Leadership GR

moral disengagement

practices of self-deceit whereby a person justifies or discounts his or her unethical action/inactions in ways that protect their self-image

Agreeableness

- promote cooperation and helping behavior among team members, be empathetic when delivering critical feedback, and encourage a pleasant, friendly, and fair work environment - have a genuine concern for the well-being of others, are attentive to an individual's psychological needs, and are interested in a subordinate's job satisfaction and professional development.

moral potency

- psychological state that can be affected by the context in which a leader is operating, as well as through developmental intervention - psychological resource that is more open to change than any personality trait; therefore, it is expected to vary more from one context to another

openness to experience

- regularly engage in new ways of thinking - expressed in positive work behaviors such as leadership and coping with organizational change - score highly on the intellectual stimulation and inspirational motivation components of transformational leadership

social structure

outlines how behavior is arranged in each bit of social space in that society

psychopathy

- tend to utilize interpersonal manipulation to get their way in work environments - differs from those high in Machiavellianism, in that they are less calculated and political in their use of manipulation - Maintaining ethical practices is not a consideration

Norms (=expectations)

rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members (go unsaid usually but can be written)

psychological ownership

"the state in which individuals feel as though the target of ownership or a piece of that target is theirs" - These "targets" can be tangible, such as an office, equipment, or product, or can also be less tangible, such as ethics, mission, or purpose

formal groups

(=organizations) larger groups in which norms must be clarified to specify each person's relative place and task within the group

Discuss how social statuses and roles shape patterns and expectations of behavior

- A sociological account of how socially mature humans behave would take the following form. When a person enters a bit of social space, he must size up its content. What are the social positions within that bit of social space? What are the expectations of how to behave associated with each of these positions? Which of these positions is the one he should occupy? Sociologists refer to a social position and its appended expectations as a social role and think of human behavior as very elaborate but very serious form of role playing. - Consider what happens when a recruit joins the military. Civilians do not automatically know how to be a soldier, sailor, airman, or Marine, because this thrusts them into bits of social space in which they have little or no prior experience.17 They have to learn the content of military spaces and acquire the mindset, costumes, and skills to carry out the required social roles. Basic training in the U.S. military is an eight-week crash course in which the recruit is stripped of her civilian identity and given a new military one. As with other occupations and professions, this is only the beginning of an extended process of acquiring and improving a new identity

Explain how Mills conceptualizes the relationship between history and biography

- But in our time we have come to know that the limits of 'human nature' are frighteningly broad. We have come to know that every individual lives, from one generation to the next, in some society; that he lives out a biography, and lives it out within some historical sequence. By the fact of this living, he contributes, however minutely, to the shaping of this society and to the course of its history, even as he is made by society and by its historical push and shove. - The sociological imagination enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within society. That is its task and its promise. To recognize this task and this promise is the mark of the classic social analyst. - No social study that does not come back to the problems of biography, of history and of their intersections within a society has completed its intellectual journey.

Define and summarize the concept of personality

- Personality is the characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and behavior that contributes to an individual's uniqueness from others. - It is relatively stable over time and describes the individual's behavior over a range of situations - Individuals' physical traits, abilities, intellect, motives and goals, attitudes and beliefs all combine with personality characteristics to make the whole, complex and distinctive pattern that is the person.

psychopathy

- Their low levels of anxiety assist them in making tough quick decisions - They can also thrive in very chaotic workplace environments, as they are less affected by stress.

Machiavellianism

- a trait characterized by scheming, manipulation, and the use of any means necessary to achieve one's goal - Individual's high in this trait are more likely to hold grudges and take revenge, as well as lie more regularly

six forms of moral disengagement

- advantageous comparisons (e.g., "Well, at least our actions weren't as bad as what our competitors would do") - justifications that attribute blame to victims (e.g., "They were asking for it") - diffusion of responsibility (e.g., "We wouldn't have to do this if headquarters didn't demand such a high profit margin") - dehumanizing victims (e.g., "The competition is a bunch of snakes") - choosing to not recognize the extent of harm (e.g., "It will only put some people out of work") - using sanitizing language or euphemisms (e.g., "A bomber 'servicing' a target causes 'collateral damage'").

