LARE Section 3
Brownfields
abandoned or underutilized properties that are environmentally contaminated or are perceived as being contaminated from from past industrial or commercial activities
rehabilitation plan
addresses: stabilization, repairs, replacement, alterations, additions and issues of accessibility and safety
wetland hydrology
all hydrologic characteristic of an area that is periodically inundated or saturated to the ground surface at some time during growing season lack of oxygen within soil pore spaces - anaerobic hydric soil: soil that is saturated, flooded or ponded long enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic or depleted oxygen conditions in the upper part
degredation
alternate deepening by scour and shallowing by deposition in response to the streams ability to transport its load
infiltration trench
another method of capturing water and allowing for recharge 2-10 feet deep; depth constrained by bedrock depth or seasonally high water table lined with filter fabric / filled with stone(stone provides storage area for rock)
Risk Assessment (in relation to brownfields)
determine the source of the risk, determine exposure amount a person would have from the substance, actual toxcicity level
SRFD (Site-related functional diagram)
The 2nd step of the design phase Adapts the relationships in the IFD to the known conditions of the site Shows the same info as the IFD while minding size and scale, and interior rooms of buildings
ada required accessible spaces
1-25: 1 space 26-50: 2 spaces 51-75: 3 spaces 76-100: 4 spaces 101-150: 5 spaces 151-200: 6 spaces 201-300: 7 spaces 301-400: 8 spaces 401-500: 9 spaces 501-1000: 2% of total 1001 and over: 20 + 1 for each 100 over 1000
best pollutant removal BMP
1. dry swales: 91% TSS, 67% phosphorus... most effective 2. sand filters: 85% tss, 55% phos ... second best 3. filter strips: 70% tss, 10% phos ... 3rd 4. grass channel: 65% tss, 55% phos 5. roadside ditch: 30% tss, 10% phos
riparian zones
1. roots of trees, sedges and shrubs bind the soil of banks to increase the stability of stream banks and resist erosion 2. overhanging vegetation shades stream, which keeps water along the edges cooler 3. Biotic debris decays and provides nutrients to water 4. Biota contribute to the health of riparian and upland soils to increase infiltration and decrease erosion and sedementation of streams 5. Animals build dams, wallows, and other features
four point test for infiltration
1. soil texture is in a class with an infiltration rate that permits adequate percolation of collected water through the soil 2. ponding or dewatering time is at least 3 days but no more than 7 3. minimum vertical depth to seasonal water table / bedrock is 2-4 feet 4. site topo and natur of soil (fill/stability) will permit the location of foundations/utilities, wells and similar site features
ramps
30' between landings not to exceed 8.333%
playground fallzones
30' clear zone on each side of swings (or double the length) 6' clear zone around rest of the equipment surfacing at least 6" deep
bearing capacities for soils
810-10: well-graded, well-compacted clayey sands and gravels: the most; 10 tons/ft gravels/gravelly sands, ranging from loose to well compacted; second, 4-8 tons/ft course sands, from loose to well compacted; third, 2-4 tons/ft fine silty, or clayey sands, not well-graded, from loose to well compacted; fourth; 1.5-3 tons/ft homogeneous, nonplastic inorganic clays, from soft to very stiff; fifth, .5-4 tons/ft inorganic nonplastic silts, from soft to very stiff; sixth, .5-3 tons/ft
watershed boundary
A watershed is defined as an area of land where all the surface water drains into the same place, whether it's a creek, a stream, a river or an ocean. Watershed boundaries are based on topographical or physical boundaries rather than community or political boundaries.
bikes turning left across traffic
A:moving from bike lane on left to center lane like an automobile, then turns left exposes bike to sideswipes and to the failure of cars going in either direction to yield the right of way. B. cross the intersection in the right lane and, when traffic allows, execute a 90-degree turn left across the street. not treated like vehicles, more like pedestrian here exposes bike to vehicles turning in front of them; better if a cyclist walks bike C. weaving across the approach street and, at the first gap of traffic, proceeding the wrong way from the intersection. most dangerous option solutions for left turning cyclists: when traffic is moderate to heavy, cyclists often stop at far corner and wait fora break in the traffic; if auto traffic is very heavy, walk your bike with pedestrians if auto traffic is moderate to heavy, bikes can turn left flowing with traffic
Military crest
An area on a hill just below the topographical crest from which maximum observation and direct fire covering the slope down to the base of the hill or ridge can be obtained
design process
Base plan, Site inventory and analysis, Program development, Ideal functional diagram, Site related functional diagram, Concept plan, Form composition study, Preliminary master plan, Master plan, Schematic design, Design development
brownfield development
Brownfields are abandoned, underutilized or contaminated properties. Redeveloping these properties into productive projects mitigates environmental impacts, provides tax revenue and improves the social foundation of these communities. However, brownfields may take longer to develop and could involve more risk. Advantages include: -Reduces sprawl and destruction of greenspace -Contributes to redevelopment of a city section -Existing, usable infrastructure may already be in place Improves brand image by investing in the city and being good environmental stewards -Grants and other incentives help pay for clean-up and improvements Disadvantages include: -Development could be complicated by discovery of toxic contaminants -Generally longer construction timelines -Older structures may not meet structural requirements and building codes -Higher risk of cost overruns due to unexpected developments -Potential space constraints may limit expansion and slow down construction
brownfield redevelopment
CERCLA (comprehensive environmental response compensation and liability act) also called "Superfund", makes landowners liable for contamination found on the property whether the landowner had caused the contamination or not. SBLR (Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization Act): law modified policy on brownfields and increased the resources available for brownfield assessment and revitalization. site development practices sometimes must address residual contamination as part of site development. most states have voluntary cleanup programs or brownfield programs
conservation easement
In this case a landowner assigns an easement to a third party. The conditions of the easement require that activity on the land be restricted to exclude development Conservation easements and similar approaches are the tools of private organizations. Public programs usually use cash buyouts or leases of development rights, or try to restrict development through growth controls
Use a decision making hierarchy of preservation, conservation, and regeneration
Maximize and mimic the benefits of ecosystem services by preserving existing environmental features, conserving resources in a sustainable manner, and regenerating lost or damaged ecosystem services.
