learning curve 20

About how many years ago did land plants first appear on Earth?

500,000,000

Which statement about seeds is false?

A seed's endosperm is the female gametophyte.

What groups of vascular plants are in the Monilophyta?

Ferns and horsetails

Which group might contain lignin?

Gymnosperms

While examining plant fossil material, you find evidence of a heterosporous plant with stomata and archegonia. Why might you hesitate to classify this as a moss?

Heterospory evolved among the vascular plants.

Where on a fern plant would you look to find spores?

In clusters of sporangia in sori on the sporophyte leaf

Which of the land plant groups is considered to be the sister group of all the others?

Liverworts

Which group of angiosperms is thought to contain the most primitive living members?

Magnoliids

What kind of specialized features do the lycophytes have for capturing light?

Microphylls

Which is more important in the plant life cycle, mitosis or meiosis?

Neither, because both are required to complete the life cycle.

Walking in the woods, you find a fern that has formed horizontal branches. The branches have shaded a neighboring lycophyte, causing the lycophyte to die. What evolutionary feature of plants is demonstrated here?

Overtopping

Which statement about the extinct group of plants called rhyniophytes is most accurate?

Rhyniophytes were rooted to the soil by a rhizomes.

What feature distinguishes liverworts from hornworts?

Sporophyte shape

In most flowers, the pollen tube grows through which part of the pistil before fertilization can occur?

Style

Which statement about alternation of generations in land plants is true?

The gametophyte produces haploid gametes by mitosis.

The first green plants were organisms we now refer to as

algae

Members of the chlorophyte clade

are the sister group to the streptophytes.

The seeds of gymnosperms and angiosperms originate in _______ and _______, respectively.

cones; flowers

Both stoneworts and liverworts

contain chlorophylls a and b.

Any plant structure containing sporopollenin is most likely to be resistant to

damage from chemicals or dehydration.

Evolution of lignified cell walls directly increased the ability of plants to

disperse spores, grow tall, and compete for sunlight.

In the gametophyte of a fern, the archegonium will eventually contain a(n)

egg

Glaucophytes are an early clade of photosynthetic eukaryotes that

exhibited branched apical growth.

In nonvascular plants, the _______ is photosynthetic and is _______ independent of the _______.

gametophyte; nutritionally; sporophyte

Land plants contributed to the development of their own environment by

helping to create soil.

Nonvascular plants are found in all of these places except

in marine areas.

A grouping of flowers on the stem of a single plant is a(n)

inflorescence

A newly discovered algae that contains phycoerythrin but appears green most likely

lives in shallow water.

All of these factors were environmental challenges to plants moving onto land except

low light

Lycophytes have _______, while monilophytes have _______.

microphylls; megaphylls

Pollen grains develop in the _______ of both gymnosperms and angiosperms.

microsporangium

Plant gametophytes divide by _______ to produce gametes, while sporophytes produce spores through _______.

mitosis; meiosis

The two largest groups of living angiosperms are the _______ and _______.

monocots; eudicots

Which of the nonvascular plant clades has the highest number of extant species?

mosses

Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses are found on all seven continents. Their survival in harsh environments is aided by

mycorrhizae.

Flower markings that are visible under ultraviolet light are called

nectar guides.

Which structure forms the swollen basal part of the pistil that becomes the fruit?

ovary

The cuticle was one of the most important adaptations to life on land for plants because it

protected the plant from desiccation.

You examine material from an unidentified plant and notice features indicating that it is a woody gymnosperm. You can safely assume that the woody stems are the product of what kind of growth?

secondary

If an ovule had serious defects in its integument, where would the most likely direct defect in the seed be produced?

seed coat

Gametophytes come from

spores

Heterospory in a plant life cycle is characterized by two different kinds of

spores that mature into two different kinds of gametophytes.

In the fern life cycle, the

sporophyte is larger and longer-lived than the gametophyte.

In conifers, the megastrobili are modified _______ and the microstrobili are modified _______, respectively.

stems; leaves

A newly discovered algae that retains its eggs should be classified as a

streptophyte

All of these factors contributed to formation of soil on the early land masses except

the products of photosynthesis.

The common ancestor of vascular plants had

tracheids

All these features were critical for the evolution of the first land plants except

vascular tissue

Xylem and phloem are both types of

vascular tissue.