Agreeableness

- appears to be an important predictor of performance in positions that require high levels of helping, nurturing and cooperation, such as counseling and advising, and customer service positions. - more likely to take a social role than a task-focused role in team interaction

Narcissism and psychopathy

- associated with extraversion and openness

Narcissistic

- can exhibit an extreme level of over-confidence, are highly distrustful, and can lash out at perceived threats or slights - more likely to interpret information with a self-serving bias and make decisions based on how those decisions will reflect on their reputations

Narcissism

- characterized by arrogance, self-absorption, entitlement, and hostility - exhibit an unusually high level of self-centeredness, believing that they are uniquely exceptional and entitled to praise and admiration - tend to view others as inferior to themselves, often acting in insensitive, hostile, and self-enhancing ways

Psychopathy

- characterized by high impulsivity and thrill-seeking coupled with low empathy for others and low anxiety - Individuals high on this trait are often self-seeking, uncaring, and remorseless - more likely to commit criminal activity - associated with very low neuroticism

Define and summarize the concept of the sociological imagination

- enables its possessor to understand the larger historical scene in terms of its meaning for the inner life and the external career of a variety of individuals - enables its possessor to take into account how individuals, in the welter of their daily experience, often become falsely conscious of their social positions - enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within society.

Discuss how sociological factors influence our lives

- how you ethnically identify - need to survive

Narcissistic

- individuals lacking empathy, manipulating conservational patterns towards their own interests and accomplishments, and arrogantly fantasizing about grandiose dreams - behaviors such as low integrity and a higher willingness to allocate scarce resources towards themselves

psychopathy

- irresponsible and often become destructive for themselves and others - lack of empathy and high risk-taking behaviors can lead to violence and misconduct, as well as bullying - have the ability to assess what people want and are quickly able to adapt to fit those expectations

Conscientiousness

- lay out their expectations for a role and ensure that they live up to informal contracts - exhibit integrity, more persistence and determination in pursuit of organizational objectives

Machiavellian

- less willing to adhere to procedure or pursue lofty ethical and moral standards, instead concerned with maximizing opportunities to craft their own personal power

Machiavellian

- natural talent for influencing people - They can navigate complex political environments to the benefit of those on their team - use this influence to talk others into doing things for the leader's personal benefit, abusing the power embedded in an organization's formal authority and in the leader's dominant behavior

Machiavellianism and psychopathy

- negatively associated with conscientiousness.

low end of neuroticism

- not likely to experience negative emotions such as stress, anxiety, or jealousy - more likely to remain level-headed in moments of crisis, be patient with employee development, and recover quickly from failures - more successful in teamwork situations and in positions requiring lots of interpersonal interaction, such as sales and management

Agreeableness

- positively correlated with helping behaviors and interpersonal assistance, performance in jobs involving significant interpersonal relations, and negatively correlated with deviant and counterproductive work behavior - will be cooperative, calm, and kind, choosing to be inclusive and promote connection while avoiding conflict

positive traits

Only examining an individual's level on __, does not give a full picture of someone's personality profile.

extraversion

-related to performance in people-centered jobs, such as sales and management, and to teamwork - negatively related to enacting a task-focused role in a team situation, presumably because highly __ individuals are more attuned to the social nature of the situation, than to the demands of the assigned task

efficacy

. Specific to ethical behavior, research has shown that social and empathetic __motivates people to perform more prosocial behaviors such as helpfulness, cooperation, and sharing

Apply the concepts of the sociological imagination by analyzing examples

...

Apply the sociological imagination to understand oneself

...

identify examples of issues versus troubles

...

informal group

A group that is neither formally structured nor organizationally determined; such a group appears in response to the need for social contact.

leaders'

Personality research focuses on __ traits.

- how a person gets along with others, do they "confront" or "go along" - People with high scores are agreeable, friendly, kind, trusting, diplomatic, and cooperative. They dislike conflict and may go to great lengths to avoid it, even if they have to "go along" with things they dislike. - People with low scores are detached, cool, critical and quarrelsome. They may like the challenge presented by interpersonal conflict, and are unlikely to back down. - Facets include: Trust, Morality, Altruism, Cooperation, Modesty, and Sympathy.