PPC Plan
Preparedness, Prevention, and Contingency Plan what's shown on this plan: property boundaries, loading/unloading areas, truck wash areas, storage areas for materials, locations of drainage appurtenances, sediment removal devices, site entrances/exits
types of wetland systems
SFW (Subsurface flow wetlands) and FWS (free water surface wetlands) and VF virtical flow wetlands SFW: for residential and larger systems FWS: like sfw but no gravel VF: produce either downward or upward flow
form composition study
Taking a single concept plan the designer can create a series of solutions all with the same basic functional arrangement, but each with a different theme
LEED areas of concern
Site design and planning, energy use, water management, materials resources and waste, indoor environmental quality
IFD (Ideal Functional Diagram )
The first step of the design phase. Nonsite related, as it deals with the designs functions and spaces as general bubbles or outlines in an abstract graphic manner
types of stakeholders
Users, Drivers, Resource Providers, Framework Enablers
typical environmental hazards brownfields
VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) synthetic organic chemicals that have a high vapor pressure. usually solvents, certain paint additives, aerosol spray SVOC (semivolatile Organic Compounds) solvent extractable. phenols, phthalataes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Pesticides/herbicides TPH ( underground taknks) PCB's (hydraulic fluid, wax, pigments, carbonless copy paper) Metals
Framework Plan
a comprehensive picture of the organization's strategy. It clarifies how individual efforts and team projects can be connected to achieve the best outcome. It includes meaningful target measures and a sequence of activities that help focus on the key efforts that implement the strategy
Framework plan
a comprehensive picture of the organization's strategy. clarifies how individual efforts and team projects can be connected to achieve the best outcome. includes meaningful targets and sequence of activities to implement the strategy
program development phase
a period of research and information gathering to determine the project's outcome and uses. To gather the input of various stakeholders and to identify and outline the personal, political, financial and social aspects of a project
ESA: Phase 1 Environmental Assessment
a review of existing records of activity and site conditions interviews with knowledgeable persons a firsthand site reconnaissance report that summarizes these activities and relevant findings. does not include collection or analysis of samples insurance maps, city directories, property tax files, street directories, building records, zoning and land use records
paving a surfaces for bikes
asphalt: most popular for bikeways concrete: second most popular; should be lightly textured to prevent slippage soil cement: deteriorates sooner than asphalt and concrete stone chip aggregate: most useful when bikeway is used recreationally; creates fewer drainage problems but requires structural edging stabilized earth: requires the most maitenance; least expensive paved surface bikeways should be pitched at at least 2% continuous curbing should be interrupted sometimes to allow for drainage; surface drainage should also be used (honeycomb grates preferred)
investigating historic sites (site analysis)
attempt to understand what has already been done to the site, how and why the site has been altered in the past, what role landscape played in the past, and ultimately how to preserve, restore or rehabilitate the landscape
program development
background research, citizen imput, and site analysis are combined with client imput, and site analysis are combined with client imput and synthesized into a set of program strategies. include: market and financial criteria; federal, state, regional and local planning info; local political climate development costs; client objectives; site opportunities and constraints All of this will lead to site development. develop clear graphic representations of design concepts to present to the client and others who may have imput in the process.
noise barrier heiarchy
berm wall evergreen screen deciduous screen
porous pavement
best used where i accepts runoff only from porous surface (grasses, etc). not be used for parking areas because contaminants move directly into recharge trench.
types of bikeways
bicycle path: ideal with dedicated ROW and separate furnishings, 8-12' minimum bike lane: part of road but separated by paprkings or textured strip (5-6') wide outside lane: less desireable, but common. 14' min. shared roadway: common, but hightest potential for conflict with autos (5-6')
conflicts at intersections with bikes
bicyclisting turning left across traffic bicyclist crossing an intersection when vehicular traffic is entering from or turning right failure to yeild by both bikes and motorists
good bicycle design
bike travel generators and attractors should be defined and generally include popular destinations like residential areas, schools, parks, shopping and the workplace Bike Level of Service (BLOS): bike-perceived safety and comfort with reguard to vehicle traffic Transportation Improvement Program (TIP) assessment and listing of major construction projects on roadways, signalization and intersection improvements route network plan: combines all preceeding factors into a cohesive, comprehensive system for a given community or region
brownfields and remediation
bioremediation or phytoremediation are effective and less costly, but the processes are slower and require extending timelines. planners must consider the liability risk, initial and life cycle costs of the remedial strategy and resources available to accomlish tasks
unity
can be achieved through simplicity and repition. reduces visual complexity
earth berms and barrier walls
can be good for noise reduction; vegetation is really only aesthetic, not for sound mitigation. grading should be 1:3 barrier walls need access from both sides and access to possible cutoff land
green roofs
can reduce runoff on a site in a temperate climate by 50%
USGS Quad Map (historic preservation)
can show significant changes or land uses over time. fill or cute and locations of buildings, roads, streams and other surface features
allelopathy
chemical competition between plants - or even shading young trees and shrubs with a vigorous herbaceous layer may require steps to reduce the competitive stress on the slower growing woody components of the planting plan
traffic calming methods
chokers (require drivers turning onto a street to slow down) roundabouts (rain garden could be in the circle) cul-de-sacs (48' turning radius for fire trucks, 43.5' school bus, 32' trash trucks)
bike classifications
class 1 - separate bike lane = 8-10 feet @ 2 way class 2 - bike lane marked w/ solid line on road @ 4-5' class 3: bike lane designated by sharrow symbol
bike paths defined
class 1: separated ROW by a physical boundary class 2: designated ROW with pavement marking class 3: shared ROW
sinuousity
classification of streams into three types of patterns: sinuous, braided, and meandering
town planning process
client imput -> literature review -> community involvement -> regional, state and federal planning->local planning info -> site analysis client imput -> program development -> client imput -> alternative and preliminary plan development -> public review -> final design plans -> building permits -> evaluation
sustainable site planning strategies
cluster buildings, increase density, encourage smaller building footprints; building location: manage solar influences, balance earthwork and max the utility and aesthetics of site; for northern areas, buildings should be set in the area with the most light, particularly in the winter months. locate in the northern most part of the area, open space should be on the southern side of the building; best combo of shape and orientation is an elongated building on an east-west axis
interpretive plan
communication of a site's significance to an audience helps to generate ongoing support; could have a multimedia approach and include video presentations, audio guides, brochures, maps and signage
Site Analysis
conducted in two steps: proposal phase to facilitate winning the work and the postcontract phase.
