a mobile/portable x-ray equipment
Hematological, gastrointestinal, and CNS (central nervous system)
List three major types of acute radiation syndrome.
Collimators, cones, and aperture diaphragms
List three types of beam restrictions.
Cones (cylinder and flare), collimators, and aperture diaphragms
List three types of beam restrictors.
Lead aprons, lead gloves, and thyroid shields
List three types of protective apparel for personnel.
To conduct heat away from the anode, and for insulation
List two reasons why x-ray tubes are surrounded with oil.
Limb length differences between left and right sides
Long bone measurement examinations are usually performed to detect
Abduction
Mediolateral frog-leg projections of the hip require femur _______ of 40° to 45°
Pathogens/pathogenic organisms
Microorganisms capable of causing disease are called _______.
Total brightness gain
Minification gain x flux gain =
Stroke (especially), and any other difficulty swallowing conditions
Modified barium swallow examinations are particularly useful for patients who have suffered from what incident?
Silicon
Most solid-state diode rectifiers are made of what semiconductor material?
Synarthrodial, fibrous, and immovable Amphiarthrodial,, cartilaginous, and partially moveable Diarthrodial, synovial, and freely movable
Name and briefly describe the three classifications of joints/articulations
Contaminated water, food, blood, drugs
Name some examples of vehicles of infection.
Malleus, incus, stapes
Name the bony structures of the middle ear from lateral to medial
Two parietal bones, two temporal bones; one mandible, one vomer
Name the pairs of cranial bones. Name the unpaired facial bones.
Mastoid process, zygomatic process, styloid process
Name the three processes of the temporal bone
Battery operated and capacitor discharge
Name the two most common types of mobile/portable x-ray equipment
Annulus fibrosus (out of portion) in nucleus pulposus ( inner portion)
Name the two parts, outer and inner, of the intravertebral disc
Lower
Nonionic contrast agents have a ________ osmolality that ionic agents.
Bring chain down enough to line up lower edge of maxillary incisors with base of skull/mastoid tip and rotate head to place MSP perpendicular to IR. Number one: maxillary incisors, number two: Lateral mass of C1, number three: atlantoaxial articulation, number four: body of C2, number five: base of skull
Referring to this image, what two positioning changes should be made? Identify the anatomy indicated in this image.
In the front from waist up and the sleeves
Regarding sterile technique, where are gown considered sterile?
600
Regulations require that AEC's have a _______ MAS safety override
Inferiorly
Ribs are attached posteriorly to the vertebra an angle ________ toward their interior aspects
Image density and recorded detail/spatial resolution
SID has its greatest impact on what to image quality features?
10° posteriorly to the base of the third metatarsal
The dorsoplanter projection of the foot requires that they CR be directed how much, in what direction, and to what point?
Farther from
The electron focal point in the magnification mode is ________the output phosphor than the focal point in the default mode
The transformer law
The equation to the right is known as _________.
Minification gain
The equation to the right is used to determine ___________.
KV (kilovoltage)
The exposure factor used to regulate contrast scale in a film/screen imaging is
MAS (milliampere seconds)
The exposure factor used to regulate image density in film/screen imaging is
2 m (6 ft)
The exposure switch on mobile x-ray equipment must allow the operator to be at least what distance from the x-ray tube during the exposure?
Dynamic range
The extent/number of exposure intensities in image receptor can accurately detect is termed
Scattered radiation
The features/factors illustrated here have a significant impact on what quality of the x-ray image?
45°;30°
The first through fourth lumbar Zygopophyseal articulations are how many degrees to the MSP? The zygopophyseal articulation of L5-S1?
"Deadman"-type switch
The fluoroscopic exposure switch must be what type of switch?
0.25 mm Pb equivalent
The fluoroscopic protective curtain must have at least what lead equivalent?
Digital (DF)
The fluoroscopic x-ray tube operates in the radiographic mode during what kind of fluoroscopy?
5 minutes
The fluoroscopy timer must provide signal after how much fluoroscopic time has elasped?