Agreeableness

self-efficacy

An individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.

desirable, undesirable

Big Five, or "bright side" traits are socially __, while "dark side" traits are considered socially __.

interpersonal

Personality traits like Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism are especially relevant to __ leadership.

Leader of Character Framework

Character development is a journey not a destination. The Leader of Character (LoC) Framework is the road-map for that journey. It not only defines what it means to be a leader of character, it also provides guideposts to challenge ourselves and our teammates along the way. Each of us must 'own' our individual character and leadership development journey and recognize that leaders grow leaders

- how much order and discipline a person prefers to have - People who score high are hardworking, dependable, achieving, organized, planful, precise, and conforming. They like routines and thrive in highly structured environments. - Those who score low prefer spontaneity to routine and can be impulsive, careless, disorderly, and forgetful. They like to make decisions as they go along, not having a schedule or plan to tie them down. Under stress, highly controlled individuals prefer the comfort of rules, deadlines, and structure. Those who are less conscientious want to break "out of the box" and may appear to act haphazardly. - Facets include: Self-efficacy, Orderliness, Dutifulness, Achievement Striving, Self-discipline, and Cautiousness.

Conscientiousness

Neuroticism

Emotionally stable leaders (low end of __) are calm, relaxed, and are able to moderate their emotional responses.

means efficacy

External factors related to __ could include people (e.g., coworkers, followers, and supervisors), procedures, and processes, or a host of other external factors that reinforce one's motivation to take moral action

- how outgoing, talkative, and warm a person is in social situations - People who score high on extraversion are sociable, confident, enthusiastic, energetic, outspoken, forceful, and assertive. - Those who score lower tend to be more introverted (quiet, shy, withdrawn, and prefer less social stimulation). - Facets include: Friendliness, Gregariousness, Assertiveness, Activity Level, Excitement Seeking, and Cheerfulness.

Extraversion

procedures, people, groups

Formal groups can be... - formally-designated __ and formally arranged __ - informally-designed __

Neuroticism

High __ is related to lower self-esteem and feelings of self-efficacy.

Conscientiousness

In a team dynamic, task-focused roles are more likely filled by individuals high in __.

agreeableness

In relation to the Big Five, the dark triad traits all have a low correlation to __. - inherently selfish

diverse

Innovation may be maximized by __ viewpoints.

own

Leaders "__" their experiences when they interpret those experiences and plan their future actions in ways that portray their values and beliefs, thereby shaping their context in ways desired—and through this reciprocation, leaders are producers as well as products of their environments.

psychopathy

Leaders with high levels of __ are often perceived as charming, intelligent, and entertaining.

moral disengagement or self-deception

Leaders with lower moral ownership therefore would be more likely to commit acts of ethical omission and commission by protecting their self-concept through processes of __.

1) Lives honorably by consistently practicing the virtues embodied in the core values 2) Lift others to their best possible selves 3) Elevates performance towards a noble purpose

LoC Components- a leader of character:

- how much anxiety, anger, and depression a person experiences - On the low end of the neuroticism dimension, individuals are characterized 5 as stable, calm, steady, self-accepting, cool under pressure, with accurate self-esteem. - On the other end, individuals are described as tense, anxious, neurotic, moody, worrying, hostile, and emotional. - Anxiety, Anger, Depression, Self-consciousness, Impulsivity, and Vulnerability

Neuroticism

Narcissistic

On the positive side, __ leaders are driven to succeed, have compelling visions for their organization, and their high level of self-confidence often attracts others to follow them.

- how open a person is to trying new things, new ideas, imagining - Those who score high are curious, intellectual, imaginative, witty, logical, have wide interests, and are comfortable with new things. - Those who score low prefer predictable ways of thinking and acting, know what they like and choose to stick with it, are less comfortable with new things (especially when change is not necessary). - Facets include: Imagination, Artistic Interests, Emotionality, Adventurousness, Intellect, and Liberalism

Openness to experience

Big Five Model of Personality

Openness to experience Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism *OCEAN *seem to broadly capture the ways in which people differ from one another.

Describe elements of social structure and their influence on individuals

SOCIAL STRUCTURE, much like scaffolding, outlines how behavior is arranged in each bit of social space in that society. - includes macro, meso, and micro level (see pages 11-16)

are those in which one's actions are public, and there are explicit norms and constraints on behavior

Strong Situations

false

T or F? Each trait exists independently.

