Language and Culture - Reading Quiz 9
Systematic phonological variation inherent in any person's speech. [File 10.1.1]
Accent
Having mastery of two dialects. [File 10.1.4]
Bidialectal
A set of isoglosses surrounding the same geographic region or distinguishing the same group of speakers, marking a particular language variety. [File 10.3.2]
Bundle of isoglosses
A type of slang that is fairly neutral and is simply informal, everyday language. [File 10.1.3]
Common slang
Situation in which a group of speakers forms a coherent speech community relatively isolated from speakers outside that community. [File 10.1.1]
Communicative isolation
A group of people who come together to share some activity or lifestyle. [File 10.4.4]
Community of practice
The absence of inflected present-tense forms of the verb to be in sentences for which Standard American English would use an inflected form. [File 10.4.5]
Copula absence
Type of prestige that exists among members of nonstandard speech communities that defines how people should speak in order to be considered members of those particular communities. [File 10.1.4]
Covert prestige
Situation in which a large number of contiguous dialects exist, each mutually intelligible with the next, but with the dialects at either end of the continuum not being mutually intelligible. [File 10.1.1]
Dialect continuum
A particular language variety used to refer symbolically to a particular cultural heritage or identity. [File 10.4.5]
Emblematic language
A factor influencing language variation not based in linguistic structure, such as region, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and so on. [File 10.1.1]
Extralinguistic factor
The use of an uninflected form of the verb to be to indicate that a state or activity is habitual. [File 10.4.5]
Habitual be
The act of producing nonstandard forms by way of false analogy to standard forms. [File 10.1.4]
Hypercorrection
The language variety of an individual speaker. [File 10.1.1]
Idiolect
A type of slang that is associated with a particular group at a particular time. [File 10.1.3]
In-group slang
A line drawn on a dialect map marking the boundary of an area where a particular linguistic feature is found. [File 10.3.2]
Isogloss
Speech usually associated with or used within a particular occupation, hobby, or sport. (Also known as technical language.) [File 10.1.3]
Jargon
Any form of language characterized by systematic features. Varieties can range from idiolects to dialects to distinct languages. [File 10.1.1]
Language variety
The process of pronouncing syllable-final /l/ as a vowel or a glide. [File 10.3.8]
/l/ - vocalization
The process of using more than one marker of negation when only one such marker would be used in Standard American English. [File 10.3.7]
Multiple Negation
Situation in which speakers of different language varieties are able to understand and communicate with one another. [File 10.1.1]
Mutual intelligibility
When two sounds have become so phonetically close to one other that observers claim they are merged and even their speakers have trouble perceiving the distinction. [File 10.3.8]
Near Merger
Words that are sometimes pronounced the same, but sometimes are pronounced differently; often the result of a near merger. [File 10.3.8]
Near-homophones
A language variety in which sequences of vowel-/r/-consonant or vowel-/r/-word boundary are not permitted to occur. [File 10.2.3]
Non-Rhotic
Any variety of a language not considered to be representative of the prestige or standard variety. [File 10.1.4]
Nonstandard dialect
The systematic rotation of the vowel space found in speakers in the northern region of the United States. [File 10.3.4]
Northern cities shift
Type of prestige attached to a particular variety of language by the community at large that defines how people should speak in order to gain status in the wider community. [File 10.1.4]
Overt prestige
The standard by which a society makes judgments of "right" or "wrong." [File 10.1.4]
Prescriptive standard
Having high standing or respect in a community. Can be overt or covert. [File 10.1.4]
Prestige (adj: prestigious)
Variety of language defined by region or geography. [File 10.3.1]
Regional dialect
Internal variation of a language based on region or geography. [File 10.3.2]
Regional variation
Words or expressions used in informal settings, often to indicate membership in a particular social group. [File 10.1.3]
Slang
Variety of a language defined by social factors such as age, religion, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status. [File 10.3.1]
Social dialect
Variety of a language defined by social factors such as age, religion, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status. [File 10.4.1]
Social dialect
The study of the interrelationships of language and social structure, of linguistic variation, and of attitudes toward language. [File 10.1.1]
Sociolinguists
A group of people speaking the same dialect, usually defined by factors such as geographical distribution, age, gender, and socioeconomic status. [File 10.1.1]
Speech community
Way of speaking marked by degrees of formality (i.e., formal versus informal, casual versus careful). (Also called register.) [File 10.1.2]
Speech style
The standard dialect of English spoken in the United States. [File 10.1.4]
Standard American English (SAE)
Process of automatically adjusting from one speech style to another. [File 10.1.2]
Style shifting
A syntactic process by which (in English) a syntactic constituent occurs at the beginning of a sentence in order to highlight the topic under discussion. [File 10.4.5]
Topicalization
The process of pronouncing a nonvowel as a vowel. [File 10.3.8]
Vocalization
The process of attaching the prefix a- to the beginning of certain verbs in English, as in a-running. [File 10.3.7]
a-prefixing
