Leadership Exam 1
According to LMX, leadership is defined in terms of the...
... nature of the personal relationship between leaders and each of their followers.
Task-oriented leaders draw self-esteem from...
...accomplishing their task well
Strong situations are those that...
...are more constraining - they put more pressure on particular actions, leaving less room for alternative decisions.
Empirical means...
...based on observation.
When task-oriented leaders or their group fails, they tend to be...
...harsh in judging their subordinates and highly punitive.
A charismatic person does what 2 things?
1. Articulates a vision for a group of followers 2. Generates enthusiasm for that vision.
For it to be considered "transformational leadership," a person's leadership needs to consist of which 4 components?
1. Inspirational motivation 2. Idealized influence 3. Intellectual stimulation 4. Individualized consideration
Can you answer questions about this?
Answer should be yes..
What's the definition of self-deception?
Avoiding or disguising the moral implications of a decision.
How does self-deception hinder ethical decision making?
By preventing us from recognizing that a situation has ethical aspects that need to be thought through.
Interpersonal skills are...
Knowledge of interpersonal relationships including communication, conflict management, negotiation, and team building
Conceptual skills are...
Knowledge of problem solving, logical thinking, decision making, creativity, and reasoning in general
"Technical skills" refers to...
Knowledge of the job processes, methods, tools, and techniques
Management is the result of what change in the workplace? [...]
Management is the result of what change in the workplace? complex organizations after the industrial revolution.
What does it mean that science is self-correcting?
New evidence replaces old knowledge.
Why is it inaccurate to say that something is "proven"?
New information may make current knowledge obsolete at any time.
Do individual differences necessarily dictate leadership effectiveness? (yes/no)
No
Does charisma always serve positive/desirable ends? (yes/no)
No
Is management by exception generally effective? (yes/no)
No
Is the goal to identify which of ends-based, rule-based, or care-based thinking is the right mindset in a particular ethical situation?
No - each can offer a different and valuable perspective for thinking through a given ethical dilemma.
Key trait-era finding: Which trait or set of traits clearly define leaders?
No single trait or set of traits - depends on the requirements of the situation
Traits are or are not THE dominant factor in leadership?
Not
The two primary dimensions of Schwartz's values model are:
Openness to change - conservation Self-enhancement - self-transcendence
Explain the constrained representation of our self.
Our perceptions of the world are inevitably biased and subjective. Hence, we can't accurately/objectively evaluate the full effects of our actions on others.
What does it mean that science progresses? (it has to do with it being cumulative)
Our understanding doesn't just change in some random direction - it *progresses*, getting closer and closer to truth with additional empirical evidence.
Type A personality refers to...
People who try to do more and more with less and less time
What are the underlying, unseen structures and processes inside a person that explain part of why we behave the way we do?
Personality
What type of leadership has an affirmative bias that emphasizes strengths, capabilities, and possibilities, rather than weaknesses and problems?
Positive leadership
What are the key factors that can increase or decrease situational strength? (4 of them, broken into two categories)
Proximal: - Moral intensity (issue-related moral imperative of situation) - Organizational/group-level factors (e.g., group/corporate culture, ethical climate, group norms/values, group incentives Distal: - Institutional (e.g., industry competition, legal system) - Supranational (e.g., NGO activism, media, global governance)
What are the two examples of contingency models that we discussed in class?
Fiedler's contingency model and leader-member exchange.
What's the key limitation of typical training in ethical decision making?
It's only helpful if people can recognize ethical situations in the first place to apply what they learned.
Which leadership style is easily bored with details and focuses on social interactions? (Fiedler)
Relationship-oriented leadership style (high on LPC)
What is it called when a leader provides followers with resources and rewards in exchange for motivation, productivity, and effective task accomplishment?
Transactional leadership
Leadership that transforms the wants, needs, and desires of followers is referred to as ______.
Transformational leadership
How strong is the link between leadership and intelligence?