Describe how social institutions are interconnected

The social institutions of a society are strongly interconnected, both in form and substance. For starters, it usually does not work very well for a society to meet only some of its basic needs and not others. For example, it is difficult for an economy to function on a day-to-day basis if security constantly breaks down. During the height of recent wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, farmers and shopkeepers have had to close their stalls for days or weeks at a time as episodes of violence raged in the streets - to the detriment of both citizen and state.

society and social institution

The terms __ and __ are important elements of social structure.

extraverts

Their optimism toward solving problems lends __to emerge as group leaders, to be perceived as "leader like", and to exhibit behaviors consistent with the transformational model of leadership - tends to be "the strongest and most consistent correlate of transformational leadership - largely overlap with conceptual definitions of charisma (a key component of transformational leadership)

dark side traits

These traits interfere with the leader's ability to form collaborative and effective work teams, they derail mission accomplishment, and they become increasingly noticeable and destructive as leadership discretion increases (that is, as situational constraints on behavior are weakened).

openness to experience

Those high in __ are intellectually inquisitive, and have the tendency to be creative, thoughtful, imaginative, resourceful and insightful.

agency, courage, efficacy

To determine the psychological resources that provide leaders' conation for ethical action, we draw from the literature on (a) human __and psychological ownership (b) __, and (c) self- and means __ to identify the key indicators of moral potency. - leaders require adequate levels of all three to promote consistent ethical action

Contrast personal troubles and social issues

Troubles occur within the character of the individual and within the range of his or her immediate relations with others; they have to do with one's self and with those limited areas of social life of which one is directly and personally aware. EX: When, in a city of 100,000, only one is unemployed, that is his personal trouble, and for its relief we properly look to the character of the individual, his skills and his immediate opportunities. Issues have to do with matters that transcend these local environments of the individual and the range of her inner life. An issue is a public matter: some value cherished by publics is felt to be threatened. EX: But when in a nation of 50 million employees, 15 million people are unemployed, that is an issue, and we may not hope to find its solution within the range of opportunities open to any one individual

self-consistent

Various researchers have proposed theories of moral identity, stating that a coherent moral identity motivates __ moral action across situations

leader of character

We can become a __ by owning the pursuit of their own identity, engaging in purposeful experiences, and practicing the habits of honorable thoughts and actions.

important

We propose that moral courage, coupled with the other two moral potency constructs, may be one of the most __factors explaining why the moral judgment- behavior linkage is found to be weak

ownership

We propose that the psychological process underpinning such judgments of responsibility stems from a sense of __over the ethical conduct of oneself, and for leaders or even teams in terms of shared leadership, over others in their sphere of influence

maximized

We therefore propose that moral efficacy will be __when both the self- and means efficacy components are high

__situations also occur during times of drastic upheaval and change in an organization.

Weak

are those in which one's actions are less public and there are few expectations or rules about behavior

Weak situations

emphasizes that the target of moral ownership is the ethical nature of actions— of self, others, the organization, or another collective

What is the target of moral ownership?

Discuss how the sociological imagination can be used to improve leadership

What we experience in various and specific milieux, I have noted, is often caused by structural changes. Accordingly, to understand the changes of many personal milieux we are required to look beyond them. To be aware of the idea of social structure and to use it with sensibility is to be capable of tracing such linkages among a great variety of milieux. To be able to do that is to possess the sociological imagination.

self-schematic, aschematic

When an identity aspect is considered central or __ (e.g., that of nurturer in a leader's mentor identity), individuals have a strong impulse to verify that aspect by acting accordingly (e.g., being nurturing). Conversely, in areas less central to a subidentity or __ (e.g., nurturer in a disciplinarian role), individuals are less motivated to behave to verify those aspects of the self, and are thus more likely to act inconsistently, particularly when another behavior can reap higher reward - will be experienced when relevant aspects of morality are central to an activated identity

History

When you live can have a dramatic impact in how you live your life. Think of how different your life would be if you lived in the 1860s or even the 1960s.

Biography

Where you live and the circumstances of your upbringing can impact how you live your life. Think of how your life would be different if you grew up in a different country and under different circumstances

holistic

You should view personality traits in a __ light.