vehicular traffic entering from or turning to the right
conflict points: when vehicular traffic is entering from or turning right solutions: make right lane wider to give cyclists the opprotunity to maneuver around right turning traffic
outdoor play areas
consider accessible play equipment; encourage interaction across all ability levels provide a circulation system through the play set that connects every area and every play component. enable children of all ability to be near each other provide separate areas for younger and older children. children under three need a separate play setting that has an enclosure; only one way in and one way out. provide sand play and water. drain the water through the sand. install a transfer system for wheelchairs make gathering spaces accessible more than 20" off the ground is hazardous
Assessing site fit
consider these: site of proposed buildings, access to and from the site, lot layout, parking req, vehicular and pedestrian circulation, general strategy for stormwater management. Physical development constraints such as slopes, wetlands, and floodplains should also be accounted for. offsite issues as well; including traffic issues, local flooding, stormwater concerns, infrastructure issues permitting and admin requirements are important in contemporary site development
stormwater wetlands
construction systems explicity designed to mitigate the effects of stormwater quality and quantity on an urban development. domiated by surface runoff (unlike other wetlands) fall into these designs: shallow marsh system: takes up a lot of space, requiring a sizable contributing watershed (25 acres min) to support a shallow, permenant pool pond/wetland system: for two separate cells of stormwater treatment; a wet pond and a shallow marsh.consume less space than shallow smarsh systems bec. the bulk of the treatment is provided by a deep pool and not a shallow marsh. extended detention wetland: extra runoff storage is created by temporarily detaining runoff above the shallow marsh pocket wetland: adapted to serve small sites (1-10 acres). has a wildly fluctuating water level b/c no reliable base flow. low plant diversity and low wildlife
urban design plan report
contains: executive summary of big ideas existing conditions analysis drawings summary of issues development program
environmental hazards - brownfields
contaminated areas range from: -soils -groundwater (from spills or discharges from manufacturing process) -surface water (ponds, pools and lagoons containing surface water are commonly contaminated. likely from discharge from pipelines, overflows, and surface pollutants) -sediments (at the bottom of tanks and pools) -existing building structures (small storage sheds to large stone or brick factory stuctures) -infrastructure (fragments of the industrial process... rail platforms, bridges, walkways)
specific stakeholder selection strategies
convener picked: handpicked participants; bias and limits range of participants selection committee; works well with politically charged or involved conflict; diverse to remove bias, more time consuming self-nomination;motivated participants, may only attract the strongly opinionated snowball; flexible, linitial participants have more power
Design concerns for brownfields
dealing with capped sites, installation of utilities in contaminated materials, use of vegetation on an impacted site, drainage concens, risk of exposure to workers and users, and post construction remediation issues
phytodegredation
decomposes contaminants after absorbed
dry detention ponds
designed to drain within 72 hours after a storm.
detention and retention basins
detention basins are usually dry basins that only fill with water during a rain. they work by delaying the stormwater so that it is released at a rate that mimics the predevelopment flow. a retention basin holds the water in a pool retention basin loses water through infiltration and evaporation. these basins are often part of a larger plan that incorporates stormwater management into water features stormwater detention basins should be used to improve a site by finding new ways to offset the stormwater increase and provide benefits the simple detention basin does not offer; these benefits might include recreation or aesthetic qualities, perhaps even wildlife habitat, or a water quality enhancing design. advantages to a wet pond: effective process for the removal of certain urban pollutants through setttling in the permenant pool. minimum drainage area for a wet pond is 10 acres
width of bikeways
determine and consider: the spatial dimensions of bicyclist and bike maneuvering space required for balancing additional clearances to avoid obstacles anticipated volumes of traffic
grading schematically
determine beginning grade at existing road determine spot elevation at building unit and at critical tie in areas like parking determine the percentage of slope by measuring distance and rise or fall between points set grades adjacent to the structre determine parking areas or lawn areas determine stormwater retention and sediment basins
conceptual design process
develop general area takeoff and overall building footprint to measure total site coverage of impermeable surfaces and runoff pullution potential. make sure efficient layout with reguard to roads, utlities, and service access identify alternative site design concepts to minimize resource costs and disruption identify topo and hydrological impacts of proposed design and building use. measure cut and fill potential and erosion potential review financial implications, inclusive of maitenance costs develop matrix of use and site compatibility index
time of concentration
different types of flow reuire different techniques for estimating time velocities. include: sheet flow (manning kinematic solution) shallow concentrated flow (SCS) general overland flow - combines sheet flow and shallow concentrated (Kirpich formula) Channel flow (mannings equation;) rational method: kuichling invented Schueler's short cut method: reliable alternative for sites that hae predominantly one land cover type or where quick and general volume estimates are made
greywater use
dischaged to surface water (open trenches) groundwater irrigation
design criteria for noise barriers
distance (should be close as possible to noise source) height of barrier (minimum height barrier should be that line of sight between source and receiver is interrupted) continuity of barrier (no gaps or holes) length of barrier (1 to 2 times the distance between the barrier and the protected structure) physical mass of barrier (mass should be hefty)
grassed channels
drainage channel designed to just convey runoff without erosion or over-topping. flow depth should not exceed 4" for WQV and slopes should not exceed 4%
stormwater BMP in arid climates
dry ponds are favored over wet ponds; sand filter, filter strips and bioretention are still important elements in stormwater design in these areas: minimize ground water pollution channel erosion less encourage infiltration
dry and wet swales
dry swale that ponds and infiltrates the WQV beneath the swale outlet. gravel bed with underdrain should be used in bottom width and soil should be permeable wet swale stores water quality volume beneath the swale outlet and exposes the water table to create a weland in the swale bottom. soils under wet swale should be undisturbed
materials to use (wood and stone)
durable, locally produced, low-maintenance with low embodied energy rating = hardwoods, not tropical; local stone, not imported
sand filter
effective way to remove suspended solids, but no biological treatment 1-6" deep, should be used with other media to address soluble contaminates could be applied to parking lots, esp. at edges
Rain Gardens
excellent pollution removal capabilities; removing 60-80% of nutrients and as much as 99% heavy metals multiple small rain gardens generally operate better than a single very large garden.they tend to become and remain saturated rain gardens are great for being planted in islands and in parking lots and as planting features within a landscape max ponding depth - 6" and be drained within 3 days best when combined with filter strip to infiltration strip to rain garden max 3:1 slope
Hazardous soil conditions
expansive soils: crack sidewalks, foundation failures, retaining wall failures liquefaction: condition in which solid ground can turn mushy when soils are vibrated; associate with earthquakes
CPM (Critical Path Method)
initial site plan tasks are linear, while other tasks are at intermeshing intervals goal of CPM: to discover the tasks that other tasks depend on linear tasks determine the completion date (or the critical path)
swales and channels
for ease of construction, swales are usually trapezoidal; can be enhanced to treat water quality volume (WQV)
bioretention ponds
for use in commercial parking lots, roadsides and setback areas. combines filtering of runoff with biological processing of runoff pollutants
future land use map (type of comprehensive plan)
future land uses and their intensity and density
sanitary sewer