Automatic rescaling
The future of digital imaging that provides correction of over or under exposure by way of histogram shift is referred to as
Lateral; pyloric
The greater curvature forms the _______ aspect of the stomach. What is the name of the distal gastric sphincter?
Pubic symphysis
The greater trochanter's are in the same horizontal plane is what pelvic structure?
Motion
The greatest enemy a recorded detail is ________.
The high voltage transformer, and the rectifiers
The high-voltage side of the typical x-ray circuit contains which three principle parts?
The application of high voltage (kilovoltage)
What serves to accelerate the electrons toward the anode?
Medullary cavity/ Canal; bone marrow
The hollow central portion of the long bone is termed _________ the end is filled with _________
L4
The iliac crest is it what vertebral level?
AP oblique medial ( internal) rotation; number one medial epicondyles, number two Trochlea, number three coronoid process
The image seen here is a _________ projection of the elbow. Identify the labeled parts.
External
The inferosuperior axial projection of the shoulder requires that the arm be abducted 90° from the body and should be in the ________ rotation position
Metacarpophalangeal articulations/joints
The knuckles are actually what articulation?
Falciform
The large right lobe of the liver is separated from the left by the _______ ligament
Smaller; better/greater
The larger matrix size, for a given FOV, the ________ the pixel size and the ________ the spatial resolution
Cephalic; 15 to 20°
Three AP axial projection of the cervical spine requires tube angulation in what direction and by how many degrees?
Capitalism; radial head
The lateral aspect of the distal humerus presents a raised smooth surface called the ________, which articulates with the superior surface of the ________
Fibula
The lateral malleolus is the distal expanded end of which bone?
IOML; parallel
The lateral projection of the skull utilizes the _______ baseline and requires the MSP be _______ to the IR
Cephalic
The PA axial projection of the mandible requires ________ angulation in order to demonstrate condyles and TMJ area
Oblique
The PA projection of the hand provides a/an _______ projection of the first digit
45° cephalic
The PA tangential projection ( Hughston method) of the patella and patellofemoral joint requires that they need to be flexed about 50° and the CR directed how many degrees and in what direction?
Scaphoid
The PA wrist with ulnar deviation is done to better demonstrate the carpal
45°
The RPO position for the acetabulum requires what degree of obliquity?
IOML; sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary
The SMV projection requires that the baseline be parallel to the IR, and demonstrates the _______, _______, and ________ sinuses
12 in; 30 cm
The SSD in diagnostic mobile radiography must not be less than ________ in (________ cm)
30 cm (12 in)
The SSD in mobile fluoroscopy must be at least ________.
Two
The Joint Commission (TJC) requires that health care personnel to use at least _____ patient identifiers to validate identity before proceeding with the health care services.
The unaffected side should be elevated 25 to 30°
The LPO and RPO positions of the sacroiliac joints require which side to be elevated, and how many degrees?
Parallel; cephalic
The MSP should be _______ to the IR in the lateral position of the thoracic vertebra. If this is not possible, the CR may be angled in which direction?
150 mSv (15 rem)
The NCRP recommends an annual lens of the eye EfD limit to the occupationally exposed of _________.
50 mSv (5 rem)
The NCRP recommends an annual whole-body EfD limit to the occupationally exposed of ________.
5.0 mSv (0.5 rem)
The NCRP's recommendation for infrequent exposure to nonoccupationally exposed individuals is _______ annual EfD limit.
23 feet; 6 feet (in a living person, the small bowel measures approximately 10 feet; the large bowel, approximately 5 feet)
The length of the small bowel, as measured in the cadaver, is approximately ________ in length. The length of the large intestines is approximately ________.
Vertebral/floating
The last two pairs of ribs, having no anterior attachment, are termed
Disinfection
The destruction of pathogens through the use of chemical materials is termed ______.
Defibrillator
The device that is used to administer electric shock to correct ineffectual cardiac rhythm is termed _______.
Compton scatter
The diagram illustrates which interaction between x-ray photons and matter?