Machiavellian

__ are politically oriented, seek control over followers, use tactics of impression management (making yourself look better than you are), and are only motivated by their own desires and not to act for the good of others.

Conscientiousness

__ as a trait is positively correlated with positive work behaviors such as job performance and cooperation in a team context, and negatively correlated with the desire to commit deviant behaviors

Agreeableness

__ is demonstrated in humility and unselfish behavior with agreeable individuals being described as both trusting and trustworthy

Personality psychology

__ is focused on the patterns of thought, feeling, and action that make individuals unique.

Conscientiousness

__ is one of the most consistent predictors of job performance across all job types and all measures of performance.

ownership

__is critical in that even though a leader may be unwilling to commit an immoral act him or herself (i.e., ethical commission), if lacking in moral __, that leader may allow unethical things to happen in his or her sphere of influence or for others to act unethically without intervention (i.e., ethical omission).

"Big 5" Trait Theory

a commonly used trait theory approach and the approach we prefer in Leadership 100 due to the rigorous amount of research the theory has inspired. For this theory there are five "big" factors of traits that are common across cultures.

moral potency

a psychological state marked by an experienced sense of ownership over the moral aspects of one's environment, reinforced by efficacy beliefs in the capabilities to act to achieve moral purpose in that domain, and the courage to perform ethically in the face of adversity and persevere through challenges

Traits Theory

a trait characteristic aspect of an individual's cognition, affect, or behavior that tends to be stable over time and consistent across relevant situations". Trait theories measure individual traits of individuals based on where each person falls along the trait continuum and can be described in terms of "how much" of a trait they possess, relative to others.

means efficacy

an individual's belief regarding the extent to which external factors inhibit or support his or her capability to perform in a given situation - been shown to affect performance separately from self-efficacy, yet the two are dependent in terms of explaining the motivation to act

extraverts

are often the "typical" societal vision of what a leader should be, due to their assertiveness and gregarious nature.

social structure

arrangements for how to do things which take on a life of their own beyond the individuals within them

mind and sense of self

by interacting with others, a person learns of culture

agency

capacity to exercise control over the nature and quality of one's life, and stems from an interactive and reciprocal causation between the person, his or her behavior, and the environmental context

Dark Triad

consist of three personality traits: Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism.

a continuous whole without clear division into parts

continuum

moral courage

courage to go against group norms in order to act in line with one's internal values - a commitment to moral principles, an awareness of the danger involved in supporting those principles, and a willing endurance of that danger

culture shock

deep visceral reaction people may experience when abruptly taken out of their socio-cultural comfort zone

each person can be described by their level of each characteristic - For instance, the word "shy" can be used to label a trait __ (shyness). Each person has a different "level" of shyness - some people are very shy, and others are very outgoing (not shy at all!).

dimensions of personality

Weak situations likely reflect the "__" rather than the rule, at least for most people in the organization.

exception

meso-level of social institution

formal and informal groups - include organizations and communities. The organizations are middle level structures of control. One type is a total institution, which is an organization in which people are confined until they can adhere to society's norms, including prisons and mental hospitals.

role playing

includes acting a social part by following guidelines for expected behavior (elaborate but serious)

1. use of language euphemisms to deceive oneself that the actions being taken may be troublesome in the short-term, but "great leadership warrants tough choices" 2. "slippery slope of decision making," which is created foremost through repetitious exposure to perhaps less consequential unethical acts, each becoming increasingly more unethical. 3. perceptual causation - outside sources 4. constrained representations of the self. At any one point in time, how we view the world we operate in is not completely accurate, as it is filtered through lenses based on our self-identity

individuals use four strategies that allow them to act unethically, while still deceiving themselves that their moral principles are being upheld:

When a new group is given a task to complete, without assigning individuals to specified roles, there are only weak situational constraints on their behavior. In these kinds of situations, extraverted and ambitious individuals are most likely to emerge as leaders.

leaderless group situation

magnitude, strength

moral efficacy comprises two dimensions: __(the level of difficulty to which one expects to perform in a given moral situation) and __ (the extent that one is certain in his or her ability to perform to that level of difficulty).