Unclear
Which era of leadership research assumes that there is NO one best way to lead?
contingency era
According to Fiedler, being high on the three situational factors leads to high situational _______.
control
Schwartz defines values as...
core beliefs about what goals are desirable.
questioning assumptions, stimulating new ways of doing things, and encouraging new ideas are all examples of what (part of TFL)
intellectual stimulation
high openness to experience means someone is...
intellectually curious and seeks out new experiences
Which type of charismatic leaders pursue organization-driven goals and promote feelings of empowerment, personal growth, and equal participation in followers?
"Ethical-socialized charismatic leaders"
Which type of charismatic leaders pursue leader-driven goals and promote feelings of obedience, dependency, and submission in followers through manipulation?
"Personalized charismatic leaders"
Describe the self-serving bias in ethical decision making.
"in negotiations over scarce resources, people tend to believe they deserve a greater share of available resources than what others view to be fair."
What's the simple definition of "responsible leadership"?
(1) doing good and (2) avoiding harm.
What are some critiques of Kohlberg's model?
- Too much emphasis on reasoning - Some disagreement about what a moral person would look like in this model - Questions about applicability of model to females and across cultures - Questions about reliability and validity of scoring system used in research
List different conditions under which people are more likely to overlook unethical behavior of other people. (4 discussed in class)
- When it benefits the observer - When the observer likes the outcome of the unethical action - When the unethical behavior happens slowly - When the unethical behavior harms an anonymous group of people
What are the factors that determine the moral intensity of a situation?
- magnitude of consequences - social consensus about consequences - probability of undesirable effect - temporal immediacy - proximity - concentration of effect
Is transactional leadership more closely tied with management or leadership?
Management (focusing on stability)
What are the 4 enablers of self-deception?
1. Language euphemisms 2. The slippery slope of decision making (ethical numbing & past-present similarity) 3. Biased perceptual causation 4. the constrained representation of our self
4 characteristics typically shared by creative leaders: (1) Perseverance and self-confidence in face of obstacles, (2) Willingness to take risks, (3) Willingness to grow and openness to experience, (4) [...]
4 characteristics typically shared by creative leaders: (1) Perseverance and self-confidence in face of obstacles, (2) Willingness to take risks, (3) Willingness to grow and openness to experience, (4) Tolerance of ambiguity
4 characteristics typically shared by creative leaders: (1) Perseverance and self-confidence in face of obstacles, (2) Willingness to take risks, (3) [...] (4) Tolerance of ambiguity
4 characteristics typically shared by creative leaders: (1) Perseverance and self-confidence in face of obstacles, (2) Willingness to take risks, (3) Willingness to grow and openness to experience, (4) Tolerance of ambiguity
4 characteristics typically shared by creative leaders: (1) Perseverance and self-confidence in face of obstacles, (2) [...] (3) Willingness to grow and openness to experience, (4) Tolerance of ambiguity
4 characteristics typically shared by creative leaders: (1) Perseverance and self-confidence in face of obstacles, (2) Willingness to take risks, (3) Willingness to grow and openness to experience, (4) Tolerance of ambiguity
4 characteristics typically shared by creative leaders: (1) [...], (2) Willingness to take risks, (3) Willingness to grow and openness to experience, (4) Tolerance of ambiguity
4 characteristics typically shared by creative leaders: (1) Perseverance and self-confidence in face of obstacles, (2) Willingness to take risks, (3) Willingness to grow and openness to experience, (4) Tolerance of ambiguity
2nd definition of personality:
A combination of traits and other factors (interests, abilities, self-concept, and emotional patterns) that classify an individual's characteristics and behavior.
A good relationship with followers is key to a leader's ability to lead, and it can compensate for [...]. (Fiedler's contingency model)
A good relationship with followers is key to a leader's ability to lead, and it can compensate for lack of power. (Fiedler's contingency model)
The leadership behavior category of "initiation of structure" refers to...
A leader's capacity to define and organize people's roles with a view to achieving relevant goals.
According to Kotter, "Leadership" = [...].
According to Kotter, "Leadership" = enabling movement, change, new adaptive order.
According to Kotter, "Management" = [...].
According to Kotter, "Management" = maintaining stability, consistency, order.
According to the textbook, leaders are effective when their followers (1) [...], (2) can function well together, and (3) can adapt to changing demands from external forces.