gravity system; manholes needed for access; constructed wetlands are used as a treatment system for on-site sewage disposal systems that have physical limitations or in cases where an existing system is failing
Treatment Train
green roof, permeable pavement, bioretention basin with underdrain, harvest and re-use cistern
grey water systems
grey water is wastewater from washing operations but does not include sanitary (toilet) or food wastes. In general, most wastewater from residences and many commercial enterprises would be classified as gray water collection from showers, sinks, washing machines. the water is filtered using a typical primary treatment methodology to remove particles: solids are allowed to settle, floating materials are removed. the water is sent to a sand filter that acts like a traditional leach field to remove and treat pollutants
types of roadway patterns
grid: simple, ease of layout, convenient access, good orientation; disadvantages: visual monotony, disregard of topo, vulnerability to through traffic, lack of difference between heavily and lightly travelled ways radial: good direct line of travel; not good when neither origin nor desination are related to center, difficult for service, causes problems with local flow classic: favors the specialization of major vs minor arteries, makes intersections managable by distributing instead of concentrating at the center; very sensitive to interruptions at single point linear: flow primarily between two points, typically found along railroads, canals and highways; lack of focus
accessible route design
handicapped parking stalls should be no more than 100' from building entries drop-off zones should be located as close as possible to primary entry ways site entrances should be well identified with obvious relationship to the buildings and site waiting areas should be located within 300' of building entry; avoid traffic congestion; and have an overhead for weather
fundamentals of historic landscape preservation
historic character and nature of the site and proposed use must be compatible a clear time context of the site must be developed to understand the historic period that is of importance for the site assessment of finding distinctive elements and how these elements are placed in time context of the site determine if changes to the site are important restoration is preferred over replacement, and stabiliation and repair should be done carefully new work should not interfere with old work; make elements fit maintain objectivity about the site, time context and project
most favorable microclimates
hot and arid: bottom of slope cold: partially up slope, near bottom temperate: near top of slope warm humid: top of slope
important things for siting residential
how far are schools, govt services, shopping; could have local road traffic increase, future adjacent properties may conflict
four wetland sensitivity issues to be taken ino account
hydrology ( source of water) vegetation (plants with different hardiness levels) ecological state (more prestine areas are hit harder) animal species
wetlands
identified by the presence of hydric soils, prevalence of hydrophytic vegetation, and the hydrology necessary to support the vegetation
street framework plan (UDP)
identifies existing and new streets; includes cross sections of streets, sidewalks, parking, travel lanes and medians
open space framework plan (UPD)
illustrates parks, trails, green streets, plazas, public spaces and the connections between them
land preservation
in general, loss of farmland is associated with changes of use to urban centers and transportation cooridors. . Purchase of Development Rights (PDR) and Transferable Development Rights (TDR) programs are voluntary, market-based approaches that allow real property owners to receive monetary compensation in exchange for development rights TDR: Transferable Development Rights; A TDR program requires four elements: 1) Sending areas to be protected; 2) Receiving areas to be developed; 3) Transferable credits that serve to quantify the development rights being transferred and; 4) A procedure for facilitating the transaction PDR: Purchase Development Rights; a system in which a conservation easement is purchased from the landowner rather than donated by he
soil maps
in urban areas, soil maps assist in identifying former wetlands by soil type that did not exist at the time of the Wetland Inventory maps were produced
land development regulations
include requirements for local street design, open space, lighting, subdivision standards, minimum landscaping
design guidelines (UDP)
inclues massing, height, building setbacks, architectural style, parking, streespaces, signage, amterials, sustainable design
comprehensive plan
indicate the particular land use and intensity of the site; also provides information on utilities, environmental criteria, traffic planning and population trend
infiltration wells
infiltrate runoff from roof downspouts and other very small drainage areas with clean runoff
steel formula
integrates statistical data on rainfall intensity, duration and freuency to provide a means of direct computing rainfall intensity given the storm duration return period and the region of the US used to find rainfall intensity for use with the rational method
how often to engage the public in the planning process
interaction with the community occurs throughout the planning process, beginning with identification of issues. especially critical as the landscap eplan is developed.
contrast
interest or focal points (color, height, shape)
ESA Phase II
intrusive; samples are collected and analyzed always directed to a specific finding; example: area of strained soil, known underground storage tank, chemical storage area, suspected area of contamination
guidelines for historic landscape preservation
investigation: -history of the site: is it listed in the national register of historic places? or a local landmark? are there any drawings around? surveys? -legal considerations: any conditions attached to the site? does ADA apply? is the project supported by any federal funds? documetation: -spacial organization and land patterns (overall pattern formed by components of the historic site, such as divisions within a landscape between garden spaces or farmland) -topo (examine existing contours through surveys, use historic photographs and plans) -vegetation (wooded areas, hedge rows, architectural crops, meadows, planting beds and individual trees. include species, size, form, and texture) -circulation (narrow paths to roads, canals, and alignmets and materials) -water features (manmade and natural. irrigation systems as well) -structures, furnishing and objects (gazebos, playground equipment, animal sheds) evaluation: -change and continuity; how has the landscape changed over time and has it retained its character? -historical significants; based on criterials by the national parks service -integrity; how are activities taht shaped the land still evident today? evaluate location, setting, feeling, association, design, workmanship -geographical context; how the site relates to its surroundings -use; propsed use have the potential to compromise the integrity of the site? -archeological resources; have these been identified? should be protected -natural systems; hydrologic patterns or species present -management and maiteance; still retain historic character and cultural significance? -interpretation; future audience and best strategy for communicating the importance of the features of the site -accessibility; can site be made universally accessible -health and safety; does it meet fire / building codes? -environmental protection -energy efficiency
watershed
is a landscape surface area in which all water, sediment, and dissolved materials flow ror drain from the land into a common water body such as a river, lake, ocean, or other body of water watershed plans describe issues and opportunities, inventory natural and cultural resources, identify potential critical areas (including wetlands and riparian areas) and establish goals and objectives for water quality. also identify management opions and strategies, recommend implementation measures and describe ongoing management procedures
capped site
isolates and contains contaminated materials from receptors and from natural transport mechanisms mostly involved installation of underground utilities and infrastructure Best practice: construct caps or install impermeable geotextiles to line trenches and excavations Costly because it requires a lot of maitenance stormwater management is challenging; no infiltration allowed, line detention basins
reasons for selecting stakeholders
jurisdiction over an issues (ex open space plan that involves city land, county parks should include a rep from each jurisdiction particular info or knowledge base (ex infor about a watershed health may spread among a range of state agencies, local gov and landowners party to an actual or potential conflict; bring participants together to try to resolve differences connected to community networks (influential landowner helps convince land downers to protect critical environ)
restrictive covenants