Wavelength
The distance between two consecutive crests is termed ________.
40° caudal
The dorsal plantar axial projection of the calcaneus requires that the CR be directed how many degrees and in what direction to the plantar surface?
Increases
The latent period (in ARS) decreases as radiation exposure ________.
Extravasation; infiltration
The term that refers to medication or contrast medium leaked from a vein, or inadvertently introduced into tissue outside a vein, is _________; the term referring to the diffusion of injected material into adjacent tissue is _________.
Dyspnea; tachypnea
The term used to describe difficulty in breathing is _________; the term to describe abnormally rapid breathing is ________.
Epiphysis; diaphysis
The term used to describe secondary centers of ossification is ________; the term for primary ossification centers is ________
Libel is written defamation; slander is verbal defamation
The terms libel and slander refer to the spreading of information that causes loss of reputation and/or defamation of character; what is the difference between the two terms?
15° to 20°; 70° to 75°
The thoracic zygapophyseal articulations are _______ to the MSP and _______ to the MCP?
Resolution/recorded detail
The tools shown in the illustration are used to measure what image quality?
Photomultiplier/phototimer type
The type of AEC located behind the IR is the ________.
Ionization chamber type
The type of AEC most often used, which is placed between the patient and IR is the __________.
Articular/hyaline cartilage
The type of Cartilage found at the extremities of long bones and in their articulating surfaces is called
Boxer
The type of fracture common to the neck of the fourth or fifth metacarpal is the _______ fracture
Seven; two superior articulating processes, two inferior articulating processes, one spinous process, two transverse processes
The typical vertebra has what number of processes? Name them.
Anterior; prone
The ureters lie ________ to the kidneys and are therefore best demonstrated contrast filled in the ________ position during intravenous urography.
Physician's
The use of physical restraints on adult patients required a/an _______ order.
Decrease
The use of pulsed fluoroscopy can function to ___________ patient dose.
Lateral
The vertebral and axillary borders should be super imposed in the _________ projection of the scapula
Pedicles; vertebral notches
The vertebral body connects with its vertebral arch by way of the _______; the upper and lower portions of the structure are called the ________.
Ramus
The vertical portion of the mandible is the
Remnant or exit beam
The x-ray beam emerging from the part and striking the image receptor is referred to as the __________.
Primary beam
The x-ray beam emerging from the x-ray tube, before striking anything, is referred to as the _________.
Tungsten (W) wire
The x-ray tube filament is made of what material?
Inherent filtration
The x-ray tube glass envelope and its insulating oil function as what kind of filtration?
Diode
The x-ray tube may be accurately be described as a/an _________.
T10
The xiphoid/ensiform process is that what vertebral level?
Inferior articular process, superior articular process, pedicle, transverse process, pars interarticularis
They correctly positioned oblique lumbar spine shows the Scottie dog appearance. What bony part does each of the following Scottie dog part represent: leg, ear, eye, nose, neck.
Greater
They hire/grader the bit depth in Digital imaging, the _________ the number of gray shades
Bone age study (PA of left hand); epiphyseal plate
They study/projection shown here is most likely performed for __________. Identified the part indicated as number one.
Body and transverse processes
Thoracic vertebra are unique in that they provide rib articulation at the vertebra's ______ and _______
20-45° for females and 20 to 35° for males; caudal
To demonstrate the rami of the pubis and ischium in the AP axial outlet projection, the CR should be directed ________ degrees, and what direction?
Erect weight bearing position
To evaluate knees for arthritis, it is recommended that they be imaged in the
PA
To reduce exposure to the lens, the reproductive organs, and the breasts, it is helpful to perform these examinations in what position?
Medical asepsis
To reduce the probability of infectious organism's transmission to a susceptible individual is the function of _______.
45° medially
To visualize the proximal tibial fibular articulation, the AP knee should be obliqued how many degrees in what direction?
Parenteral
Treatment or medication introduced into the body, other than through the digestive system/orally, is termed ________.
Air/airborne transmission
Tuberculosis, varicella, and rubeola are examples of infections transmitted via _______.
