Learning & Behavior - Ch 7 Test

Which of the following observations is part of the avoidance paradox?

Avoidance responses take a long time to extinguish.

If dogs first received a series of inescapable shocks, how did they later respond in a shuttle box during escape/avoidance training?

The dogs did not jump when the shock came on.

Which of the following is not an accurate statement about effective ways to use punishment?

The most effective schedule of punishment is variable-ratio punishment.

Which theory of avoidance uses an explanation based on a classically conditioned fear response?

Two-factor theory

What term did Seligman use to describe the impaired ability to learn an avoidance response that occurs after a subject has been exposed to inescapable aversive stimuli?

Learned helplessness

One-factor theory accounts for avoidance in terms of what factor?

Operant conditioning

Which of the following has been found to be an effective treatment for self-injurious behaviors in children with autism or developmental disabilities?

Punishment

Which of the following statements is FALSE about punishment?

Punishment is considered the equivalent of negative reinforcement.

Which of the following is an incorrect statement regarding the disadvantages to using punishment?

Punishment is not effective in the long term.

What is the best option for behaviors that are too dangerous or destructive to wait for extinction to occur?

Response blocking

______ are behaviors such as fleeing, freezing, or fighting that animals tend to make in dangerous situations.

SSDRs - Species-specific defense reactions

Research on biological constraints in avoidance learning has found evidence for which of these?

Species-specific defense reactions

If an undesired behavior is being maintained by the attention it receives, it can usually be decreased by using ______.

extinction

According to the two-factor theory of avoidance, a ______ develops to an initially neutral stimulus that precedes an aversive event.

fear response

According to Seligman, teaching people to think about potentially bad situations in more positive ways can lead to ______.

learned optimism

There has been considerable debate among psychologists about whether ________ has the opposite effect on behavior as positive reinforcement.

punishment

Extinguishing an avoidance response by physically preventing the individual from making the response is called ______.

response blocking or flooding

In a token economy, if a person loses points for using bad language, this is an example of __________.

response cost

Overcorrection involves __________________.

restitution and positive practice

To treat a woman in a psychiatric hospital who hoarded toothbrushes, the nurses gave the woman a large number of toothbrushes until she finally started removing the toothbrushes on her own. This is an example of ____________________, which involves presenting the reinforcer in such great quantities that it loses its effectiveness.

stimulus satiation

Which of the following is a distinctive aspect about the Sidman avoidance task that is particularly problematic for two-factor theory?

the aversive event is not signaled

Punishment is least likely to reduce a behavior if __________.

the behavior is highly motivated

In practice, it is always best to couple punishment of an undesired behavior with reinforcement of ______.

an alternative or a more desirable behavior

Two-factor theory relies on ________ to explain avoidance.

classical conditioning and operant conditioning

According to the __________________ theory of avoidance, a subject's behavior will change in an avoidance task whenever there is a discrepancy between expectancy and observation.

cognitive

According to the textbook and lecture, to obtain the maximum reduction in a behavior, the most effective schedule of punishment is _______________.

continuous punishment

Which theory states that an animal's behavior can only change in an avoidance task if there is a discrepancy between expectancy and observation?

Cognitive theory

To minimize the chance that the learner will habituate to a punishing stimulus, it should be introduced ______.

a full intensity

According to the one- factor theory of avoidance, _____________.

avoidance of an aversive event can itself serve as a reinforcer

In an ABAB design, each "A" represents a ______ period, and each "B" represents a ______ period.

baseline, treatment

The term ______________ is sometimes used to refer to all techniques that can lead to a slowing, reduction, or elimination of unwanted behaviors.

behavior decelerators

Two types of negative reinforcement are ______ and ______.

escape, avoidance

In terms of timing, the most effective punisher is one that is delivered ______.

immediately