landowner may place a restriction on his or her land at any time and cause that restriction to run with the land
critical and sensitive areas plan
lands or water bodies that provide protection or habitat for natural resources, living and non living; includes descriptions of identified areas, analysis of carrying capacity, description of public involvement, description of public involvement
characteristics of sustainable sites
landscape for energy efficiency, rethink grounds maintenance to eliminate toxins, reduce water consumption through design/plant selection/maintenance practices, are aware of site specific concerns (soil limitations), accommodate access and try to include public transport, use site features to contribute to building performance, locate buildings with regard to solar and seasonal influence
LEED
leadership in energy and environmental design; method of building assessment developed by us green building council that provides professionals with consensus based set of practices to guide design decisions. stormwater management, minimize disturbed areas, reduce amount of water required for the landscape, reduce the heat island effect, minimize light pollution, encourage alternate transport
most effective means of reducing impacts of parking lots
limit size and number
elements of design in landscape
line, forms and textues, color, balance, scale, quantity
establishing stream bank vegetation
live stakes (woody plant cuttings that get established quickly) branch packing (stabilize small portions of washed out bank) gabions (non vegetative bank stabilization) deflectors (divert flow away from eroding banks or deepen a channel)
historic value resources
local and state historical agencies and societies, local government records, USGS maps, and libraries
other sources for historic pres
local maps, business directories, photos, libraries of historical societies. newspaper stories, local letters to the editor, travel letters, ESAs
screening design considerations
locate close to the source of noise or dust depth of buffer should be relative to strength/magnitude of the nuisance combos of plants are better than single plant types grading can help height of screen is important as width and depth buffer should be visually pleasing
Green Building materials requirements
made from recycled or salvaged materials, wood harvested from Forest Stewardship Council certified forests, materials that are renewable in the short term (10 years or less), don't contain toxins or environmentally damaging materials, products or methods that reduce material volume required, products that reduce environmental impacts during manufacturing/construction/reno/demo, energy efficient or reduce heating and cooling loads on a building, reusable or recyclable, local products
midblock crossings
made to intersect roadway at a right angle (looks like a crosswalk for bikes)
FEMA
maintains a website that allows designers to create fairly site-specific map of hazards related to earthquakes, tornadoes, wind and hail and floods
emphasis
manipulating contrast and hierarchy
5 wetland types
marine (coastal) estuarine (tidal) lacustrine (lakes) palustrine (along different landscapes) riverine (rivers)
outdoor stairs and landings ada
max height between landings is 5' on stairs between adjacent levels
mobility impairments
may rely on walking aids, need areas to rest, or require a ramp to get up an incline
deconstruction
methods and practices of building deconstruction, materials salvage, and management of abandoned and vacant property; saves useful materials for reuse in new construction and rehab projects and creates more jobs and business opportunities than demo
resource conserving utilities practices
minimize road length, building footprint and actual ground area for intended improvements use gravity sewers whenever possible reuse chemical waste tanks and lines consolidate utility corridors when possible
flood protection with stormwater design
minor systems: minimizes the inconveniences associated with frequently occurring storms ex: storm sewers and roadside/backyard swales. accomodate 2, 5, 10 year storms. major systems: whenever the minor system is overloaded; for 25, 50 and 100 year storms. creeks and streams are examples
downtown plans (urban dev plan)
mixed use buildings, adaptive reuse, historic pres; cities, downtown orgs, business improvement districts and regional agencies sponsor these
site characterization
more detailed site investigation that is usually undertaken after some degree of preliminary site planning. Site characterization generally includes a geotechnical analysis of subsurface conditions such as depths to bedrock, depth to groundwater, seasonal high water table, and specific soil tests
Concept Plan
more detailed than SRFD in both content and graphic representation. Subdivides generalized areas of SRFD. Generalized "Entrance Area" becomes subdivided into "walk", "foyer" and "plantings".
Concept Plan
more detailed than Site Related Functional Diagram in both content and graphic representation. Subdivides generalized areas of SRFD. Generalized "Entrance Area" becomes subdivided into "walk", "foyer" and "plantings".
streams
most communities with stream buffer standards require a minimum total width of at least 100' or that the buffer meets the 100 yr floodplain standards the zone nearest the stream usually extends a minimum of 25 feet from the stream bank and improvements are significantly restricted to such minimal encroachments as unpaved foot paths or swales. utilities and paved crossings are kept to a minimum and the stream zone; the middle zone is often used for complementary purposes such as bike paths or stormwater appurtenances (structures attached to something) middle zone is a minimum of 50', but is often the floodplain width
redevelopment plan and environmental action plan
must consider environmental site assessment 465 costs (initial and lifecycle) impacts on current and future useres future impact (changes in regulations, potential exacerbation) bankability
green buildings include
natural light, take building orientation into account, look at material selection carefully
phytoextraction
plants absorbs contaminates then need to be incinerated
implementation and phasing plan (urban dev plan)
public / private partnerships, funding sources, regulatory issues, conceptual budgets and a phasing plan with early action and long range projections
stormwater management - preserve functioning areas
nature drainage paths; perennial, intermittent and ephemeral stream channels (maintains runoff travel time to downstream areas, limiting flash flood damage buffers; undeveloped land adjoining streams and other surface water bodies; inhibits channel erosion, nurtures functioning ecosystems, filters runoff floodplains; store floodwater, moderates flood severity groundwater recharge areas; with permeable soil or fractured rock; impervious surfaces should be restricted erodible slopes; sediment washed into stream channels dimish water quality, degrades habitat and alter channel morphology; preserving protects areas from erosion and limits sediment
CPTED (Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design)
o Effective lighting o Good lines of sight along streets and paths and near buildings o Consider plant material selection carefully o Look for / anticipate escape routes o Vandal proof materials o Restricting traffic on residential streets (one way and traffic calming) o Increased evidence of formal and informal surveillance o Restricting vehicle movement
aerial photography
o Enlarged aerial photographs sometimes reveal site features not clearly visible at ground level such as drainage patterns, sinkholes, and the remains of historic structures. o Old aerial photography may reveal features that have been obscured by later site activities or development. o An aerial photograph is also helpful in presenting the site analysis data to clients and others who may not be comfortable reading plans. o A series of historic aerial photographs show the site conditions at one site at different times in the past
significance for landscape architect of brownfields
offer an alternative to the development of greenfield sites eliminate dereliction in urban areas by encouraging revitalization of older abandoned properties and new sustainable patterns of development reconnecting formerly polluted landscapes with their surrounding communities offering social contributions, such as providing new jobs for the community and reinvestment in the quality of life in the community and the region
Wood preservatives
oil based and water based; oil: creosote (don't use on playgrounds or picnic tables), pentachlorophenol (don't use on playgrounds or picnic tables), copper napthenate; water: chromated coper asenate, ammoniacal copper quaternary compound (best environmental option)
alternative plan preparation
once the program has been accepted by the client, develop several design solutions to meet the program objectives. When an alternative has been accepted, develop it into the preliminary plan. alternative plan should be relatively detailed, showing all apatial relationships, infrastructure, landscaping and other relevant info.