Volvulus
Twisting of the bowel upon itself, causing obstruction is called
Never
Under what condition(s) may the radiographer be exposed to the primary/useful x-ray beam?
Quantum/image noise
Undesirable fluctuations in image brightness, dependent on the number of x-ray photons reaching the IR, is termed
Fontanelles
Unossified points at the junction of sutures of an infants skull are called
Plus or minus 2 KV
Using the variable KV exposure system, how is KV adjusted for each centimeter increase or decrease of tissue thickness?
Exposure linearity
Various combinations of mA exposure time that produce the same mAs value should produce a constant radiation output; this is termed _________.
Spinous process
Vertebral laminae unite posteriorly to form the
C7
Vertebral prominence is another name for
AHA's: "Patient's Bill of Rights"
What AHA document identifies and lists the requirements for open and honest communication, respect fo differences, and for personal and professional values required for optimal patient care?
5-8 KV increase
What KV increase is indicated for a medium sized plaster cast?
110 to 125 KV
What KV range is recommended for chest radiography?
75 to 85KV
What KV range is recommended for imaging the upper airway?
70 to 80 KV
What KV range is usually recommend it for most abdominal imaging?
72 inches (6 feet) SID; to reduce heart magnification
What SID is generally recommended for chest radiography? Why?
ALARA
What acronym serves as a reminder to us to keep exposure to patients and ourselves to a judicious minimum?
Minute (time) markers
What additional type of image identification is required for intravenous urography?
Small bowel
What anatomical structure is seen as the darker areas within the abdominal image shown here?
Calvarium, sternum, ribs, scapulae
What are at least two examples of a flat bones?
Facial bones, vertebra, pelvic bones
What are at least two examples of irregular bones?
Improper solution temperature, contamination, improper solution replenishment
What are some causes of film processor jam up?
Minimal ambient lighting and reflection, minimal veiling glare, Reminence of at least 171 candelas/meters squared, at least eight bit luminance resolution
What are some important guidelines regarding monitor display and lighting in primary display workstations?
Age (outdated film), chemical, radiation, temperature, dark room safe flight, loose cassette hinges, and dark room light leaks
What are some sources of image fog in filmscreen imaging?
Distance, shielding, and time
What are the cardinal principles of radiation protection?
The detectors (also called: cells, Chambers, Sensors)
What are the component parts of the AEC that function to measure the amount of radiation at transmitted?
Hypersthenic, sthenic, hyposthenic, asthenic
What are the four body habitus?
Long, short, flat, and irregular
What are the four classifications of bones?
Legal age, sound mind, consent freely, adequately informed
What are the four conditions required for valid patient consent?
Pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
What are the four general divisions of the respiratory system?
Medial and lateral Menisci
What are the names of the crescent shaped fibrocartilage discs located on the tibial plateau?
Alveolar processors
What are the names of the processes found on the mandible and maxilla that serve to provide anchors for the roots of the teeth?
Cecum, ascending colon, right colic/hepatic flexure, transverse colon, left colic/splenic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anus
What are the parts of the lower G.I. tract, i.e, the colon/large intestine?
When the gonads are within 5 cm of the collimated primary beam, when the patient is of reproductive age, and when clinical objectives permit
What are the three guidelines for determining when the gonads should be shielded?
Verbal/oral, written, and nonverbal
What are the three types of communication?`
Airborne, droplet, contact
What are the three types of transmission based precautions?
Positive and negative
What are the two basic types of artificial contrast media?
Primary barriers and secondary barriers
What are the two basic types of protective barriers?
Patient name/identification number, date, the institution/office, side marker, patient position (decubitus, direct). , and time (Number of minutes after injection or ingestion of contrast)
What kind of patient information can be made part of the recorded image?
Secondary
What kind of protective barrier is the control panel/console?
Chest/thoracostomy tube
What kind of tube is likely to be used in cases of pleural effusion, pneumothorax or hemothorax?
Characteristic x-rays
What kind of x-rays are emitted when an outer shell electron fills an inner shell vacancy?