According to the textbook, leaders are effective when their followers (1) achieve their goals, (2) can function well together, and (3) can adapt to changing demands from external forces.
According to the textbook, leaders are effective when their followers (1) achieve their goals, (2) [...], and (3) can adapt to changing demands from external forces.
According to the textbook, leaders are effective when their followers (1) achieve their goals, (2) can function well together, and (3) can adapt to changing demands from external forces.
According to the textbook, leaders are effective when their followers (1) achieve their goals, (2) can function well together, and (3) [...].
According to the textbook, leaders are effective when their followers (1) achieve their goals, (2) can function well together, and (3) can adapt to changing demands from external forces.
Define idealized influence
Acting as role model, embodying values followers should hold.
Does the scientific literature agree or disagree about what leadership is and does?
Disagree
What are traits?
Distinguishing personal characteristics (e.g., drive, motivation to lead, integrity, self-confidence)
Describe care-based thinking
Do to others what you would like them to do to you. (Golden rule)
You should have a general familiarity with Schwartz's model.
Do you?
When did the study of leadership become scientific?
During Industrial Revolution (end of 19th century)
Explain biased perceptual causation.
Error in why things occur (whose fault) - allows us to distance ourselves from ethical issues, reducing our moral responsibility. e.g., Leaders blaming group members that they can't change for unethical behavior instead of the social system which they can change. Or the opposite: group members blaming the system (which they can't change) instead of themselves.
Describe ends-based thinking
Examine possible outcomes and do whatever produces the greatest good for the greatest number.
Which is the oldest and most studied contingency approach to leadership?
Fiedler's Contingency Model
What does a proactive person do to the environment?
Focuses on changing environment, not being constrained by it
Describe rule-based thinking
Follow only the principle you want everyone else to follow. i.e., act as though what you do is to become the universal standard.
Personality is primarily based on what two factors?
Genetics and environmental factors
People are more likely to emerge as leaders if high or low in self-monitoring?
High
Type A personality is in large part due to a high...
High need for control
Low emotional stability corresponds with high or low neuroticism?
High neuroticism
The following is seen with which type of LMX (high quality or low quality?)? Mutual respect, expectations of continued and growing professional relationships and obligations.
High-quality LMX
Machiavellian Personality is a...
Higher willingness to put self-interests and preferences above the interests of the group
What's the practical implication of LMX?
Ideally, no in-group or out-group should exist—all subordinates should have equal access to a leader, projects, and resources, but this is difficult to achieve.
Explain the past-present similarity issue (one of the psychological mechanisms of the slippery slope of decision making)
If the past action was ok, and the present action is almost the same, the present action must be fine.
Individual differences establish [...] for different behaviors and actions.
Individual differences establish comfort zones for different behaviors and actions.
What is it called when a leader deals with followers as individuals, considers their individual needs, advises, coaches, and teaches them?
Individualized consideration
The emergence of in-groups and out-groups in LMX can have what effect on creativity?
It can stifle it by leading to homogenous in-groups (composed of people similar to the leader).
Is high situational strength more or less likely to correspond with responsible leader behavior?
It could be either and depends on what behavior the situational pressure is pushing for.
Describe a highly structured task
It has clear goals and procedures, few paths to the correct solution, one or few correct solutions, and can be evaluated easily. (from Fiedler's contingency model)
Define servant leadership
Leaders go beyond their self-interests to serve the needs and effectiveness of their followers. Focus is on individual follower well-being and effectiveness, not on organizational effectiveness.
What does it mean that the link between intelligence and leadership may be curvilinear?
Leaders may be less effective if very high or low intelligence.
Leadership is a very ["young"/"old"] concept; management is from the past 100 years.
Leadership is a very old concept; management is from the past 100 years.
Leadership is a very old concept; management is from [time period].
Leadership is a very old concept; management is from the past 100 years.
"LPC" scale stands for...
Least-preferred coworker scale
Which of Kohlberg's levels is based on self-interest and not internalized?
Level I. Preconventional Morality
What are the three levels in Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning?