more on streams
outermost zone: transitional area; could be lawn with shrubs and trees and different activities goal of the stream buffer is to recreate or maintain to the extent possible the predeveloped conditions of overland sheet flow, infiltration, and the process of filtration and deposition provided by vegetation stream in dynamic equilibrium = graded stream
parks and open space plans
outlines a systematic approach to providing parks and rec to a community. to create sense of place, public health benefits, civic and cultural infrastructure, recreation
transportation plans
overview of the planning process, existing transportation network transitions, forcast of future conditions for transportation network, assessment of transportation capacity
Emergency Response Plan
part of the Preparedness, Prevention and Contingency plan training on waste disposal plans for the site, emergency response procedures for spills and releases, material storage requirements, the location of materials safety data sheets
landscapes in four general elements
patches (concentrations of habitat type... like a woodland in the midst of farmland or an urban area in the middle of a forest) edges (no line between habitats, transitions are called ecotones, which contains aspects of both zones) connecting cooridors (increases with the fragmentation of human activity. ex: like highways, railroads, or fences. including transmission cooridors; goal is to find ways to connect them) mosaic (overall form of the landscape; the pattern of patches, edges, and connectivity)
categories of stakeholders
people who are representative of a sertain sector of society individuals who represent organized interests, from informal neighborhood coalition to formal orgaized non profit interest group represent government organizations (city depts and state) elected officiallys who are formally voted upon as representatives
parks and playgrounds
playground surfaces must conform to these standards: play equipment more than 20" off the ground must have shock absobtion material below within 8' of the play structure. accessible path is required to approach play equipment
regional comprehensive plans
population trends, regional economy, natural hazards, public involvement, planning assumptions; special resource areas; urban growth areas
underutilized constructed spaces
porous paving; reduced stormwater runoff and improves water quality green roofs; reduces runoff rainwater harvesting; collecting rainwater from rooftops and other clean surfaces can be used for irrigation, toilet flushing, ornamental water features; reduces runoff vegetated swales; filters pollutants, dimishishes travel speeds, and allows infiltration detention; holds postdevelopment peak charges to predevelopment level; dry and wet basins infiltration basin; capture water and store in permeable soil so that it infiltrates level spreaders; stormwater infiltration in a stable vegetated slope; helps disperse flows split-flow management; divides runoff into a combbo of infiltration and outflow; mimics predevelopment hydrology by matching proportions of infiltration and runoff to predevelopment proportions rain gardens and bioretention; part of first flush stormwater ponds and wetlands; water quality improvement, wildlife and flood storage
types of historic preservation
preservation: protect and stabilize site features rather than extensive replacement rehabilitation: repair or alter a property to be compatible with another use while preserving features of historical or cultural significance restoration: accurately depict the historic form or features of a property by reconstructing missing features or removal of later features reconstruction: depict through new construction the form and features of a nonsurviving landscape or object
historic preservation treatment plan
preservation: when property has retained a high level of integrity rehabilitation: when repairs and/or replacements are necessary to convey historic character restoration: best when there is a strong argument for presenting the site at a particular period of significance reconstruction: only when little remains of the site
brownfield site analysis differences
primarily focused on impact of pollutants; include the collection of information on potential pollutants from activities from info gathered from historic interviews, screening methods, smapling and analysis, mointering wells, interviews, geophysical techniques, remost sensing techniques and lab analysis.
importance of wetlands
produce food and timber, purify drinking water, absorb and store flood water, supress storm surges and help maintain biodiversity
PFC
proper functioning condition: discribes the physical attributes of a watercourse and it's associated vegetation area relative to those attributes being ablet o provide desired funcitons and values also helps qualitatively assess the condition of riparian and wetland areas of a water course
BMP restrictions
provide 2-4 feet separation from bottom of infiltration facility to seasonal top of water table or bedrock
graduated difficulty of access
provide a wide vriety of trail types with a range of opportunities and experiences to accomodate or challenge all abilities. the diversity of trail types is characterized by variations in degree of difficulty (with varying surfaces, widths, slopes, cross slopes lengths, edges, rest stops) a good signage system is necessary for user selection of trail type
USGS
provides arial photos, digital orthophoto quadrangles, and other high quality sources of site data provide info on regional and local site hazards like earthquakes, landslides risks, groundwater conditions, flood risks, site geology, info on endangered and exotic invasive species
accessible routes
providing an accessible route is the most important way to provide universal access.
On-site treatment (brownfield)
pump and treat methods are common for groundwater concerns and bioremediation techniques (microorganisms used to degrade organic compounds in soils and groundwater) vitrification: inceases the impermeability of the soil either by adding cement or by heating and melting the soil (less common cus $$$) Phytoremediation and natural attenuation strategies (use of plants to remove or biostabilize contaminants in the soil, sediments or water) least common and most $$$: large scale removing of materials from the site (for either disposal or treatment)
bike paths and trails
rail-to-rail: less than 3% slope Mountain bike trails: 20% slope Bike routes are best limited to 4-5%
urban design plans
range from conceptual to those that incorporate specific requirements. may include plazas and squares (urban amenities); meant to create a homogeous environment
advantages to using proous paving designs
recharge of groundwater reduction in the amount of particulates from runoff into streams and ponds preservation of open space improved site appearance reduction or elimination of land dedicated to surface storm water facilities
most sustainable way to develop
redeveloping a previously developed site
reducing parking design for maintaining predevloped rate of infiltration
reduce parking space size require smaller spaces dedicated to compact cars design spillover parking with pervious surfaces Add stone surface median to parking lot edge
How to reduce the impacts of development
reduce the footprint or modify the footprint, reduce surface area of the structure to reduce energy requirements
site maintenance considerations
reduce the need for extra watering and reduce the chemical inputs needed to maintain a landscape; plant species and material choice should make important contributions to the environmental performance of the site. trees providing cooling shade to buildings and parking lots, reducing heat generation and retention help reduce energy demand, reduced turf area and increased use of meadows and natural vegetation increase biodiversity on the site; plants should form natural communities and should reduce the need for fertilizer and pesticides. use design to capture and retain precipitation will lower the cost of infrastructure and reduce watering need. consider the use of nonpotable water for landscape watering by using on-site retention ponds or innovative wastewater systems.