Flexed knees and hips, support knees with a sponge
What maneuver is used for an AP projection of the lumbar spine in order to reduce the lordotic curve and make the intravertebral joints more visible?
Rectal; night
What measurement site generally records the highest body temperature? What time of day is body temperature usually highest?
Personnel monitoring
What mechanism is used to ensure that occupational radiation exposure levels are kept well below the annual effective dose (EfD) limit?
Double (air) contrast
What method of BE examination will best demonstrate polyploid lesions?
Double (air/negative and barium or iodine/positive) contrast
What method of radiologic gastrointestinal examinations is used to demonstrate mucosal and other intraluminal lesions?
100 rad (1 Gy)
What minimum radiation dose is required in order for acute radiation syndrome (ARS) to occur?
The diaphragm
What mucosalmembrane is structure separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?
2.0 mm Pb equivalent
What must be the lead equivalent of the fluoroscopic image receptor assembly?
Recoil electron
What name is given to the ejected electron in the interactions pictured here?
Records of dosimeter reports must be maintained
What obligation does the employee/health care facility have with respect to personnel monitoring records?
Pancreas; number one: pylorus, No. two: duodenal bulb, number three: descending duodenum
What organ lies in the anatomical loop illustrated here? Identify the anatomy indicated in the image here.
Focal spot size, motion, SID, OID
What other factors can impact this image quality?
The inside of the cuff
What part of a sterile glove is not considered sterile when donning it with a nonsterile hand?
The operation console
What part of the x-ray equipment is used for the selection of exam parameters?
The head of the pancreas
What part of what structure it lies within the loop of the duodenum?
Avoid elevating the left arm
What patient movement precaution should be taken when performing mobile chest x-rays within the first 24 hours following pacemaker insertion?
0.2%
What percentage of the total energy used to produce x-rays is actually converted to x-rays?
Plus (+) density and minus (-) density/exposure controls
What permits density/exposure adjustments when using AEC?
Iliac crest
What portion of what bone extends from the ASIS to the PSIS?
15° internal oblique ankle
What position best demonstrates visualization of the entire ankle mortise?
RAO; 35 to 40°
What position demonstrates the esophagus projected between the heart and vertebra? What is usually the optimal obliquity?
AP
What position will best demonstrate medial/lateral fracture displacement?
Lateral
What position will best demonstrate the retrogastric space?
RPO
What position will demonstrate the left kidney parallel to the IR, as well as the right ureter free of superimposition?
Lateral decubitus
What position, other than erect, is used to demonstrate small amounts of air or fluid in the chest?
Carpal Canal/ Tunnel Position (inferior superior projection); number one: ulna, number two: radius, number three:1st metacarpal, number four: trapezium, number five: scaphoid, number six: capitate, number seven: hamate (hamulus of), number eight: pisiform, number nine: hamate (body of)
What position/projection is this image? Labeled the numbered structures.
Too much anterior rotation; rotate part posteriorly enough to superimpose femoral condyle's and open femorpatellar joint
What positioning changes should be made to improve this image?
Laterals in flexion and extension
What positions are generally used to demonstrate/evaluate a spinal fusion?
Adjusting window width
What post processing function manipulates image contrast?
Adjusting window level
What post processing function of manipulates image brightness?
Quality control ( QC) program
What program has the following three component parts: acceptance testing, routine performance monitoring, and maintenance?
Lateral
What projection demonstrates all paranasal sinuses?
Apical lordotic projection
What projection is used to demonstrate the uppermost portion of the lungs free of superimposition with the clavicles?
AP axial projection (towne method), PA axial projection (haas method)
What projections for demonstrated dorsum sella and posterior clinoid processes within the foramen magnum?
200 rad (2 Gy)
What radiation exposure dose to the ovaries will result in temporary infertility?
Nonstochastic (deterministic) effects
What type of effects are described as: "those biologic somatic effects of ionizing radiation that exhibit threshold dose below which the effect does not normally occur and above which the severity of the biologic damage increases?