Level I. Preconventional Morality Level II. Conventional Morality Level III. Post-Conventional Morality
Kohlberg believed that most people are at which level of moral reasoning?
Level II. Conventional Morality
Which of Kohlberg's levels is based on social expectations of others and involves some internalization of these moral standards?
Level II. Conventional Morality
Which of Kohlberg's levels is based on universal principles of right and wrong, regardless of a leader or group's expectations.
Level III. Post-Conventional Morality
High emotional stability corresponds with high or low neuroticism?
Low neuroticism
The following is seen with which type of LMX (high or low quality)? Perceive followers as less motivated, less competent
Low-quality LMX
"Able and willing to manipulate others for personal gain." This describes someone high in...
Machiavellian Personality
To study the same thing that was studied before, to see if the previously observed relationships still hold in the same or different sample populations is referred to as...
Replication
Low extraversion means...
Reserved, private
What does it mean that science is cumulative?
Science progresses toward truth by continually adding new information based on new research.
Science strives to obtain knowledge through [...] observations.
Science strives to obtain knowledge through objective observations.
Science tries to understand [...] and why something works. Scientists develop theories to explain this.
Science tries to understand how and why something works. Scientists develop theories to explain this.
Science tries to understand how and [...] something works. Scientists develop theories to explain this.
Science tries to understand how and why something works. Scientists develop theories to explain this.
Science tries to understand how and why something works. Scientists develop [...] to explain this.
Science tries to understand how and why something works. Scientists develop theories to explain this.
What personality variable involves managing the impressions of others?
Self-monitoring
What are three forms of values-based leadership?
Servant, authentic, and positive
Describe high extraversion.
Sociable, enjoys interacting with others
Some core assumptions of the trait era of leadership research are: (1) Leaders are born (2) Leaders have special characteristics and traits (3) Leaders and followers have different traits and are fundamentally different (4)[...]
Some core assumptions of the trait era of leadership research are: (1) Leaders are born (2) Leaders have special characteristics and traits (3) Leaders and followers have different traits and are fundamentally different (4) certain traits lead to leadership effectiveness regardless of context.
Some core assumptions of the trait era of leadership research are: (1) Leaders are born (2) Leaders have special characteristics and traits (3) [...] (4) certain traits lead to leadership effectiveness regardless of context.
Some core assumptions of the trait era of leadership research are: (1) Leaders are born (2) Leaders have special characteristics and traits (3) Leaders and followers have different traits and are fundamentally different (4) certain traits lead to leadership effectiveness regardless of context.
Some core assumptions of the trait era of leadership research are: (1) Leaders are born (2)[...] (3) Leaders and followers have different traits and are fundamentally different (4) certain traits lead to leadership effectiveness regardless of context.
Some core assumptions of the trait era of leadership research are: (1) Leaders are born (2) Leaders have special characteristics and traits (3) Leaders and followers have different traits and are fundamentally different (4) certain traits lead to leadership effectiveness regardless of context.
Some core assumptions of the trait era of leadership research are: (1)[...] (2) Leaders have special characteristics and traits (3) Leaders and followers have different traits and are fundamentally different (4) certain traits lead to leadership effectiveness regardless of context.
Some core assumptions of the trait era of leadership research are: (1) Leaders are born (2) Leaders have special characteristics and traits (3) Leaders and followers have different traits and are fundamentally different (4) certain traits lead to leadership effectiveness regardless of context.
Proactive personality refers to...
Someone who routinely identifies opportunities, challenges the status quo, takes initiative, stays positive, and perseveres through obstacles
What are the names of the three main categories of leadership skills?
Technical, interpersonal, and conceptual skills.
It's possible for new research to contradict and disprove our current understanding of things. This is why science is said to be...
Tentative
The 4 common elements in leadership definitions are: (1) [...], (2) necessarily involves interpersonal influence or persuasion, (3) goal directed and action oriented, and (4) assumes some form of hierarchy within a group - formal or informal.
The 4 common elements in leadership definitions are: (1) group and social phenomenon, (2) necessarily involves interpersonal influence or persuasion, (3) goal directed and action oriented, and (4) assumes some form of hierarchy within a group - formal or informal.