Engineering or technical controls
refer to strategies such as caps and active or passive remedial action strategies. engineering strategies are usually directed towards isolating or containing the contamination or treating it in some way over a period of time taht continues after construction. engineering solutions differ from a remedial action plan that treats the material to acceptable levels BEFORE construction begins
rehabilitation
refers to actions taken to restore environmental functions and the vitality of the landscape stream and wetland restoration and revegetation projects are examples of rehabilitation vegetative cover is a cost-effective and attrative way to prevent erosion
neighborhood / area plan
refine the comprehensive plan as it relates to a particular location. may stipulate specific zoning categories for individual parcels of land
types of bike / road signage
regulatory: indicates rules; motor vehicles prohibited, no parking, bikes only warning: cite potentially hazardous conditions; bump, road narrows, dip, narrow bridge guide: roadside information for orientation; bike route, begin / end pavement markings reinforce signage
preferred method of stormwater management
reintroduce runoff into the soil as quickly as possible for groundwater recharge can be used to remove pollutants, particulates, and groundwater recharge
visual imparements
rely on sense of smell, hearing and touch for identification and orientation differences in paving material provide tactile clues to aid in orientation idetification with cane 27" or below
filter strip
removes particulates like metal and phosphorus by filtration through vegetative surfaces minimum slope 2% and not to exceed 4%; minimum 15 feet wide
urban design plan
rendered plan showing existing and new buildings, parking, streets, trails and landscape planting prep of design guidelines for buildings, the design of the public realm (open sapce, streets, sidewalks, plazas) and the public interest of issues of buildings. includes massing, placement, and sun/shadow/wind issues for downtowns, waterfronts, campuses, corridors, neighborhoods, mixed use and special districts; req. interdisc. interactions used to create strategies, forge visions, create good locations
when to use sod
resist erosion and quickly cover areas in summer when cool season grasses won't grow grasses and forbs can be used to stabilize a slope immediately after the disturbance, long term stabilization can be improved by incorporating trees
urban historic landscapes
restoration or rehab of an existing urban open space such as a park, campus, or estate conversion, reuse or redevelopment of existing buildings or features of a site from one to another (former factories to retain or residential use) restoration of an environmental function, such as urban stream or forestry restoration redevelopment of new urban spaces by razing existing structures and starting with new construction
site inventory for historic preservation
review all records of the site (plats, maps, diaries, articles, journals, local records, or any other site info) unsubsantiated rumors should be collected history of ownership such as a chain of title larger sites; aerial photography, both current and past topo map as a base, prepare a site map that includes the significant features of historic significance
ESA (Environmental Site Assessment)
risk assessment used in the planning and feasibility stages of real estate development. assessments are used to evaluate all types of property - virgin land, recycyled land, and renovation properties - for conditions that are indicitave of possible environmental contamination
woonerf
road in a residential district which uses various measures to calm traffic; pavers instead of poured paving
SLS Method
runoff evaluation method by the US Soil conservation service
best way to minimize transportation needs
select a site which is located within or adjacent to residntial, shopping and/or work opportunities provide a mix of uses on-site
constructing wetlands
selected sites should not be subjected to significant grading due to loss of soil structure associated with those activities. supplementing the existing soil with hydric soils has been successful in helping to establish vegetation and micro flora and fauna in the built wetland wetlands serve multiple purposes in the landscape: restore habitat, stormwater collection and treatment, flood buffer, stabilization of riparian or littoral zones, water treatment, recreation
management and maitenance plan
should include careful record keeping to monitor work
things on a historic map
show all buildings, foundations, fences, stone piles, tree masses, major or important specimen trees, surface water, outbuildings or appurtenances, road pathways, areas of cut or fill, visible boundaries
site analysis with POE
site analysis interviews with designers interviews with staff observation of users (behavior traces) observation of users (behavior mapping... longer, multiple times and days observed to map out) interviews with users
Redevelopment strategies
site issues that influence redevelopment planning include: (phase 1 and 2 ESAs, stormwater, slope, floodplain) and realestate characteristics (location, proposed use, anticipated future use, bankability)
smart growth
slow down suburban sprawl by encouraging development in places where it can be best supported by existing infrastructure
dry wells
small excavated pits backfilled with aggregate in the same manner as an infiltration trench. difference between the two is how the water is collected into the system dry well is designed to collect runoff directly from a roof drain or outfall soil filter, crushed stone aggregate, 4" pvc pipe, filter fabric liner
site preparation
soil analysis is essential GPR (ground prenetration radar) provides a shallow cross section of subsurface objects acrylic polymers can help with stabilization and revegetation projects
building orientation
solar access provide northwall design to minimize heat loss max saety and ease of access and protection from the elements in building entrance orientation minimize solar shadows
monitoring wells brownfields and remote sensing techniques
specific access to groundwater to understand the hydrogeology remote sensing is for sampling electromagnetic radiation to acquire and interpret nonimmediate geospatial data from which to extract info about features, objects and classes on the land surface
site analysis and assessment
specific characteristics of climate zones geographical latitude and solar access wind patterns and air movement topography (for wind patterns and drainage strategies too) soil characteristics (texture and load bearing capacity) groundwater and surface runoff characteristics vegetation (influence building location, surface runoff and solar access) adjacent land uses (neighboring developments) circulation (existing traffic and parking patterns) utility infrastructure capacity
materials to use (recycled)
specify fly ash in concrete, furniture made from recycled plastic, pavement containing tires, NOT pressure treated lumber ( use recycled plastic lumber instead)
neightborhood plans (urban dev plan)
sponsored by cities, community development organizations, foundations and private developers; address the location and design of infill housing, new parks and community institutions, main street revitilization, street reconfiguration
on-site runoff control measures for wetlands
storage ponds: typically dry between storms; wet ponds can remove a very high percentage of particulate pollutants constructed stormwater wetland retain runoff for a long period of time, allowing pollutants to settle out of the water column and providing biological, chemical and physcial processes for breaking down pollutants. also slows the velocity of stormwater, reduces erosion. advantages to constructed wetlands; low capital and operating costs, offer compliance with permit requirements and greatly reduce operation and maitenance costs
redevelopment of a brownfield site
stormwater infiltration might be encouraged on a "green site", could be prohibited on a brownfield to prevent leaching of contaminants grading may be restricted to avoid exposing certain areas to weather or require daily stabilization planners should be aware that development of brownfield sites usually involve consideration of concerns from a variety of stakeholders ranging from adjacent landowners to state and local regulatory agencies, to the larger community, lenders, environmental or community advocates, and the client usually the faster the remedial action, the more expensive. for example, removing contaminated soil from a site and properly disposing of it is quick, but expensive and the owner retains some future risk
urban stream buffer system
streamside zone: protects the integrity of the stream ecosystem, min. 25' plus wetland and critical habitats, undisturbed mature forest or grasses, restricted uses, only flood control, utility right of ways, footpaths middle zone: provide distance between upland development and streamside zone; 50-100' depending on your stream, managed forest, some clearing allowed; restricted uses, only recreational uses, some storwater bmps, bike paths, tree removal by permit outer zone: prevent encroachment and filter backyard runoff; 25' minimum setback to structures, forest encouraged, but usually turf grass, unrestricted for uses (yard, compost, most stormwater bmps)