Three-phase power
What type of electrical power utilizes three simultaneous voltage waveforms out of step with each other by 120 degrees?
Post exposures (pulse progressive fluoroscopy)
What type of exposures are made during digital fluoroscopy (DF)?
Condenser/capacitor discharge mobile unit
What type of mobile x-ray unit uses a grid controlled x-ray tube?
Axial
What type of projection can be termed inferosuperior or superoinferior?
Scattered radiation
What type of radiation does personnel protective apparel protect from?
Air contrast ( double contrast) barium enema
What type of radiographic examination is required to demonstrate Colonic polyploid lesions?
A step-up transformer
What type of transformer has a turns ratio greater than 1?
An autotransformer
What type of transformer has one coil and varies both the current and voltage?
A step-down transformer
What type of transformer is the filament transformer?
A step-up transformer
What type of transformer is the high-voltage transformer?
Contact
What type of transmission based precaution is required for MRSA and varicella?
Droplet
What type of transmission based precaution is required for influenza, mumps, and rubella?
Airborne
What type of transmission based precaution requires a negative-pressure isolation room?
Airborne
What type of transmission based precaution requires the health care worker to wear a respiratory protection maks?
Contact
What type of transmission based precaution requires the health care worker to wear gloves and gown?
Droplet
What type of transmission based precaution requires the health-care worker to wear a particulate protection/surgical string mask?
Droplet contamination/transmission
What type of transmission can occur when an infectious individual, sneezes, coughs, speaks, etc in the vicinity of a susceptible host?
Compression
What type of vertebral fracture is commonly associated with osteoporosis?
High-frequency generators
What type of voltage generators uses inverter circuits to convert dc into a series of square pulses?
Bremsstrahlung x-rays
What type of x-rays are produced when a high-speed electron is decelerated by the nuclear field of the target atom nucleus?
rad/Gy1 (Gray in tissue)
What unit is used to describe absorbed dose?
Roentgen/Gya (gray in air/air kerma)
What unit is used to describe ionization in air?
rem/Sv (Sievert)
What unit is used to describe occupational exposure?
Cephalic and basilic; 15 degrees
What veins are most commonly used for venipuncture sites? What is the recommended angle for intravenous needle insertions?
Changes in skin color, changes in skin temperature, level of consciousness (LOC), breathing rate, motor control
What visual signs can the radiographer used to continually assess patient condition?
Improper partitioning of the IP, causing failure of exposure field recognition
What was the cause of the exposure problem as seen in this image?
As low as reasonably acheivable
What words does ALARA represent?
The anode heel effect
What x-ray beam phenomenon is shown here?
Cesium iodide (CsI) or gadolinium oxysulfide (Gd2O2S)
What x-ray scintillator may be used for indirect flat panel radiographic or fluoroscopic imaging?
50%
When a 1-mm Pb flat contact shield is used to shield female reproductive organs, their dose is reduced by how much?
90% to 95%
When a 1-mm Pb flat contact shield is used to shield male reproductive organs, their dose is reduced by about how much?
18-24
When an IV infusion is in place, the IV standard/bag should be ________ inch(es) above the level of the vein.
Systolic
When blood pressure measurements are recorded, what number is placed on top?
The scintillation step
When comparing CR and DR, which CR step is omitted in DR?
10%
When evaluating a KVP calibration, the measured KVP should be with and what percentage of the selected KVP?
2%
When evaluating collimator accuracy, the illuminated light field must coincide with the actual x-ray field to within what percent of the SID?
Hemidiaphragms
When evaluating the abdomen for small amounts of air or fluid, both ________ should be visualized
10 to 15° caudal
When examining the contrast filled bladder, how much and what direction is the x-ray tube angled in order to project the symphysis pubis inferior to the urinary bladder?
45 degrees
When helping a patient into/out of a wheelchair, the wheelchair should be ________ to the x-ray table/bed and locked.
During slow, deep inspiration (to fill the airway with air)
When is the exposure made during imaging of the upper airway?