The 4 common elements in leadership definitions are: (1) group and social phenomenon, (2) [...], (3) goal directed and action oriented, and (4) assumes some form of hierarchy within a group - formal or informal.
The 4 common elements in leadership definitions are: (1) group and social phenomenon, (2) necessarily involves interpersonal influence or persuasion, (3) goal directed and action oriented, and (4) assumes some form of hierarchy within a group - formal or informal.
The 4 common elements in leadership definitions are: (1) group and social phenomenon, (2) necessarily involves interpersonal influence or persuasion, (3) [...], and (4) assumes some form of hierarchy within a group - formal or informal.
The 4 common elements in leadership definitions are: (1) group and social phenomenon, (2) necessarily involves interpersonal influence or persuasion, (3) goal directed and action oriented, and (4) assumes some form of hierarchy within a group - formal or informal.
The 4 common elements in leadership definitions are: (1) group and social phenomenon, (2) necessarily involves interpersonal influence or persuasion, (3) goal directed and action oriented, and (4) [...].
The 4 common elements in leadership definitions are: (1) group and social phenomenon, (2) necessarily involves interpersonal influence or persuasion, (3) goal directed and action oriented, and (4) assumes some form of hierarchy within a group - formal or informal.
What is the name of a well-accepted model for categorizing personality traits?
The Big Five Personality Dimensions
Emotional intelligence is...
The ability to be aware of and manage emotions in self and other.
Could you answer questions about this from memory?
The answer should be yes....
Which area of leadership research asked what an effective leader does?
The behavior era
The [...] era of leadership research took place in the mid 1940s to early 1970s.
The behavior era of leadership research took place in the mid 1940s to early 1970s.
What is the meaning of the circular structure of Schwartz's values model?
The closer any two values in either direction around the circle, the more similar/congruent their underlying motivations; the more distant, the more different/conflicting their motivations.
The Dark Triad is...
The combination of three socially malevolent characteristics and behaviors.
The [...] era of leadership research took place in the early 1960s to present.
The contingency era of leadership research took place in the early 1960s to present.
What's the bad side of LMX?
The creation of in-groups and out-groups can be highly detrimental. Often, group status is based on stereotypes and interpersonal conflicts, or positive/negative personal feelings—NOT performance, competence, quality of work.
What's the good side of LMX?
The development of individual exchange (between leaders and followers) is natural and can be positive of organizations, allowing the identification of competent workers and ensuring organizational goals are met.
The five general dimensions in the big 5 are Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, [...]
The five general dimensions in the big 5 are Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, Openness to experience
The five general dimensions in the big 5 are Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, [...], Openness to experience
The five general dimensions in the big 5 are Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, Openness to experience
The five general dimensions in the big 5 are Extraversion, Agreeableness, [...], Emotional Stability, Openness to experience
The five general dimensions in the big 5 are Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, Openness to experience
The five general dimensions in the big 5 are Extraversion, [...], Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, Openness to experience
The five general dimensions in the big 5 are Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, Openness to experience
The five general dimensions in the big 5 are [...], Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, Openness to experience
The five general dimensions in the big 5 are Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, Openness to experience
Which era of leadership theory asks the question: What are the distinctive physical and psychological traits that make leaders effective?
Trait era
What are the three major areas of early science-based leadership theory?
Trait, behavior, and contingency models
The following tend to be true for all three Dark Triad types... (1) Get ahead without making sincere connections with others, (2) Men tend to score higher, (3)[...]
The following tend to be true for all three Dark Triad types... (1) Get ahead without making sincere connections with others, (2) Men tend to score higher, (3) Sometimes perceived as a positive leadership trait.
The following tend to be true for all three Dark Triad types... (1) Get ahead without making sincere connections with others, (2) [...] (3) Sometimes perceived as a positive leadership trait.
The following tend to be true for all three Dark Triad types... (1) Get ahead without making sincere connections with others, (2) Men tend to score higher, (3) Sometimes perceived as a positive leadership trait.
The following tend to be true for all three Dark Triad types... (1)[...] (2) Men tend to score higher, (3) Sometimes perceived as a positive leadership trait.