post occupancy evaluation
study of the effectiveness for human users of occupied designed environments (after has been designed, completed, and occupied) why conduct a POE: -generate information about how a facility is used -generate a set of design guidelines -provide information to guide the redesign of a park that no longer meets the needs of the neighborhood -to fine-tune a garden that isn't used as much as it might be who should conduct a POE (three types): -indicative POE: can be accomplished in a short time span: from one to two hours to one to two days. Methods include interview with staff and/or designers, a walk-through evaluation, or use of an audit tool. This type of POE can provide indications of major successes and failures and is most reliable if hte evaluator is familiar iwth the type of environment being evaluated. -Investigative POE: prompted by issues raised in an indicative POE. covers more issues at greater depths and reliability. the evaluation critearia are explicitly stated; ex. the use of the space like agarden -Diagnostic POE: most comprehensive and in-depth evaluation, requiring significant time and budget. for reliable findings, must use multiple methods like interviewing, questionaires, observations ect. recommendations are meant to create design guidelines for future spaces
enhancing slope stabilization with trees
the deeper root penetration serves to bind the slope together and to provide additional cover and slope protection from precipitation although the tree has very little value in protecting the slope from erosion initially, it does have a role to play over time. the canopy provides protection from the soil from the sun and rain and shade to the understory. the leaves from deciduous trees contribute to ground litter, which helps stabilize the surface and contributes to the evolving soil structure the expense of tree plantings on very large sites can be offset by planting seedlings. individual seedlings and installation costs are relatively low when compared to larger trees, but some investigation into mortality rates, species and long-term cost is justified. the solution may be in planting a combination of sizes and species
design development plan
the final step of the design process. The designer is most concerned with the visual quality of the design, not technical or construction detailing. It involves studying specific key areas at a detailed scale
infiltration basin
the infiltration basin serves the same function as a detention basin; offsets the increase of runoff from developed sites basin outlets through the pore space in the soil rather than through a surface outlet structure. allows for some recharge of the auifer and minimizes the pollutant impact on the receiving surface water oil and grease, floating organic matter and fast settling solids need to first be filtered through a vegetative filter strip
final design plans
the preliminary plans are refined into final site development plans that include fully dimensioned drawings, landscape plans, and site details. also includes civil plans
site history reviews and interviews
thorough review of existing site and topo maps, aerial photos, historical surveys, fire insurance maps, flood insurance, leases and deeds and historic photos of the site. screening methods: -immunoassay field screening: measures the presence and concentration of petroleum hydrocarbon mixtures -soil gas: tills tiny voids between soil particles. monitored by VOCs -x-ray fuorescence: energy levels
balance
through visual weight and sace
rational method
to calculate peak discharge; Q=CiA
comprehensive plan
to view the big picture, coordinate location decision making (this plan should be used for decisions about locating, finzncing and requencying public improvements, devising and administerig regulations like zoning and subdivision controls, and redevelopment also to give guidance to landowners and developers; involve a broad array of interests (includes land use, transportation, community facilities like utilities and parks, housing, economic development, critical or sensitive areas, natural hazards and agricultural lands)
aggradation
too much bed load, stream gradient and velocity increases and channel widens
benefits of community participation
two types : guides the overall project and other is applied to particular events. start planning at least one month in advance, take time to clearly define the meeting purpose, be sure to have a next step at the end of the discussion. common ways to notify the community that there is a project in the works is to post flyers, place articles in a neighborhood newsletter, or issue public service announcements. key techniques: listening goal setting (helps allocate funds) design charrette and visual preference survey walking tours of the site
difference between zoning and land development regulations
underlying authority. Local officials may have the authority to waive or modify provisions of the land development ordinance on a case-by-case basis; zoning regulations are enforcable and cannot be waived without justification zoning requirements of initial concern include the permitted uses, density, minimum lot sizes, setbacks, and open space
greenfield
undeveloped areas within or outside a city, typically on agricultural land. Advantages include: Design flexibility for meeting project requirements Room to expand for future growth Can be leased or owned Construction timelines are typically faster Disadvantages include: Infrastructure installation often required Further away from the city and its services Longer commutes for workers May be viewed as urban sprawl and a negative environmental impact
3 principles of composition
unity, balance, emphasis
elements of green development design
use regionally available, sustainably harvesed, low impact, reused/recycled materials; design sensitivity for energy use; conserve water; waste minimization; incorporate natural light/appropriate ventilation/human scales
thoroughfare plan (type of comprehensive plan)
used as a framework for roadway rehabilitation, improvement and signalization
PERT (Program Evaluation Review Technique)
used for analyzing the time needed to complete each project task; has a critical path: determined y shaded bars (if not hit, project completion will be missed). can compensate for lost time through: more labor, shift labor from less critical tasks, add/divert equipment, work overtime, use multiple shifts
bioremediation
uses micro flora or fauna to decompose or stabilize contaminants
phytoremediation
using plants to clean up site contamination
Swales
vegetated swales encourage infiltration, filter water by providing many surfaces for deposition and reduce velocity of water increases capacity of a typical swale to allow infiltration of low flow, frequent storm events can also convey the flow of large infrequent storms Swales are better conveyance systems as opposed to pipes Design of channels is accomplished through manning's formula; coefficient of roughness is the critical step of the equation preferred is 4 run / 1 rise; minimum is 2 run / 1 rise provide 16-24 inches of filter stone, then crushed aggregate, all with filter fabric liner (total of 2-4' deep) if velocity exceeds the recommended rate, may be necessary to reinforce the channel with geotextile fabric geotextiles should be selected on teh basis of their ability to resist the flow of moving water, protect the channel surface, and hold vegetation in place
Important things for siting commercial
visibility, site access, and traffic
application for planted screens
visual barrier against unwanted views deflect or absorb sound filter and collect airborne dust and particulates shade and protection from the sun for purposes of comfort/energy efficiency wind screen
purpose of firsthand site reconnaissance
visually and physically observe the property and any structures to the extent that the investigation is not obstructed by bodies of water, adjacent buildings, or other obstacles exterior areas are viewed from all adjacent thoroughfares. the purpose of roads or access points is determined areas of stressed vegetation, strained soils, areas of fill, disposal areas, material storage areas, adjacent property uses, and general housekeeping are observed and noted building interiors, including accessible common areas, hallways, utility areas, boiler rooms, maintenance and repair areas, and a representative sample of occupied areas are inspected
types of historic landscapes
well known designers for historical figures significant places for a significant event or person culturally important landscapes ecologically important
aspects of a wetland
wetland hydrology, hydric soils and predominance of hydrophytic vegetation land transition between dry and wet landscape systems, where the water table is usually at or near the surface or the land is covered by shallow water where water is a) present on a periodic basis, b) substrate is underdrained hydric soil or c)subsurface is non soil
planting to save energy
windscreens can reduce the cooling of buildings and heating by redirecting or blocking winter winds evergreen trees located on the north and west side of buildings will screen winter wind. they are effective when they are 30x the vertical height of the screen windscreen should be 60% dense all the way to the ground. evergreen should be 3 rows thick and up to 6 rows thick
public review
zoning change requires public review.