Personality itself is __.

multifaceted

moral efficacy

one's belief (confidence) in his or her capabilities to organize and mobilize the motivation, cognitive resources, means, and courses of action needed to attain moral performance, within a given moral domain, while persisting in the face of moral adversity

Personal, Interpersonal, Team, and Organizational

personality affects leadership at every level - which are...

- Murray and Cattell created personality tests to measure individuals' motives (such as need for achievement) and regularities of behavior (such as a tendency to be trusting of others). - These theories focus on the content of personality whereas dynamic theories attempt to explain how personality works, its processes

personality dispositions

related to intrapersonal functioning and development

personality dynamics

- researchers sought to determine how many types of people there are and to identify the characteristics associated with each. - measures can provide some information about differences between people, it is probably too simplistic to believe that all people everywhere fall neatly into one of 16 categories - take an "all or none" sort of approach to describing people, minimizing individual differences in order to simplify a complex and difficult task. - sacrifice a great deal of the richness of differences between people for the sake of simplicity - category labels may overemphasize internal causes of behavior and lead to self-fulfilling prophecies

personality types

taking the role of the other

reached social maturity when a human is able to hold convos with others and with themselves about how others see themself (pivotal understanding of life)

status

respect, honor & prestige given by others. Position in group based on respect & esteem (viewed by others). Higher status = greater influence

social roles

shared expectations in a group about how particular people are supposed to behave - social positions and expectations - a social position and the expectations associated with it

religion

social institution for approaching the supernatural

economy

social institution in which the essentials for staying alive are produced and distributed

polity

social institution in which the rules for governance, dispute resolution, and internal security are carried out

military

social institution vested with defense from external threats

family

social institutions where children are produced and socialized

macro-level of social structure

society and social institution --> in recognition of their exceptionally large size and complexity of coordination within them - including social institutions and patterns of institutionalized relationships.

Achieved Status

status acquired on basis of merit (earned or chosen_)

Ascribed Status

status society assigns to us (not earned or chosen)

micro-level analysis

study of the individual within society (behavior of people in face-to face social interactions)

true

t or f We propose that moral ownership and moral efficacy are necessary but not sufficient for a leader of character to act. A leader may feel responsible to act (i.e., moral ownership) and believe that he or she has the capability to do so (i.e., moral efficacy), yet may remain immobilized because of a lack of courage to face risk and overcome fears.

true

t or f moral efficacy is task- and domain-specific. - varies among situations

true

t or f researchers have distinguished moral courage from other forms of courage. separated courage into physical, vital/psychological, and moral dimension

true

t or f? The challenge of leadership lies not only in recruiting a diverse team with the right complement of traits but in managing tasks and interactions in order to leverage that diversity.

true

t or f? people with higher moral agency employ self-regulation strategies when either their own behavior or their environment is inconsistent with their identity and values - can become viewed as an extension of the self

Types Theory

take an "all or none" approach to describing people based on the assumption that there are "types" of personality. These approaches often minimize individual differences in order to simplify a complex and difficult task of categorizing people into personality types.

Power

the ability to impose ones will even against resistance from others. Results primarily from position in a social structure. Changes behavior without changing attitude

society

the coordinated efforts by people sharing some common tribal or national identity to survive as a collective, or better still, to flourish - sometimes problematic

state-like

the dimensions of moral potency are more __ and therefore varied across contexts than trait-based as compared with the more global conceptualizations associated with prior moral identity research

social positions

the position of an individual in a given society and culture

- focus on relative differences between people - . Each person falls somewhere along the __ continuum and can be described in terms of "how much" of a __they possess, relative to others.

trait theories

Culture

the substance of a society's way of life; details the content of these arrangements from the language to facial expressions to be used to the rules for doing any activity

a characteristic aspect of an individual's cognition, affect, or behavior that tends to be stable over time and consistent across relevant situations

trait

Dark side personality

traits are irritating, counterproductive patterns of behavior that may be most obvious and destructive during times of stress, when focusing on task accomplishment, multitasking, dealing with tight deadlines, or in a crisis

social group

two or more people who interact with each other regularly

social insitutions

used by sociologists to designate the complex rules, roles, and relationships designed to meet basic survival needs

Sanctions

ways of enforcing compliance with social norms

Personality is more strongly related to leadership in __situations.

weak