The following tend to be true for all three Dark Triad types... (1) Get ahead without making sincere connections with others, (2) Men tend to score higher, (3) Sometimes perceived as a positive leadership trait.
Define individualized consideration
The leader dealing with followers as individuals, considers their individual needs, advise, coach, teach.
Describe management by exception.
The only way the leader gets involved is for corrections and negative feedback
First definition of personality:
The pattern of characteristics and behavior that comprises one's unique adjustment to life.
Creativity is...
The process of bringing into reality something novel and useful.
Science is parsimonious, meaning...
The simplest explanation is usually the best.
Describe the illusion of objectivity.
The tendency for people to "incorrectly view themselves as more objective than others"
The [...] era of leadership research took place in the late 1800s to mid 1940s.
The trait era of leadership research took place in the late 1800s to mid 1940s.
The two core assumptions of Fiedler's contingency model are (1)[...] and (2) the leader must change the situation to fit his or her style.
The two core assumptions of Fiedler's contingency model are (1)leader's style has a trait-like quality and cannot be changed from one situation to another and (2) the leader must change the situation to fit his or her style.
The two core assumptions of Fiedler's contingency model are (1)leader's style has a trait-like quality and cannot be changed from one situation to another and (2) [...]
The two core assumptions of Fiedler's contingency model are (1)leader's style has a trait-like quality and cannot be changed from one situation to another and (2) the leader must change the situation to fit his or her style.
If situational strength is low, what would you want to look at when trying to predict whether a leader will behave responsibly?
Their individual-level factors.
How many different personality traits are there?
Thousands
Three advantages of behaviors over traits are that they are more readily [...], can be consistently measured and can be taught through a variety of methods.
Three advantages of behaviors over traits are that they are more readily observable, can be consistently measured and can be taught through a variety of methods.
Three advantages of behaviors over traits are that they are more readily observable, can be consistently [...] and can be taught through a variety of methods.
Three advantages of behaviors over traits are that they are more readily observable, can be consistently measured and can be taught through a variety of methods.
Three advantages of behaviors over traits are that they are more readily observable, can be consistently measured and can be [...].
Three advantages of behaviors over traits are that they are more readily observable, can be consistently measured and can be taught through a variety of methods.
How can we can minimize biases in research?
Through systematic observation (e.g., by running experiments in which conditions are systematically varied in different conditions, with different participants)
Explain ethical numbing (one of the psychological mechanisms of the slippery slope of decision making)
We become numb to the ethical aspects of situations from repeated exposures to ethical situations.
Describe the confirmation bias.
We tend to be more responsive to evidence that confirms our beliefs and less responsive to evidence that challenges our beliefs.
Describe the temporal bias in ethical decisions.
We tend to prioritize our short-term self-interests over long-term interests (e.g., those of future generations)
If situational strength is high, a leader's individual-level factors will be stronger or weaker predictors of whether they engage in responsible behavior?
Weaker
Are individual differences (e.g., personality) likely to influence leadership style? (yes/no)
Yes
Can transactional leadership be successful under some circumstances? (yes/no)
Yes
The leadership behavior of consideration refers to...
a leaders' willingness to attend to the welfare of those they lead, to trust and respect them, and to treat them fairly"
Transactional leadership describes leadership as...
a transaction or exchange process between leaders and followers
Define inspirational motivation
articulating an appealing vision of future, talking optimistically and with enthusiasm (related to charisma)
How did the social structure of the early 20th century reinforce the core assumptions of trait theories?
because common people had very little opportunity to become social, political, or industrial leaders.
Extraverts "recharge" by...
being with other people.
In what way does transactional leadership involve a cost-benefit analysis?
both leader and follower need to perceive their transactions as satisfactory to continue (i.e., the benefits they get justify the costs they incur in the relationship).
Narcissism is...
characterized by a sense of entitlement, superiority, and grandiosity, preoccupation with status, and insensitivity to others.
Psychopathy is...
characterized by impulsivity, thrill seeking, low anxiety, and lack of concern for others or remorse.
Inspirational motivation is related to what other topic (aside from transformational leadership)?
charisma
A person who articulates a vision for a given group of followers and generates enthusiasm for that vision is said to be ____.
charismatic
Task structure (TS) refers to the...
clarity of the task. (Fiedler)
Describe low agreeableness
cold, distant, and insensitive
Which two categories of leadership behaviors emerged as particularly important from nearly 2,000 descriptions of effective leader behavior in different leadership areas?
consideration and initiation of structure
Definition of agreeableness?
degree to which a person is able to get along with others by being good-natured, cooperative, forgiving, compassionate, understanding, and trusting.
What is the definition of Extraversion/introversion?
degree to which a person is outgoing, sociable, talkative, and comfortable meeting and talking to new people.
Conscientiousness is...
degree to which a person is responsible, dependable, persistent, and achievement-oriented.
Emotional stability is...
degree to which a person is well-adjusted, calm, and secure.
Low conscientiousness means...
easily distracted and impulsive
Explain what "language euphemisms" are.
edited version of the "real" story" without the ethical implications (e.g., "aggressive accounting," "profit maximization," "casualties")
Science is characterized by a commitment to change based on what?
empirical evidence
High conscientiousness
focused on a few goals
High emotional stability...
handles stress and criticism well; doesn't take mistakes and failures personally
Which personality type is warm & approachable?
high agreeableness
What aspect of transformational leadership involves acting as a role model and embodying values followers should hold?
idealized influence
Leaders have closer and richer relationships with followers in their ____ than with those who are in their ____. (According to LMX)
in-group; out-group
What are the two primary categories of predictors of responsible leadership behavior?
individual-level factors and situational strength
What are the three components of authentic leaderhip?
knowing, accepting, and acting in accordance with one's core values, beliefs, emotions, and preferences
Of the three factors Fiedler uses to describe the leadership situation, which is most important and which is least important?
leader and follower relationships = most important, position power = least important
Fiedler's Contingency Model basically looks at the match or fit between...
leadership style and situation
More leader experience with a task will lead the leader to perceive it as _____ (more/less) structured.
more structured (and vice versa)
Low openness to experience means...
narrower interests, same ways of doing things
can science be completely objective?
no
What are examples of individual-level factors that can predict responsible leadership?
personal values, ethical thinking, personality, cognitive/emotional state.
Charisma is seen by contemporary research as a ______ variable that's relatively fixed. (i.e., you either have a certain amount of it or you don't - this doesn't change over time)
personality
[...] in the early 20th century made this trait research more possible and likely.
personality and IQ testing in the early 20th century made this trait research more possible and likely.
Schwartz's value of power is most related to "power over" or "power through"?
power over.
Define intellectual stimulation
questioning assumptions, stimulating new ways of doing things, encouraging new ideas
Which three factors does Fiedler use to describe the leadership situation?
relationship between the leader and followers (LMR), the amount of structure of the task (TS), and the position of power of the leader (PP).
The two possible leadership styles according to Fiedler are:
relationship vs. task oriented
The least-preferred coworker is someone who has been disloyal and unsupportive rather than incompetent for a ______ (relationship/task)-oriented leader?
relationship-oriented leader (high LPC score)
The link between leadership and intelligence depends on the...
situation - e.g., demands for competence vs. interpersonal skills
What's the triple bottom line of responsible leadership?
social sustainability (people), environmental sustainability (planet), and economic sustainability (profits).
Describe low emotional stability.
tense, anxious, or depressed
Self-monitoring is..
the ability to read environmental and social cues regarding what is appropriate behavior and use those cues to adjust behavior
Intelligence is...
the cognitive ability to remember, collect and integrate information, analyze problems, develop solutions, and evaluate alternatives
Openness to Experience is...
the degree to which a person has a broad range of interests and is imaginative, creative, and willing to consider new ideas.
Position power (PP) is
the leader's formal power and influence over the subordinates to hire, fire, reward, or punish. (PP is one element of situational control)
According to Fiedler's model, if a situation doesn't match their style, leaders should focus on changing ______ instead of trying to change _____.
the situation to match their style; their style.
Good leadership theories have practical value in that they allow you to...
understand, predict, and/or control successful leadership